高考英语阅读理解题型突破——事实细节题

1、09二轮专题1:阅读理解题型专项突破之二事实细节画川高级中学王文华【命题特点】所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题，即在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who,what,when,where,why和how等提问或用与此相类似的词填空(说明文和叙述文的思考题有相当一部分是此类题)；及语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论。)抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。【常见考法】1) When/Wheredidthestoryhappen?

2、2) Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)correct?3) Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)mentionedinthepassage?4) Whichistherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?5) Allthestatementsaretrueexcept.该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这

3、类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。弄清细节、准确获取信息，也是把握文章中心思想的前提。一、排序题此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，然后使用排除法将范围缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。例1:Inthe19thcenturyEnglandpeoplelikedtogototheseaside.Inthosedays,lad

4、iesworelongbathingdresses,andmenworebathingsuits.Womendidnotwalkaboutonthebeach(沙滩)intheirbathingdresses.Theyhiredabathingmachine.Abathingmachinewasusedforchangingin,andfortakingthebatherdowntothesea.Itcost2pence(便士)tohireamachineandanattendant（侍者）.Whenshehadpaid,thebatherclimbedupthebackstepsandgot

5、intothebathingmachine.Thenshechangedintoherbathingdress.Whenshehadchanged,themachinewaspulleddowntothesea.Thebathingmachinestopedinthewaterandthebatherwentdownthefrontstepsintothewater.Ifshedidnotwanttogetintothesea,theattendantpulledherin.（1996NMET）In19thcenturypeoplewhousedthebathingmachineusually

6、didthefollowingthings.Whichistherightorderfordoingthem?a.Changingintobathingclothesb.Gettingoutofthebathingmachinec.Paying2penced.Gettingintothebathingmachinee.Beingtakendownthebeachf.GettingintothewaterA.e,d,a,b,f,cB.c,d,a,e,b,fC.c,d,e,a,b,fD.d,a,e,b,f,c分析：答案B题目要求找出利用bathingmachine游泳的程序，显然，租用一个bath

7、ingmachine是要先付钱的，所以c就是第一个动作，下水f应该是最后一个动作了。这样用排除法就可以排除A和D项。再看B和C项，从第一段倒数第三句可知先a后e,故选B。二、计算题计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。例2:DegreeWeofferawidechoiceofbachelor'degrees（学位

8、）forinternationalstudents,whichincludes:Arts,CommunicationStudies,SocialSciences,etc.BachelorofMusicandBachelorofEducationareonlyforNewZealandcitizens,forfurtherinformation:degwaikato.ac.nz.TuitionFees（学费）Tuitionfeesaredifferentfromdepartmenttodepartment,generallyfrom$5,000to$6,000ayear.Forfurtherin

9、formation:tuiwaikato.ac.nz.Accommodation（住宿）Youcanhavearoomina4-bedroomflat,whichwillcostabout$100amonthwithotherregularlivingcostsofabout$150amonthforoneperson.Forfurtherinformation:accwaikato.ac.nzHealthTheStudentHealthServiceprovidesexcellentmedicalservicesforstudents.TheMedicalCentreisopenfiveda

10、ysaweek,includingstudentholidayswithfourdoctor'sandnursestomeetyourmedicalneeds.Forfurtherinformation:healwaikato.ac.nz.SportsTheCentreisagreatplacetohavesportsactivities.Trainedexerciseteacherscanhelpyouworkoutatrainingplanandkeepyouactive.Thesportshallhasvolleyball,basketballandindoorfootballc

11、ourtsandaswimmingpoolaswell.TherearealsoalargenumberofsportsclubsatWaikato.Forfurtherinformation:sportwaikato.ac.nz（2005安徽卷）YouhavetopayatleastayearifyoustudyattheUniversityofWaikato.A.$5,250B.$8,000C.$9,000D.$11,000分析：B此题为计算题。我们从所选的这些事实来看，文章中所说的TuitionFees每年需要from$5,000to$6,000，而a4-bedroomflat,whic

12、hwillcostabout$100amonth,一年需要$1200,另外的otherregularlivingcostsofabout$150amonthforoneperson经过计算可以知道一年需要$1800,加起来一年至少需要$8000。三、图形题在有图形试题的阅读理解中，有的图形出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图形中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。例3:TheChannelIslandsareagroupofBritish-o

13、wnedislandslyingintheEnglishChannel（海峡）,10to30milesofftheFrenchcoast,and70to90milesfromtheEnglishcoast.Therearetenislandswithatotallandareaof75squaremilesandatotalpopulationof123,000.Thethreelargestislands,Jersey,Guernsey,andAlderney,havelongbeenknownforthefinebreeds（品种）ofcattlethatareraisedontheman

14、dnamedafterthem.InearliestknownhistorytheislandswereconsideredpartofNormandy,whichwaspartofFrance,buttherulerofNormandybecamekingofEnglandin1066,andfromthenontheislandswerelookeduponasBritishland.EnglishcontrolwasunbrokenuntilWorldWarII,whentheGermansheldtheislandsforfiveyears.Althoughpeopleontheisl

15、andsspeakbothlanguagesandtheyareconsideredEnglish,theircustomsaremoreFrenchthanEnglish.（2000年匕京春季）WhichofthefollowingmapsgivestherightpositionoftheChannelIslands?Br=BritainFr=FranceCh=ChannelIslands分析：C这是一道识图题。从第一段：TheChannelIslandsareagroupofBritish-ownedislandslyingintheEnglishChannel（海峡）,10to30mi

16、lesofftheFrenchcoast,and70to90milesfromtheEnglishcoast.可以推断选项C正确地表达了TheChannelIslands的位置四、其它类型例4:TristandaCunha,a38-square-mileisland,isthefarthestinhabitedislandintheworld,accordingtotheGuinnessBookofRecords.Itis1,510milessouthwestofitsnearestneighbor,St.Helena,and1,950mileswestofAfrica.Discoveredb

17、ythePortugueseadmiral（葡萄牙海军上将）ofthesamenamein1506,andsettledin1810,theislandbelongstoGreatBritainandhasapopulationofafewhundred.Cominginaclosesecond-andoftenwronglymentionedasthemostdistantlandisEasterIsland,whichlies1,260mileseastofitsnearestneighbor,PitcairnIsland,and2,300mileswestofSouthAmerica.T

18、hemountainous64-square-mileislandwassettledaroundthe5thcentury,supposedlybypeoplewhowerelostatsea.Theyhadnoconnectionwiththeoutsideworldformorethanathousandyears,givingthemplentyoftimetobuildmorethan1,000hugestonefigures,calledmoai,forwhichtheislandismostfamous.OnEasterSunday,1772,however,settlersfr

19、omHollandmovedinandgavetheislanditsname.Today,2,000peopleliveontheChileanterritory(智利领土).Theyshareonstreet,asmallairport,andafewhoursoftelevisionperday.(2003年全国)ItcanbelearnedfromthetextthattheislandofTristandaCunha.A.wasnamedafteritsdiscovererB.gotitsnamefromHollandsettlersC.wasnamedbytheBritishgov

20、ernmentD.gotitsnamefromtheGuinnessBookofRecords分析：本篇选材涉及地理，为我们介绍了两座最为偏远的小岛(farthest/mostdistantinhabitedislands),为吉尼斯大全(GuinnessBookofRecords)所认定的TristandaCunha;另一为复活岛(Easterlsland).文中出现了比较多的专有名词.本题问及TristandaCunha小岛的命名.如能通过浏览把握本文篇章结构，则可看出，关于该岛的内容都在第1段：运用寻读(SCANNING)技巧可以找到与本题相关的线索(关键词name)出现在该段结尾句里，

21、通读全句可以得出答案：DiscoveredbythePortugueseadmiralofthesamename(astheisland).与选项A一致.答案AWhichofthefollowingismostfamousformoai?A.TristandaCunha.B.PitcairnIsland.C.EasterIsland.D.St.Helena.分析：本题涉及关于moai(=stonefigures)的一个细节问题：其所在地.4个选项均为岛名，因此不能依此线索查找.要按题干中所问，从第3段里找到moai所在的岛；但这里仅提到theisland,循此线索往上追寻：(3段结尾)thei

22、sland=(3段开头)themountainous64-squaremilesland=(2段中)Easterlsland，即为答案.答案CWhichcountrydoesEasterIslandbelongto?A.Britain.B.Holland.C.Portugal.D.Chile.分析:本题考查复活岛今日的归属问题.题干提问中使用的现在时态也是不容忽视的.问的是现在"情况，不是过去.第4段中间提到Today,.Chileanterritory,与答案D吻合.另外3个国家中，有的与此岛并不相干(A.Britain;C.Portugal);有的则只是历史上的过客(B.Holl

23、and).最大干扰项为B项.这些误选者显然只注意了短文结尾段中的OnEasterSunday,1722,however,settlersfromHollandmovedinandgavetheislanditsname,去口忽略了其中的时间因素，同样，也没能对于紧接此后的Today,2,000peopleliveontheChileanterritory予以足够关注，对于时态变化所传递的信息差异意识不够导致了这些考生在理解上的偏差，因而失误.答案：D例5:Whenshelookedahead.FlorenceChadwicksawnothingbutasolidwalloffog.Herbod

24、ywasnumb.Shehadbeenswimmingfornearlysixteenhours.AlreadyshewasthefirstwomantoswimtheEnglishChannelinbothdirections.Nowattheageof34,hergoalwastobecomethefirstwomantoswimfromCatalinatotheCaliforniacoast.OnthatfourthofJulymorning1952,theseawaslikeanicebathandthefogwassodense.Shecouldhardlyseehersupport

25、boats.Sharkscruisedtowardherfigure,onlytobedrivenawaybyrifleshots.Againstthefrigidgripofthesea,shestruggledon,hourafterhour,whilemillionswatchedonnationaltelevision.AlongsideFlorenceinoneoftheboats,hermotherandheretrainerofferedencouragement.Theytoldheritwasn'tmuchfarther.Butallshecouldseewasfog

26、.Theyurgedhernottoquit.Sheneverhad-untilthen.Withonlyahalfmiletogo,sheaskedtobepulledout.Whatdoes"sheneverhad"inthethirdparagraphmeanA.Shehadneverbeensodesperate.B.Shehadneverthoughtofgivingitup.C.Shehadneverseensuchthickfog.D.Shehadneverswumacrossthestraitbefore.分析：根据上下文theyurgedhernottoq

27、uit,以及withonlyahalfmiletogo,sheaskedtobepulledout.可以推断出，她当时并没有想放弃，只不过是后来情况变化了。答案：B例6:Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker-itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocess（过程）issimilar.Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystandards,goodthinkers.ThegreatmathematicianJohnvonNeumannwasoneofthefoundersofgametheory.Inparticular,heshowedthatallgamesfallintotwoclasses;therearewhathecalledgamesof'perfectinformation',gameslikechesswheretheplayersc