2013暑期等离子体董家齐

1、托卡马克输运研究简引托卡马克输运研究简引董家齐董家齐核工业西南物理研究院核工业西南物理研究院浙浙江江大学聚变理论与模拟中心大学聚变理论与模拟中心中国等离子体物理暑期学校中国等离子体物理暑期学校 华中科技大学华中科技大学2013.7.15-7.192013.7.15-7.19目录目录I. I. 引言引言II. II. 单粒子运动单粒子运动III. III. 输运方程输运方程IV. IV. 输运模型输运模型V. V. 输运和约束研究现状输运和约束研究现状VI. VI. 结结束语束语1. 引言本届暑期学校的主题本届暑期学校的主题： 托卡马克等离子体微观不稳定性与（质量、动量和能量的）输运 本届暑期学

2、校的主要内容本届暑期学校的主要内容 什么是微观不稳定性 为什么要研究微观不稳定性，微观不稳定性与输运的关系 输运与实现核聚变的关系 托卡马克等离子体中的主要的微观不稳定性 开展微观不稳定性研究的理论和实验的方法和手段 微观不稳定性研究的成果及其在输运和约束研究中的应用 微观不稳定性和输运研究的现状和面临的挑战本届暑期学校的授课安排本届暑期学校的授课安排1. EAST 1. EAST 实验进展实验进展: : 2. HL-2A2. HL-2A实验进展实验进展: :3. Status of transport study in tokamak plasmas Single charged parti

3、cle motion in tokamak magnetic configuration of circular cross section; brief introduction of classical, neoclassical and turbulent transports (particle, momentum and energy): theory and experimental observations;4. Review of methodology for experimental study of transport Main diagnostic tools, equ

4、ipment setups, experimental designs and data analysis methods, influential examples;5. Electrostatic/electromagnetic drift instabilities (ITG, ETG) in slab geometryDerivation of dispersion equations: fluid, drift kinetic and gyrokinetic; analytic solutions of the equations; physics explanation of th

5、e modes, experimental observations; 6. Linear electrostatic/electromagnetic drift instabilities (ITG, ETG, CTEM ) in tokamaks: fluid and kinetic theories and experimental observations ;Linear dispersion equations, typical results and applications, including related linear and quasi-linear theories o

6、f transport, limitations of the theories and experimental observations ; 7. Nonlinear electrostatic/electromagnetic drift instabilities (ITG, ETG, CTEM ) in tokamaks: fluid and kinetic simulationsEquations, methods, codes, applications, including related transport analysis, important results on part

7、icle, momentum and energy transport, and open issues,8. Introduction of zonal flow and GAM: theory and experiment: concepts of zonal flow (ZF) and GAM, possible roles played by ZF and GAM, non-linear excitation of GAM, experimental observations of ZF and GAM on domestic tokamaks (HT-7 and HL-2A), op

8、en issues 9. Experimental evidences and observations of electrostatic drift instabilities (ITG, ETG, CTEM ) and turbulent transport in tokamaks： Electrostatic potential fluctuations, density fluctuations, magnetic fluctuations; critical gradient of instability vs. transport dependence on gradient; t

9、ransport reduction vs. fluctuation suppression; measured fluctuation vs. theoretical predictions, transport barrier and H-mode, open issues最容易实现的核聚变最容易实现的核聚变实现自持核聚变的条件When W=const. and to square of the minor radius 本届暑期学校的主题本届暑期学校的主题 本届暑期学校学习内容安排的总体思路本届暑期学校学习内容安排的总体思路 最容易实现的核聚变最容易实现的核聚变 实现自持核聚变的条件实现

10、自持核聚变的条件 (1) (1)理想点火条件理想点火条件 (2) (2)近似点火条件近似点火条件 能量约束时间，其与输运系数和装置规能量约束时间，其与输运系数和装置规模（大小）的关系模（大小）的关系 Equilibrium magnetic fields: toroidal field Poloidal field)/cos1 (00)/cos1(00RrBBRrB),cos1 (00RrBBBB rfRrr=r1r=r2rRf0pr2prpR2pRPoloidal directionToroidal direction Tokamak Magnetic configurationII. II

11、. 单粒子运动单粒子运动 Parallel (lognitudinal) motion: Rotation: Drifts of guiding center i) Electric field drift: thvv |thvvBbEVEii) magnetic gradient ( ) drift：BbnRVBmbVmg22iii) magnetic curvature drift：|,nbR RbnVlbVbVd2|2|iv)trapping, bounce and toroidal drifta) Particle trappingb) Bounce period of the tra

12、pped particlesc) Toroidal drift of trapped particles2|2rR12),(2422|25 . 0vvrRKvRq),21)()(242KERqBmvvd3, Diamagnetic drift of plasma fluids2jdjjjc PBVn q B It is in the vertical direction at the low field side (LFS) of the torus;It induces charge separation and then plasma outward motion.III. III. 输运

13、方程输运方程 IV. IV. 输运模型输运模型1. 1. 经典输运经典输运2. 2. 新经典输运新经典输运碰撞区的扩散-粒子模型（1）lplrp碰撞区的扩散-粒子模型（2）碰撞区的扩散-粒子模型（3）as碰撞区的扩散-流体模型（1）碰撞区的扩散-流体模型（2）碰撞区的扩散-流体模型（3）香蕉区的扩散-粒子模型（1）香蕉区的扩散-粒子模型（2）香蕉区的扩散-粒子模型（3）by香蕉区的扩散-粒子模型 （4）坪区的扩散（1）坪区的扩散（2）坪区的扩散（3）径向电场对扩散的影响环向电场对扩散的影响环向电场对扩散的影响effect 局域输运局域输运 非局域输运非局域输运4.4.非局域输运非局域输运Gen

14、tle K W et al 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 3620Gentle K W et al 1997 Phys. Plasmas 4 3599 lCarbon injection by laser ablationlNe=1.61019 m-3 lTime response of core plasma: within 1 msTemperature from ECElA fast current ramp is used to increase edge heating within milliseconds shorter than current penetr

15、ation and thermal transport times. l Non-local effect by carbon injection l Non-local effect by a fast current rampuRepetitive SMBI prolong the non-locality phenomena to 100ms.uIntensity of the Ha decrease and the density increase.uThe stored energe increase during non-locality.The non-locality expe

16、riments with SMBI5. 5. 动量输运动量输运 为什么要研究动量输运：为什么要研究动量输运：涨落的增长率与极向速度的径向梯度（剪切）密切相关：环向速度与储能和温度梯度相关环向速度与储能和温度梯度相关：环向速度和环向速度和L-HL-H转换功率阈值相关转换功率阈值相关： 经典和新经典动量输运理论？V. V. 输运和约束研究现状输运和约束研究现状TFTRDIII-DJT-60U经典理论与经典理论与实验的比较实验的比较ASDEX装置上的装置上的H-mode实验特征实验特征 1. L-H转换是一种分叉现象转换是一种分叉现象(1) In an H-discharge the particl

17、e content of the plasma rises sharply without external gas feed;(2) The development of an H-discharge during the beam heating phase is determined by the setting of the plasma parameters for the preceding Ohmic phase and by the level of heating power.内部输运垒内部输运垒(ITB)-JET(ITB)-JETVI. VI. 结结束语束语 两体碰撞引起的输运不足以解释实验观测到的输运引起的损