屠浩民高级语法讲义

1、高级语法讲义主讲：屠浩民省略：一、定语从句的回顾Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.The man who we met yesterday is a famous psychologist.This is the right book that you are looking for.二、关系词充当宾语的时候三、关系词充当主语（1）谓语结构为实词（2）谓语结构为be + 名词四、先行词为the way1. 定语从句省略A control box fitted to the car contains a mini-cellphone

2、, a micro-processor and memory, and a GPS (全球定位系统 satellite positioning receiver. （06.6旧）She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. （06.6旧）Interest in pursuing international careers ha

3、s soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic (长久的 personnel shortages that are causing companies to search beyond their home borders for talent. （06.6旧）It enrolls 90,000 students, a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private university in the country.（07.12）Over the past three de

4、cades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, form 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. (07.1218. W: You had a job interview yesterday, didnt you? How did it go?M: Not too bad, I guess. There were about 20 candidates competing for the

5、 sales managers job. And finally it was down to three of us, but the other two seemed better qualified. Q: What does the man imply?A He is confident he will get the job.B His chance of getting the job is slim.C It isnt easy to find a qualified sales manager.D The interview didnt go as well as he exp

6、ected.Hamilton isnt the only educator crossing the Atlantic. 09.12汉密尔顿并不是第一位跨越大西洋到外国任职的教育家。When the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader(who is familiar with the state government, a major source of the universitys budget. 科罗拉多大学董事会在遴选新校长时，想聘用一个与州政府熟悉的领

7、导人，因为州政府是学校的主要资金来源。09.12Career experts say that one of the ways (that job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. 职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。虚拟语气【1】if 引导的虚拟语气1.2. 倒装形式Were I you (=if I were you , I would get up early in the morning.Had

8、 you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday (=If you had arrived, you could have caught the train.Should it rain (=If it should rain, the crops would be saved.【2】馒头面条原理【3】固定句型It is time that .Would rather that .(1.I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2.John would rather that she

9、 had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(4.I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.“It is (was+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中的虚拟语气1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略, 下同）have a walk now.2.It was necessary that we (should make everything ready ahead of time.3. It is required that nobo

10、dy (should smoke here.4. It is important that every pupil (should be able to understand the rule of school.练习1. Hell be busy this afternoon. If he _ free, he _ to the cinema with you.A. were to be; might go B. am going to be; will goB. will be; might have gone D. is; will go2. When Edison died, it w

11、as proposed that the American people _ all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of this great man.A. turn off B. turned offC. would turn off D. had turned off3. Had I known her name, _.A. or does she know mine? B. and where does she live?C. I would have invited h

12、er to lunch D. she would be beautiful4. Id rather you _ by train, because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.A. would go B. should goC. went D. had gone5. The victim _ (本来会有机会活下来 if he had been taken to hospital in time.would have a chance to survive （06.12翻译）

13、6. The professor required that _ (我们交研究报告 。we hand in our research report(s (06.6翻译7. If Sept. 11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely. (06.6阅读8. W: What would you do if you were in my place?M: If

14、 Paul were my son, Id just not worry. Now that his teacher is giving him extra help and he is working hard himself, hes sure to do well in the next exam.Q: Whats the mans suggestion to the woman?13. A Teaching her son by herself. C Asking the teacher for extra help.B Having confidence in her son. D

15、Telling her son not to worry. （07.12）2.You d better take a sweater with you _ (以防天气变冷in case it (should turn cold. （08.12）10. If she had returned an hour earlier , Mary (就不会被大雨淋湿了. 09.6. wouldnt have been caught by the rain11. You would not have failed if you _(按照我的指令去做.had followed my instructions/

16、orders (09.12倒装：全部倒装在大学级别的考试中，应用是非常广泛的，包括在阅读、完形、写作以及翻译当中；总共分为两种形式：全部倒装和部分倒装全部倒装:主谓宾构成了正常的语序，把谓语动词提到了动词的前面，谓语动词直接发生在主语之前，那么就是全部倒装。另外一种情况就是，仍然是主、谓、宾结构，谓语动词都有时态、人称的变化，把谓语动词上的助动词提到了主语的前面，这个就叫做部分倒装。全部倒装的情况： 1. The bus is coming here. Here comes the bus. 进行时态在变为倒装的时候要变为一般现在时。 2. Students went away. Away w

17、entstudents. 3. The boy rushed out. Out rushed the boy. here/away/out/ 在英语当中称作方位副词或时间副词。当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go ，come 等时通常用全部倒装。如果是进行时态的话，倒装后要改为一般现在时。 Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.方位副词或时间副词置于句首如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。 The old man lives in the city center. In the city center lives th

18、e old man.A temple stands on the mountain. On the mountain stands a temple. 当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。 Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 18. On the floor lies a boy aged about 18. Sitted on the ground are a group of young people.eg. 访问北京的是300名日本青年。/ 300名

19、日本青年正在访问北京。 300 Japanese young people are visiting Beijing. Visiting Beijing are 300 Japanese young people.全部倒装的情况：当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go ，come 等时通常用全部倒装。如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把be 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。主要出现在阅读当中，在翻译当中考到全部倒装的可能性比较小。部分倒装：部分倒装的形式: 主谓宾保持原来的形式，谓语动词的

20、助动词放到主语的前面。 1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装这类词语有hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, few, little, less, at no time, by no means, in no case, under no circumstance, in no way, on no account, on no consideration, no longer, not only等。eg. He never smokes. 他从来不抽烟。 Never does he smoke. eg. Not onl

21、y did the customer complain about the food, he also refused to pay forit. 这位顾客不仅仅抱怨食物不好，还拒绝付费。eg. 在任何情况下我都不会相信你。Under no circumstance do I trust you.2、当句首为only 加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。eg. Only with you can I feel happy. eg. 只有当你来了这，我们才可以开始会议。 Only when you come, can we start themeeting.3、so.that 结构中的so 位于

22、句首时，常引起部分倒装eg. He runs so fast that I can't catch up with him. 他跑得实在是太快了，以致于我都没有办法追上他。 So fast does he run that I can't catch up with him.eg. The moon was so bright that the flowers bright as by day. 皓月当空，花朵就像白天那样的鲜艳。 So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day.4、句子开头的as 处在第二个单词

23、的位置上，表示虽然的意思。eg. Although I am young, I can live by myself. 虽然我很小但是我却能养活自己了。 Young as I am, I can live by myself. eg. Although she is a girl, she can support the whole family. 虽然她是个女孩，但是她却可以养活整个家庭的人。Girl as she is, she can support the whole family.eg. Although I like music very much,. Much as I like

24、 music,.5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。hardly.when. 一. 就. scarcely .when. hardly ，scarcely 后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时。eg. Hardly had he seen me when he ran away. 他一看到我就跑开了。eg. Hardly had the baby cried when his mother rushed to carry him. 婴儿一哭，他妈妈就跑去抱他。no sooner.than. 一. 就. no sooner 后面一定要用过去完成时，than 的后面用一般过去时

25、。eg. No sooner had they reached home than it rained more and more heavily. 他们一到家，雨就越下越大起来。the more .the more. 越. 越. eg. The harder you work, the happier you feel. 你工作越努力，就越觉得快乐。倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装：当首句为方位或时间副词，谓语动词为go ，come 等时通常用全部倒装。如果句首出现了地点状语，句子也可以进行全部倒装。当句子当中出现分词结构的时候，可以把现在分词或过去分词和地点状语联系在一起放在句首，把b

26、e 动词留在中间当作谓语动词，主语放在后面。部分倒装： 1、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，这个句子就需要部分倒装。 2、当句首为only 加状语的时候，这个句子需要部分倒装。 3、so.that 结构中的so 位于句首时，常引起部分倒装。 4、句子开头的as 处在第二个单词的位置上，表示虽然的意思。 5、常见的固定搭配结构中需要用倒装的情况。hardly.when. ； scarcely .when. ；no sooner.than. ： hardly ，scarcely ，no sooner 后面一定要用过去完成时，when 后面用一般过去时；the more .the more

27、. 越. 越. ；实例练习（1）：1. 直到他完成使命（Not until he had fulfilled/finished his mission）did he realize that he was seriously ill. (08.06 2. The witness was told that under no circumstance ( should he lie to the court 他都不应该对法庭撒谎。（07.12） 3. Only in the small town( does he feel secure and relaxed 他才感觉安全和放松，he feel

28、s secure and relaxed. (07.6 4. Not only ( did he charge me too much 他向我收费过高, but he didn't do a good repair job either. (06.6 5. Only after I found out the truth( did I realize (that he was innocent 我才意识到他是无辜的。6. Not until the game had begun ( did he arrive at the sports ground 他才到达运动场。阅读中的倒装：1.

29、 Among the report are more outrageous （令人无法容忍的）findings - a Geman fertilizer described itself as "earthworm-friendly", a brand of flour said it was " non- polluting", and a British toilet paper claimed to be "environmentally friendlier".（05.06阅读）该报道当中，有很多让人无法忍受的发现，如：一种德

30、国肥料被描绘成“对蚯蚓无害”；一种新的品牌的面粉写道“没有任何污染”；还有一家英国公司的卫生纸被宣称为“环保者”。 2. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become me reply to any and all provocations: I don't talk about that anymore.（07.06阅读）几年前的一天，我说了一句话并最终成为我对任何和全部挑衅的回答：关于那个问题我再也不讨论了。3. Deeply involved w

31、ith this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. （03.01阅读）与新技术息息相关的是一些现代商人，他们日益看重国外生意的经济价值。实例练习（ ） 实例练习（2） 1. Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs o

32、ff the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.（06.12 阅读）萃取自加拿大纽芬兰沿岸冰山 的“冰水”在北美的受欢迎程度一再创出新高。 阅读当中遇到的句型： 一般情况下开始出现了地点状语或者是分词引导的一个状语结构， 中 间出现了谓语动词， 后面出现一个主语， 主语后面接上一些限定 （包括从句、 补充说明等） ， 这种形式就是出现的全部倒装的形式。 2. Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routs, it has led to t

33、he growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers/malls. （0606 阅读）公路系统不但为美国经济的发展提供了运输路线，还 带动了一批诸如加油站、 汽车旅馆、 酒店、 购物中心等相关行业的发展。3. Only when it's gone do you wish you've done more to protect it.（0806 阅读）当你失去的时候，你才会希望自己原 来能够多做点事情以保护好它。 only 后面必须接状语

34、的时候，句子才可以部分倒装。 eg. Only you can do this job. 4. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social issues related to chronic pain.（0706 阅读）我们不仅要找出疼痛的病因，帮助我们更好地治疗；还 要提

35、供综合疗法，治疗与慢性疼痛相关的抑郁症和其他心理与社交问题。 5. Had I not attended this workshop, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel.（0906 阅读）如果我不是参加了这 次讲习班， 我肯定会不由自主地认为那位男士候选人更合适， 因为我们这个空缺的岗位需要 频繁出差。 6. It is said that never before has

36、man been so highly successful in his attempts to modify the weather on a very small scale. 据说人们从来没有过这么大的成功尝试用这么小的规模去 描述气候。 一般情况下，全部倒装会在阅读中出现，只需要看出结构就可以了；部分倒装在翻译题中也 会进行考查，在备考过程中还是要特别的关注。 否定： 否定： 全部否定和部分否定： 全部否定和部分否定 eg. All the birds can not fly. Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鸟都会飞。 1. 部分否定 eg. All

37、the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鸟都会飞。 None of the birds can fly. 所有的鸟都不会飞。代词或副词如 all, both,every,everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere 等与 not 搭配使用时，表示部分否定，意思为“并非都是"等。eg. All is not gold that glitters. 发光的并非都是金子。= Not all is gold that glitters. 2. 全部否定英语 中常用 not, none, nobody, nothi

38、ng, nowhere, neither, never 等表示全部否定的概念。eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难 事，只怕有心人。 eg. W: Daddy, Ive decided to give up science and go to business school. choice as long as pay your own way, but I should warn you M: Well, it is your that not everyone with a b

39、usiness degree will make a successful manager. learn from the conversation? Q: What do we A. The man doesn't have money for his daughter's graduate studies. B. The man doesn't think his daughter will get a business degree. C. The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in

40、 science. D. The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision. 双重否定： 双重否定： 1.在阅读当中出现的频率更高一些。 在一个句子中出现两个否定词： never, hardly, scarcely, not, rarely, seldom, few, little, none 等，双重否定表示肯定的概念。eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself. A person can command others wh

41、o command himself. 正人先正己。eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy. 如果没有能力进行批判性 思维，维护自己的观点，并理解他人的观点，他们就不能充分的参与我们的民主政治中来。 2.形式否定，意义肯定 eg. A man can never have too many ties. 一个男人可以拥有很多的领 带。 A

42、woman can never have too many dresses. 一个女人拥有再多的衣服也不为过。 eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 对他的成就我们无论怎样赞扬也不过分。 eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一个母亲对她的孩子再怎 么耐心也不为过。 A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一个老师对他 的学生 再怎么严格也不为过。这种形式主要运用于阅读当中。 3. 形

43、式肯定， 意义否定more A than B 意思为 “是 A 不是 B ；与其说是 B ， 不如说是 A” eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 这本书看起来与其说是 一本语法书，不如说是一本词典。 He is more a composer than a singer. 与其说他是一 个歌唱家不如说他是一个创 作者。 anything but 意思为“一点都不是，根本不是，绝对不是”eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一个老师。 I will do anything bu

44、t that. 我决不干那件事。 no more . eg. than 与 not more .than no more .than 意为“两者都不.”eg. This book is no more interesting than that one. 这本书和那本书一样特别没趣。 not more.than 意为 “两者都肯定， 前者不如后者” This book is not more interesting eg. than that one. 这本书不如那本书有趣。eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 这两男 孩都很诚实，前面的

45、男孩不如后面的男孩诚实。 This boy is no more honest than that one. 这两个男孩都不诚实。 no more than 与 not more than no more than 强调 “少” ， 译作“只有、不过、仅仅”eg. He said no more than we had expected. 他只是说了我们所预料 的而已。eg. Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than si

46、x days. 虽然他们认为完成这任务只需三天，但我却认为至少需 要六天。 not more than 是客观叙述，意为“不超过” 。eg. He has not more than five dollars on him. 他 身上带的钱不超过五美元。eg. He is not more than 10 years old. 他最多不超过 10 岁。 实例练习： 实例练习 1 M: Wow, that's a big assignment we've got for the psychology class. W: Well, it's not as bad as i

47、t looks. It isn't due until Thursday morning. Q: What does the women mean?。 A. The assignment looks easy but actually it's quite difficult. B. The assignment is too difficult for them to complete on time. C. They cannot finish the assignment until Thursday. D.Theyhave plenty of time to work

48、on the assignment. 2 M: I ran into our friend Mark yesterday on the street and he said he hadn't heard from you for two months. W: Yes, I know. But I've been too busy to phone him. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation? A. The man saw Mark on the street two months ago. B. The woman h

49、ad forgotten Mark's phone number. C. The woman made a phone call to Mark yesterday. D.Mark and the woman had not been in touch for some time. 阅读当中：eg. Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO s

50、tandards.（0506 阅读） 调查者将约 2，000 种产品上所标有的环保声明记录了下来，发现许多声明要么过于模糊， 要么误导性太强，都不符合 ISO 标准。 eg. "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." said Dr.HansSelye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. （0512 阅读） 人们不应该躲避压力就像他

51、们不应该躲避食物、 爱情或锻炼身体一样， no more .than.= not.any more than. eg. But those captured were anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America.（0606 阅读）这些被捕获的人绝对不是恐怖分子，他们之中大多数人只是 中南美洲的非法移民。 eg. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defens

52、e Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America's energy problems. 0506 阅读） （ 国家资源防御委员会坚信政府勘探预测中数据的下限， 认为在 ANWR 的沿岸平原地带可以经济性开采的石油只有 32 亿桶。这个数量对于缓解美国的能源问题实 际上起不到什么作用，简直是沧海一粟。 总结： 1. 部分否定 2. 全部否定 3.