古代中国第二讲

1、2022-3-19urban economics1lWhy Do Cities Exist? lWhere Do Cities Develop? lHow Many Cities? 2022-3-19urban economics2lComparative advantagelInternal scale economieslAgglomerative economies2022-3-19urban economics3服装 服装 P P A F B C 0 A P 食品 0 B P 食品 Figure 1 生产者的比较优势分析2022-3-19urban economics4lDefinie

2、nslReasons Factor specialization Indivisible inputs Market area2022-3-19urban economics5lLocalization economies Scale economies in intermediate inputs Labor-market pooling Knowledge spillovers Where do the clusters develop The incubator processlUrbanization economieslAgglomerative economies in marke

3、ting: shopping externalities2022-3-19urban economics6labor2022-3-19urban economics7lCommercial firms and trading citieslTransfer-oriented industrial firms Resource-oriented firms Market-oriented firmslThe principle of median locationlFirms oriented toward local inputs 市场利润价格产产业业土地 租金城市城市市城2022-3-19u

4、rban economics8lLocation at transshipment points （ports, crossroads, railroad junctions, river junctions）lBusiness services （banking, insurance, bookkeeping, machine repair, auction sale）2022-3-19urban economics9lFour assumptionsSingle output Single transferable inputFixed-factor proportions Fixed p

5、riceslResource-oriented firms资源导向型企业 Monetary weight = (physical weight of the input) (transportation rate)lMarket-oriented firms市场导向型企业 Weight-gaining activitylIntermediate location Terminal costs Line-haul economies2022-3-19urban economics102022-3-19urban economics112022-3-19urban economics12lLoca

6、tion choice with multiple marketslMedian location and growth of citieslTransshipment points and port citieslMedian location and cities2022-3-19urban economics13lEnergy inputlLaborlIntermediate input: localization and urbanizations economieslLocal public services and taxes lSeveral local inputlLocati

7、on choices and land rent 2022-3-19urban economics14lThe analysis of market areaslCentral place theorylUrban giants: the puzzle of the large primary city2022-3-19urban economics15lpricing with a monopolistlEfficiency trade-offslMarket areaslDeterminants of the market area: fixed demandlMarket areas and the law of demand2022-3-19urban economics16ltwo question:Haw many cities will develop?Why are some cities larger th