英语语法_句子成分分析和练习题

1、WORD格式.英语句子成分分析一个句子至少由两局部构成， 即主语和谓语，它们是句子的主要成分。 句子的次要成分包括 宾语包括双宾语中的直接宾语和间接宾语， 表语，定语包括前置定语及后置定语 ，状语，同位语包括限制性同位语及非限制性同位语 ，补语。一. 主语：是一句话的中心，一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象如： They were teachers.(他们曾是教师。 )Time flies.时光飞逝。这两句话中分别由代词They ， 名词 Time 作主语。主语的位置 ： 一般位于句首，由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。The school is far from here.名词

2、做主语She goes to school by bike.代词做主语Eight is a lucky number.数词做主语The blind need more help.名词化的形容词做主语Predicting the future is interesting.动名词做主语To be a doctor is my dream.不定式短语做主语That he forgotto tellme the time forthe meeting caused lotsof trouble.他忘了告诉我开会的时间给我带来了很多麻烦。从句It is very clear that the elep

3、hant is round and tall like a tree.（ It 形式主语，主语从句是真正主语二 . 谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示人或事物 ( 主语 ) 的动作和存在的状态英语中由动词 be、动词 have 和行为动词来充当谓语动词谓语动词往往由一个或一个以上的助动词或情态动词加上主要动词构成。谓语必须由动词或动词短语充当， 因此动词不定式、 动名词、分词为非谓语动词 ，不能作谓语。且 谓语动词 可以表达时态，单复数的语法现象。如： They were teachers.(他们曾是教师。 ) He enjoys singing songs.他喜欢唱歌。这两句话分别由动词were

4、are的过去式，enjoys singingenjoy doing动词短语作谓语。其中 were 表达出句子的时态为过去时态，且主语的人称为第一人称， enjoys singing 表达出句子的时态为一般现在时，且主语的人称为第三人称。专业资料整理WORD格式word 完美格式专业资料整理WORD格式.三. 宾语：表示动作的承受者。宾语放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：I play with him. (我和他玩。 )I like Chinese food.我喜欢中国菜。这两句话中分别由人称代词 him ， 名词 food 作宾语。直接宾语与间接宾语：有的动词能够接双宾语， 直接宾语指的是动词所涉

5、及的物, 间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示行为的人。如： He gave me a book. 他给了我一本书这句话中 a book 为直接宾语， me 为间接宾语。又如： My mother bought a schoolbag to me.(我妈妈买了一个书包给我。 )这句话中 schoolbag为直接宾语， me 为间接宾语。及物动词必须跟宾语 .及物动词 : 直接接宾语的谓语动词 .不及物动词 : 不能直接带宾语的谓语动词 .宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句构成.I saw a plane in the sky just now.名词做宾语I want three.数词做宾语

6、I like going shopping.动名词做宾语We think predicting the future is hard.宾语从句四宾语补足语宾补 ：对宾语的补充有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外,还须加上一个补足语。如果没有补足语( 宾补 ),有时候句子的意思就不完整。这就是补语与定语状语的关键区别。充当宾补 的有 :We elected him monitor.名词We will make them happy.形容词We found nobody in.( 副词 )Please make yourself at home.介词短语Dont let him do that.省 t

7、o 不定式His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.带 to 不定式Dont keepthe lights burning.现在分词I ll have my bikerepaired.过去分词五. 表语：用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质、状态。接在系动词之后，其中接在系动词be 后是最常见的情况。专业资料整理WORD格式word 完美格式专业资料整理WORD格式.如 They were teachers.(他们曾是教师。 ) He is kind. (他心地善良。 )这两句话分别由名词teachers ， 形容词 kind作表语。

8、表语的位置 :用在动词 be 和系动词的后面。常见的系动词1. be 动词 : am is are2. 与感觉有关的动词 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等3. 表示状态变化的动词，意为“变得 变“成如 get, grow, turn 等名词、代词、数词、介词短语、副词等都可以和连系动词一起构成复合谓语。Your pen is on the desk.My dream is to have a robot.He got very angry.My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是一个护士。nurse 名词表身份This table is long.这

9、个桌子是长的。long 形容词表特征 )Children fall asleep easily.形容词 asleep 表状态Seventy- four! You dont lookit.代词Five and five is ten.数词The picture is on the wall.(介词短语 )The question is whether they will come.(表语从句六. 定语：是用来说明或限制名词的成分可分为前置定语 和后置定语 ，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前， 构成前置定语； 相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面，构成后置定语。如：

10、 This is red sun. (这是个红太阳 )这句话由形容词 red 作前置定语，修饰 sun.又如： His work in the hospitalis veryhard.(他在这个医院的工作很辛苦。 )这句话由相当于形容词的介词短语in the hospital作后置定语，修饰 work。This is a red sun.这是个红太阳。形容词 red 修饰限定 sunHe is a tall boy.他是个高个子男孩。形容词tall 修饰限定 boy)Da Ming is a chemistry teacher.名词He is our friend.代词We belong to

11、 the third world.数词The man over there is my old friend.(副词 )The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词 )The trees planted last year are growing well now.(过去分词I have an idea to do it well.不定式You should do everything that I do.定语从句专业资料整理WORD格式word 完美格式专业资料整理WORD格式.七状语：是用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常

12、由副词担任。 修饰动词时可以放在动词之前， 也可以放在动词之后； 修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。 区别状语与定语的关键就是看其所修饰的局部， 定语修饰名词，且起说明、限制作用。状语是修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。充当状语的有副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词短语、形容词、名词词组和从句等常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前， 也可以放在动词之后； 修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如： The students study hard.(学生努力学习 )这句话由副词 hard 作 study的状语。又如： Pan

13、das only live in China.熊猫仅生活在中国。这句话由介词短语 in China作 live的状语。再如： In the afternoon, I went to swim. (下午，我去了游泳。 )这句话由介词短语 in the afternoon作整个句子的状语。I will go there tomorrow.时间状语The meeting will be held in the meeting room.地点状语The meat went bad because of the hot weather.原因状语He studies hard to learn Engli

14、sh well.原因状语He didn t study hardso thathefailedin the exam. 结 果 状语If you study hard, you will pass the exam.条件状语He goes to school by bike.方式状语状语的位置1. 在一般情况下 , 用于句末。We like our school very much.2. 为了强调状语 , 可以把它放在句首 .I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.3. 表频度的副词通常用于句中 , 如 alway

15、s, usually, often, hardly, never,用于行为动词前 ,be 动词、助动词和情态动词后I usually get up early.He is often late.一些副词 ,如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost,really, suddenly, certainly等用法相似 / sometimes, now可以位于句首 ,句中或句末 / only在句中的位置比较灵活 ,但位置不同 ,意义也不同 .The actor only sang a song.Only the actor sang

16、a song.专业资料整理WORD格式word 完美格式专业资料整理WORD格式.The actor sang only one song.两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序1. 地点状语在前 , 时间状语在后 .We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2. 较小单位的状语在前 , 由小到大Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.3. 一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语 , 其顺序大都是 : 程度副词 , 方式副词,地点副词 ,时间副词She sang very well at the mee

17、ting last night.时间和地点状语也可以位于句首,表示强调或使上下文更为连贯Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.八同位语：一个名词( 或其它形式 ) 对另一个名词或代词进展修饰，限定或说明 .同位语与被它限定的词常常紧挨在一起。限制性同位语与非限制性同位语：限制性同位语中同位语与被它限定的词之间不用逗号隔开， 非限制性同位语那么用逗号隔开。如： My uncle Mike is kind.(我的叔叔马克心地善良 )这句话中， Mike 作 my

18、uncle的限制性同位语。又如： He is interested in sports, especially ball games.他对运动感兴趣，特别是球类运动。这句话中 ball games作 sports的非限制性同位语。综上所述，通常情况下，句子的成分分布如下：定语主语状语谓语定语宾语状语如： (The tall) boy (often) go to the ( big) zoo.(The happy) child went (his) homeyesterday.英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块，主谓宾表真呀真实在；补语跟着宾语表语跑，定语同位语专把名词踹。踹表示修饰的意思专业资料

19、整理WORD格式word 完美格式专业资料整理WORD格式.状语的位置它自由自在，忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少，前后乱窜它还会加塞。专业资料整理WORD格式word 完美格式专业资料整理WORD格式.划分句子成分练习题11.They are working on the farm now.2.Seeing is believing3.All of us like Kobe Bryantverymuch4.She became a doctor in 19985.The book lying on the floor are mine6.Suddenly it begins to r

20、ain7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday8.I always find her happy9.He wonders If I still study English10.TheletterwhichIreceivedthedaybeforeyesterday wasa friendofmine11.We always work hard at English.12.He said he didnt come.13.They love each other.14.What did you bye15.She watched her dau

21、ghter playing the piano.16.your job today is to help the old.17.Speaking doesnt mean doing.18.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left.19.Thechildrenboughttheir parentsa carforthe 25thanniversary of their marriage.专业资料整理WORD格式word 完美格式专业资料整理WORD格式.20.It takes me an hour to get there.划分句子

22、成分练习题2( 一) 挑出以下句中的宾语My brotherhasntdonehis homework.People alloverthe worldspeakEnglish. You must paygoodattentionto your pronunciation. How many newwordsdidyoulearnlast class Some of thestudents in the school wantto goswimming,howaboutyou Theold mansittingat the gatesaidhe was ill.Theymadehimmonito

23、rof the class. Goacrossthebridgeand youwill findthemuseum on the left. You will finditusefulafteryou leave school.Theydidnt knowwhoFatherChristmas really is.( 二) 挑出以下句中的定语TheyuseMr. Mrs. with thefamilyname.Whatisyourgivenname On thethirdlapareClass 1 and Class 3. I amafraidsomepeopleforgotto sweepth

24、e floor.The mandownstairswastryingto sleep.专业资料整理WORD格式word 完美格式专业资料整理WORD格式.Iam waitingforthe soundof the other shoe!三 ) 挑出以下句中的宾语补足语Shelikesthe childrento read newspapers andbooks in thereading-room. Heaskedherto take the boyout of school. Shefounditdifficultto do the work. Theycallme Lilysometime

25、s.IsawMr. Wang get on the bus. Did you seeLi Mingplaying footballon theplaygroundjust now( 四)挑出以下句中的状语Therewasa big smileon her face.Every nighthe heardthe noiseupstairs. Hebeganto learnEnglish when he was eleven.The manon the motorbikewas travellingto fast.With the medicine box under her arm,MissLi

26、 hurriedoff.Shelovesthe librarybecause she loves books.Iam afraidthatifyouve lostit,you must pay forit.专业资料整理WORD格式word 完美格式专业资料整理WORD格式.The studentsfollowedUncle Wangto see the othermachine.( 五) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to

27、teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me答案：练习一1They( 主语 are working系表构造做谓语on the farm地点状语now时间状语 .2.Seeing 动词 ing 做主语 is 谓语 believing宾语3.All of us主语like谓语Kobe Bryant宾语very much程度副词状语4.She 主语 became谓语 a doctor宾语in 1998时间状语专业资料整理WORD格式word 完美格式专业资料整理WORD格式.5.The book 主语 lying on the floor补语are谓语mine宾语6.Suddenly状语it形式主语began to rain谓语7.To catch the train, 目的状语 I 主语 gotup 谓语 earlyyesterday时间状语8.I 主语 always (状语 ) find谓语her宾语happy宾补9.He 主语 wonders