高中英语必修1-4语法讲义

1、 The kinds of attribute(定语定语):1.He is an1.He is an honesthonest boy. boy.2.We love 2.We love ourour country. country.3.Whats your 3.Whats your telephonetelephone number? number?4.Marx found it important to 4.Marx found it important to study the situation study the situation in Russiain Russia. . 修饰修

2、饰, 限定限定5.The foreigner 5.The foreigner who visited our who visited our school yesterdayschool yesterday is from Canada. is from Canada. The positions of the attribute: （定语的位置）（定语的位置）1. This is a flower basket.2. This is a basket full of flowers.3. This is a basket that I want to put flowers in.（单个的词

3、作定语时要放单个的词作定语时要放于被修饰词的前面，短语或从句作于被修饰词的前面，短语或从句作定语时要放于被修饰词的后面。）定语时要放于被修饰词的后面。）She is the girl who can speak English very well.The Attributive clause 1The Attributive clause 1定语从句定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句从句叫做定语从句先行词先行词引导词引导词关系词关系词关系关系代词代词关系关系副词副词who whomthat whichwhosewhen where why1

4、 The woman is a teacher.2 The woman lives next door.The woman who/that lives next door is a teacher. The nurse is kind. The nurse looks after my sister. The nurse who/that looks after my sister is kind. Kevin is reading a book. The book is too difficult for him.Kevin is reading a book which/that is

5、too difficult for him. The book is on the shelf. You bought the book last year. The book (which/ that) you bought last year Is on the shelf. I met him on the street. That man is your brother. That man (whom/who/that) I met on the Street is your brother. It is about a big white shark. It attacks swim

6、mers .It is about a big white shark which/that attacks swimmers.The boys who/that are playing football are from Class One. (主语)The man (who/whom/that) you met just Now is my teacher.(宾语)Plane is a machine which/that can fly.(主语)This is the pen (which/that) he bought yesterday.(宾语)I know the doctor.H

7、is daughter studies abroad.I know the doctor whose daughter studies abroad.Have you seen my book?The books cover is red.Have you seen my book whose cover is red.1. The student _father works in the factory is sitting there.2. I like the rooms _windows face south.3.This is the desk _legs were broken.

8、whosewhosewhose关系代词关系代词指人和物时都用指人和物时都用whose,表示表示先行词的所属关系先行词的所属关系, ,在定语从句中作定在定语从句中作定语语, ,可理解为可理解为“的的” This is the room./ Lu Xun once lived in the room. The person is Mr.Li./ You just talked with him.This is the room (that/which) Luxun once lived in.This is the room in which Luxun once lived.This perso

9、n is Mr.Li (that/who/whom) You just talked with.This person is Mr.Li with whom you just talked. I am sure she has something (that) you can borrow.Ive read all the books that are not mine. (1) 先行词为先行词为all, everything, nothing, something,anything, little, much 等不定等不定代词时。代词时。(2)先行词被先行词被all, every, no,

10、some, any, little, much等修饰时。等修饰时。This is the first book (that) he has read.This is the very book that belongs to him.(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。(4)先行词被先行词被the only, the very, the last修饰时。修饰时。(5)who或或which的问句中。的问句中。 Who is the girl drove the car? Which is the book you bought last week? (6) 主句以主

11、句以There be 引导时引导时 There are 200 people didnt know the thing. (7) 当先行词在定语从句中作当先行词在定语从句中作be表语時表语時 She isnt the girl she was 10 years ago.Exercises:1. All _ we need is to be supplied with food and clothing. A. what B. that C. which D. whom2.The man_talked to you just now is an engineer. A. who B. whose

12、 C. which D. what3. Can you tell me the name of the factory_ you visited last week? A. what B. in where C. / D. when4. I dont like the way_ you speak to her. A. that B. in that C. who D. whose5. The most important thing_ we should pay attention to is the first thing_I have said. A. which; that B. th

13、at; which C. which; which D. that; that6. She spent the whole evening talking about the things and persons_ none of us has ever heard of. A. which B. who C. whom D. that1. This is the best hotel in the city _ I know. A. It B. where C. that D. Which2. Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady_ comes fr

14、om Beijing. A. who B. which C. whom D. whose3. Is there anything else_ you require? A. which B. that C. who D. whatrevision4. Whats the name of the man_? A.you borrowed his car B. which car you borrowed C. whose car you borrowed D. his car you borrowedwhose car = the car of whom 1.The school at whic

15、h/where I studied for only two years was three km. away.2. Find out the attributive clauses in Reading, until today we have reached a stage at which/where we have almost no rights at all. 3. The parts of town in which/where they had to live were decided by white people.4. The day on which/when Nelso

16、n Mandela helped me was one of my happiest.5. However, this was a time during which/when one had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg. 6. Do you know the reason for which/why he was late?= Do you know the reason? /He was late for the reason.See Page 91 and put the attributive clauses into

17、two separate sentences总结总结关系副词关系副词: : where, when, whywhere, when, why时间时间 when = when = in/at/on/during whichin/at/on/during which地点地点 where = at/in/on where = at/in/on whichwhich原因原因 why = for whichwhy = for which 1.when 在从句中作时间状语，先行词多在从句中作时间状语，先行词多为表时间的名词为表时间的名词time,hour,morning,day,month等。等。 2.w

18、here在从句中作地点状语，先行词在从句中作地点状语，先行词多为表地点的名词多为表地点的名词place,house,school,country等。等。 3.why 在从句中作原因状语，只跟在在从句中作原因状语，只跟在reason 后。后。注意：关系代词和关系副词的选择使用。注意：关系代词和关系副词的选择使用。1.取决于从句中的谓语动词。若及物动词后面无宾取决于从句中的谓语动词。若及物动词后面无宾语，就要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要用关系副语，就要用关系代词；而不及物动词则要用关系副词。词。 This is the village where I stayed last year. This

19、is the village ( which/that) I visited last year. I will never forget the days when I worked with him. I will never forget the days (which/ that) I spent in the country.2.当定语从句中缺主，宾，表，定语时，用关系代词；当定语从句中缺主，宾，表，定语时，用关系代词；如定语从句中缺状语时，应用关系副词。如定语从句中缺状语时，应用关系副词。The woman who/that lives next door is a teacher

20、.The book (which/ that) you bought last year is on the shelf.Have you seen my book whose cover is red.She isnt the girl she was 10 years ago.3.介词介词(under, with, for)+ which(指物）指物）/ whom(指指人），关系代词不能省略。人），关系代词不能省略。1.The person _ you should write to is Mr.Ball.2.The person to _ you should write is Mr.B

21、all.3.The games _ he competed in were swimming and shooting.4.The games in _ he competed were swimming and shooting.who/that/whomwhomwhich/thatwhich5.October 1,1949 is the day _we will never forget.6.Is this the shop _ sells childrens clothing/7.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _family was p

22、oor.8.The pen_ he is writing now was bought yesterday.with which that/whichwhich/thatwhose9.He is the man _ you can turn for help. 10.This is the tree under _ we used to play games.11.The farm_ we worked ten years ago isnt what is used to be.12.A biologist is a man _ has a great knowledge of biology

23、. to whomwhichon whichwho/that13.The poor boy _lost both his parents last year lives with his grandfather .14.This is the factory _ he worked ten years ago.15.This is the factory _ make toys.16.He is the boy _family was poor.who/thatwhere/in whichwhosewhich /that1. 标点限制性定语从句与先行词之标点限制性定语从句与先行词之间不用逗号隔

24、开间不用逗号隔开,非限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。My cousin whose father is a teacher wants to be an actor.My cousin , whose father is a teacher , wants to be an actor. Restrictive and Non-Restrictive Clause A. He is a man who I can ask for help. B. His father, who works in Beijing, came back yes

25、terday.2.功能限制性定语从句和先行词关系密功能限制性定语从句和先行词关系密切，如果去掉从句，剩余部分意义不完整；切，如果去掉从句，剩余部分意义不完整；非限制性定语从句只是先行词的附加说明，非限制性定语从句只是先行词的附加说明，如果去掉从句，意义仍然完整。如果去掉从句，意义仍然完整。3. 先行词限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单先行词限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的先行词既个名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是单个名词或代词，也可以是整个句子。可以是单个名词或代词，也可以是整个句子。This is the house which we bought la

26、st month. (先行词为先行词为the house) I bought this house, which made my family very shocked.(先行词为逗号前的先行词为逗号前的整个句子，即我买房子这件事）整个句子，即我买房子这件事）4. 关系词关系词-that 不能引导非限制性定语从句不能引导非限制性定语从句He failed in the exam, that made his mother angry.He failed in the exam, which made his mother angry.非限制性定语从句中通常使用下列关系非限制性定语从句中通常使用

27、下列关系代词和副词代词和副词 先行词指人：用先行词指人：用who, whom 引导引导 指事，物：用指事，物：用which, whose，as引导引导指时间，地点：用指时间，地点：用when,where引导引导非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省非限制性定语从句中关系词不能省略略1 Yesterday I met LiPing, who seemed to be very busy.2 He bought me a book, whose cover had been lost.3 Do you know Tom, whom we talked about?4As I excepted, he di

28、dnt believe me.5Well graduate in July, when we will be free.6Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held. 1. I have a sister who works in a hospital.我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。（不只一（不只一位姐姐）位姐姐）2. I have a sister, who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。（只（只有一位姐姐）有一位

29、姐姐）有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思。会改变全句的意思。(1) What surprised me was not what he said but the way _ he said it.(2) Were just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. (2006山东）山东）(that/in which)wherePractice(3) _ is often the case, we have worked out the prod

30、uction plan.(4) This is the very house _ he lived.(5) Next winter, _ you will spend in Harbin, Im sure, will be another exciting holiday.(6) Thats the reason _ he was late.Aswherewhichwhy(7) The pictures brought the days back to the old _ they swam in the river.(8) Robert and his songs _ were famous

31、 in the U. S. are also popular in China.(9) They are always smoking, _ of course, will do harm to their health.(10) The situation _ you use the words is very clear in fact.whenthatwhichwhere1. The reason why he explained at the meeting surprised us.2. I can remember the days when we spent together.w

32、hy(that)when(that /which)Correct the mistakes3. The way in which you talked about is very important for us.4. Put the book in which you can it easily.in which(which /that)in whichwhere It is reported that two schools, _ are being built in my hometown，will open next year.（2007四川）四川） A. they both B. w

33、hich both C. both of them D. both of which I have many friends, some _ are businessmen. (2005全国全国) A. why B. from which C. who of D. of whom If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. (2005上海上海) A. that B. which C. when D. where I walked in our garden, _

34、 Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. (2005辽宁辽宁) A. which B. when C. where D. that Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped. (2005安徽安徽) A. when B. which C. what D. that Jim passed the driving test, _ surp

35、rised everybody in the office. （2005浙江浙江） A. which B. that C. this D. itThe English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. (2004全国全国) A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on whichThere were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. (2004全国全国) A. where B.

36、 which C. when D. that By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, _ can be very eye-opening and rewarding. （2007湖南）湖南） A. who B. which C. what D. that Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy (嫉妒嫉妒) him. (2004

37、天津天津) A. who B. that C. what D. which Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally (就我就我个人而论个人而论) I doubt (怀疑怀疑) very much. (1999全国全国) A. it B. that C. when D. which Last week，only two people came to look at the house， _ wanted to buy it. (2007安徽安徽) A. none of them B. both of them C. n

38、one of whom D. neither of whom The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. (2004辽辽宁宁) A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of thatGrammarThe Future Passive Voice一般将来时的被动语态一般将来时的被动语态构成形式：助动词构成形式：助动词will/shall +be+及物动及物动词的过去分词词的过去分词1. 描述事物将受到某种影响或某种处理。描述事物将受到

39、某种影响或某种处理。2. 描述人物将被动地接受某种行为或某描述人物将被动地接受某种行为或某 种处理。种处理。 The people of Beijing will plant more trees and build new road.John will take his dog back. More trees will be planted and new roads will be built by people of Beijing.Johns dog will be taken back by him.注注: Its negative structure: will + not +

40、be + 过去分词过去分词 I will not develop my picture until next week.My pictures wont be developed until next week. Will+ subject+ be+过去分词。过去分词。 Wh- +will+ subject+ be+过去分词。过去分词。 29届奥运会将在北京召开吗？届奥运会将在北京召开吗？ 29届奥运会将何时在北京召开？届奥运会将何时在北京召开？Will the 29th Olympic Games be held in Beijing? When will the 29th Olympic

41、Games be held in Beijing?1. All those old buildings _ down tomorrow. A. will be knocked B. will knock C. will have knocked D. knock A2. The mistakes in the exercises will _ the teacher. A. cross B. be crossing C. be crossed by D. cross by C3. It is said that a new robot _by him in a few days.A. desi

42、gned B. has been designed C. will be designed D. will have been designedC4. Ill have to push the car to the side of the road because we _ if we leave it here.A. would be fined B. will be fined C. will being fined D. will have been finedBTranslation1. 这条裙子太漂亮了这条裙子太漂亮了! 会有很多女孩会有很多女孩儿喜欢的！儿喜欢的！2. 他一到达这个

43、城市就会被认出。他一到达这个城市就会被认出。 What a beautiful skirt! It will be loved by many girls.He will be recognized as soon as he arrives at this city.3. 这项工作很快就完成了。这项工作很快就完成了。4. 我们不会受到邀请。我们不会受到邀请。 The work is going to be done soon.We will not be invited.The Present Perfect Passive Voice(1) 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主把主动语态的宾语

44、变为被动语态的主语。语。(2) 把谓语变成被动结构把谓语变成被动结构 (be过去分词过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定时态来决定be的形式的形式)。主动语态变被动语态的方法主动语态变被动语态的方法(3) 把主动语态中的主语放在介词把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之之后作宾语后作宾语, 将主格改为宾格。例如：将主格改为宾格。例如： All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make th

45、e bikes in the factory. The bikes are made by them in the factory. 1._ a new library _ in our school last year? A.Is; built B.Was; bulit C.Does; build D.Did; build 2.An accident _ on this road last week.A.has been happened B.was happened C.is happened D.happened3. Neither of them _ in China. A.is ma

46、de B.are made C.were made D.made 4. When _ this kind of computers_? -Last year. A.did; use B.was; used C.is; used D.are; used5. The Great Wall _ all over the world. A.knows B.knew C.is known D.was known现在完成时的被动语态表示动作发生在过现在完成时的被动语态表示动作发生在过去去, 到现在已经完成或对现在仍有影响。到现在已经完成或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的被动语态现在完成时的被动语态The s

47、tructure of the present perfect passive voice is: have/ has beened 双宾语动词变被动语态可将其中的一个双宾语动词变被动语态可将其中的一个宾语变为主语，宾语变为主语， 另一个保留不动。另一个保留不动。主动：主动：I have given him the key.被动：被动：He has been given the key.被动：被动：The key has been given to him.主动：主动：My friend has bought her a book.被动：被动：She has been bought a boo

48、k.被动：被动：A book has been bought for her. 带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时, 只能将只能将宾语变为主语宾语变为主语, 原来的宾补保留不动原来的宾补保留不动,改称改称主语补足语主语补足语, 作主补可以是名词作主补可以是名词/ 形容词形容词/ 现在分词现在分词/过去分词过去分词/不定式不定式,其中不定式必其中不定式必须加须加 to I have painted the wall blue.The wall has been painted blue. Jenny had found a wallet lying on the floor

49、 before she left the room.A wallet had been found lying on the floor before she left the room.We have considered the things settled.The things have been considered settled.He has told them to help you.They have been told to help you.I have made her work harder.She has been made to work harder. 并不是所有

50、动词都有被动语态并不是所有动词都有被动语态 1) happen, take place, break out, belong to, cost, last等不及物动词或词组无被等不及物动词或词组无被动语态。如：动语态。如： 误误 Great changes have been taken place in China since 1978. 正正 Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.2) open, break, drop等不强调动作发出者等不强调动作发出者时常用主动语态。时常用主动语态。 误误 Something bad ha

51、s been happened to him 正正 Something bad has happened to him 析析 被动语态误用。被动语态误用。happen为不及为不及物动词，不及物动词没有被动物动词，不及物动词没有被动语态。语态。 误误 The door has been opened of itself 正正 The door has opened of itself 析析 有些动词如有些动词如open, break, drop 等既可以作及物动词，又可以作不及等既可以作及物动词，又可以作不及物动词，若不强调谁是动作的发出者，物动词，若不强调谁是动作的发出者，我们通常用主动语态。

52、我们通常用主动语态。 of itself意思是意思是“自动地自动地”。因此。因此, 此句不可用被动语态。此句不可用被动语态。 误误 I have introduced to Mr Li 正正 I have been introduced to Mr Li (by Mr Wang) 析析 introduce为及物动词为及物动词, I是是introduce的承受者。的承受者。 1. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not b

53、eing decided D. has not been decidedPractice 4. Some new oilfields _ since 1976. A. were opened up B. has opened up C. have been opened up D. had been opened up 1. -_ I go out to play, mum? -No, you_. You should do your homework first. A. Might; wouldnt B. May; had better not C. Must; mustnt D. Need

54、; mustntB2. -Where is Emma? -I cant say for sure where she is, but she_ be out shopping. A. can B. should C. must D. mayD3. The room is in a terrible mess; it _ cleaned. A. cant have been B. couldnt be C. may have been D. would beA 1 Children under 12 years of age in that country _ be under adult su

55、pervision when in a public library. (2004 上海）上海） A must B may C can D need2 Whats the name？ A Khulaifi. _ I spell that for you？（？（2006 北京）北京） A Might B Would C Can D Shall 3 You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _ be so rude to a lady. (2001 上海）上海） A might B need C should D would4 Hows your

56、 tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful? It _ be, but it is now heavily polluted. （2007 全国全国I） A. will B. would C. should D. must 5 I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I have driven her there. （2007 陕西）陕西） A. could B. must C. night D. should6. Where is my dictionary? I remem

57、ber I put it here yesterday. You it in the wrong place. A. must put （2007 江西）江西） B. should have put C. might put D. might have put7. 一一What does the sign over there read? 一一“No person _ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar or pipe in this area” （2007 四川）四川） Awill Bmay Cshall D. must8. She looks

58、very happy. She _ have passed the exam. I guess so. Its not difficult after all. （2007 江苏）江苏） A. should B. could C. must D. might 1. ought toshould should 和和ought to 都为都为“应该应该”的的意思，可用于各种人称。意思，可用于各种人称。ought to 的的语气稍重一些。语气稍重一些。 You ought to (should) follow your teachers advice.should 和和ought to 后面跟动词不

59、定式的后面跟动词不定式的完成式完成式,其肯定句表示其肯定句表示”过去应该做而过去应该做而未做未做”, 其否定句则表示其否定句则表示”过去不该做过去不该做但做了但做了”。You should/ought to have made the decision a week ago.I shouldnt have made such a foolish mistake. 注意注意2.注意对注意对need问句的回答问句的回答: -Need I finish the work today? -Yes, _. No, _. No, _.you mustyou needntyou dont have to判断

60、正误判断正误: How dare you say such a thing? How dare you to say such a thing?He darent to speak English before such a crowd, did he?He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he?Nobody need to be afraid of catching the disease.Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease.These dishes need be clea