专转本英语语法

1、学习好资料欢迎下载虚拟语气；名词性从句；定语从句；非谓语动词；倒装语序（这五大项排名不分先后），一般直接考 2 分左右；下面还有时态与语态2 分-1 分，情态动词+have done 1 分，主谓一致要考1 分,强调句句型 1 分。定语从句、名词性从句、非谓语动词的掌握不仅对于词汇结构直接考查有意义，而且更为重要的是对于阅读理解意义相当重大；有些语法知识比如虚拟语气、倒装、强调句句型、主谓一致、反 义疑问句则主要对于词汇结构题直接考意义重大；有些语法知识诸如并列平行结构、状语从句、 插入结构、it 指代用法、比较结构则主要对于阅读理解有重大意义。一.定语从句考什么：which 引导的非限制性定

2、语从句，一级考点定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引起的，在句子中充当定语成分，来修饰名词、代词或句子。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词称为先行词。The new pointswhich the preside nt stressed in his reportare very importa nt in deed.（定语从句、关系代词、先行词）That is the reasonwhy I am not in favor of revis ing the pla n.（定语从句、关系代副词、先行词）所有从句都是由连接词引出来的，定语从句的连接词被叫做关系代词、关系副词。具

3、体而言,有以下几种情况关系代词关系代词先行词关系代词所作成分例句that人或物主、宾、表1which物或整句话主、宾（动词宾语、介词宾语）2who人主3whom人宾4whose人或物定语（相当于先行词的所有格）5as人或物或整句话主语、宾语6例句：1 One should not plant a gardenthat is too large for him to care for.（06 阅读1）Anyonewho brought his sleep ing bag andcook ing equipme nt alonga very small qua ntity of mon ey.（0

4、34 He saw the manager talking with somebody5 Many peoplewhose possessi ons were destroyed in n atural disasters eve ntuallycon sidered their loss as a bless ing.（06CET-6,12）6As is ofte n the case,the more you use your brain, the more active it will become.关系代词使用的几种特别规定：That 1）先行词是不定代词，常见有 all, much,

5、 any, something, anything等；2）先行词被 all, any, every, some,（a）few,（a）little修3 ）先行词被最高级、序数词、the on ly/next/same/very修饰时；4 ）先行词既包括人，又包括物时。2 .Because of theirfrequent wars, many of their inventionswere no more than improvementsin the desig n of Greek weap ons3 There are a lot of wome nwith which they were

6、 familiar whowill do the job as well as men.（06 阅读 2）.（06 阅读 2）could stay there for月度 2, P48）.whom he didnt know.学习好资料欢迎下载5）只用 which:介词后、引导非限制性定语从句只能用which。介词+which 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配， 也取决于先行词的习惯搭配。It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.This is the co

7、mputer on which he spe nt all his sav in gs.6）关系代词省略情况：that、which 引导定语从句作宾语可以省略。但以下情况不可省略： 第一，弓 I 导非限制性定语从句中，即使作宾语which 也不能省略。第二，关系代词紧跟介词后，作介词宾语，此时一不可用that，只可用 which 或 whom 引导定语从句，并且不可省略；但当介词谓语定语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that,也可以省略。This is one of the thi ngs with which we have to put up.This is one of the

8、 things（that/which ） we have to put up with.关系副词关系副词与先仃词关系在从句中所作成分whe n先仃词是表示时间的名词，相当于介词+which.状语where先仃词是表示地点的名词，相当于介词+which状语why先行词是表示理由的名词（reason ），相当于for+which.状语1 Do America ns have the capacity and visi on to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights andopport un ities?（06CE

9、T4阅读）2. Culture shock is an occupati onal disease for people who have bee n sudde nly transplanted abroad（04 转本P61 阅读 4）3 For primitive men, activity during the day meant hunting and attacking , in which hesoon saw as red, the color of blood and fire.（05转本 P70 阅读 1）4 The curriculum con sisted mainly

10、 of the classical la nguages, and the purpose of thiskind of school was the preparation of boys for college, where most of them would be fitted for the min istry.第二章名词性从句考什么：that、what 引导的名词性从句，一级考点。所谓名词性从句，就是把这个句子当作名词使用，并在句子中充当一定的句子成分：主语、同 位语、表语、宾语。做什么成分，这个名词性从句就是相应的主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、宾语从句。一主语从句：在句子中担当

11、主语的是一个句子，这个句子就叫做主语从句。How this happened is still a question.It is clear that he has gone.所有从句都是由连接词引出来的，主语从句的连接词有以下几种情况：连词that whether（that在从句中没有任何意义，不作任何成分，但不可省略）连接代词What, whatever, who, whoever连接副词When, where, how, why注意考点： 1 In the new country, that wome n go out to work and add to the family in c

12、ome学习好资料欢迎下载is a new pattern of family life.2 What refrigerati on did promote was market ing market ing hardware and electricity,marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search ofa good price.(P81,test3).直_语从句直接考点最重要的就是关于that/what 区分问题。同位语连接词that 不作任何成分，没有任何意义，但在引导

13、主语从句时不可省略。注意：名词性从句中的that 与定语从句中的 that 有着明显的差别：作不作成分，有没有指代。二同位语从句读例子说问题：同位语、同位语从句、同位语连接词。1. The idea that we can invite him tomorrow is quite good.2 The rumor that there II be earthquake soon spread all over the area.3 The gen eral gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at on ce.4 Af

14、ter a couple of roun ds, the only, last and serious questi on rema ins whether our team can win the majority of thepeople.转本考点：1 后面常接同位语从句的抽象名词Belief,certainty,concept, doubt, evidenee, explanation, fact, hope, idea, news, order,promise, proof, questi on ,rumor, thought等。2 分隔情况有时，由 that 引导的同位语从句可以不紧

15、跟在它所说明的名词后面，而被谓语动词等隔开。In formatio n has bee n put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted in touni versities.3 注意区分 that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别The suggesti on that she should stay in the room is good.The suggesti on that she has give n at the meet ing is good.That 在第一个句子中引导的是同位语从句，没有意义，

16、不作成分，但不可省略。三表语从句如主句主语为 reason，只能用 that 引导标语从句，不可用because。The reas on why so many people died there is that there were not eno ugh food supplies.第三章非谓语动词考什么？ 1 不定式的省略 to 情况，不定式的被动式、完成式；2 涉及到固定搭配需要使用的动名词形式；3 过去分词与现在分词作状语时候的比较选择；4 独立主格结构。非谓语动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当句子谓语成分的动词形式。基本形式有四种：不定式、动名词、分词和独立主格结构。一不定式考点 不定

17、式构成 to+do（动词原形）。1 不定式的时态与语态时态、语态主动被动一般式To do: where can we get some sickles to cut the rice with. 表示不定式动作与谓语动词动作冋时或在其后发生。To be done学习好资料欢迎下载完成式To have done: Mrs. Brown is supposed to have left for Italylast week.表示 1：不疋式动作、状态发生于谓语之前。2 表示将来某一时刻之前不定式表示的动作、状态完成We releaving at six in the morning , and h

18、ope to have done most of thejourney by lunch time.To have bee ndone进行式To be doing完成进行式To have been doing: He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.不疋式动作在谓语动作之前发生， 但仍在持续进行。注意 to have done的特殊考点：(1) should like/would like/love +to have don e,表示过去未实现的动作；I d like to have gone with you on your hik

19、e last weekend, but I was too busy.(2)在 wish, intend, mean, expect, pretend, plan, think等表示打算计划”等含义的过去时动词后面，接 to have done也表示动作没有实现。I intended to have limited my research to waste water treatment, but I was asked to deal with other problems too.2 n+to do+ 介词I haven t decided which hotel to stay at.3

20、 do but/except 结构中，but 前面有 do 的某种形式，but/except 后接不带 to 的不定式。另外 cannot help but也接不带 to 的不定式，属于特例。4 had better, would rather/soonerthan ,ratherthan, might as well 之后必须接动词原形。二动名词考点1 时态和语态时态主动语态被动语态语态一般式Doing: I approved of his tak ing part in theproject.Bei ng done: After being in terviewed for the job

21、, you willbe required to take a Ian guage test.完成式Having done: The man in the corner confessed to havi ng told a lie to the man ager.Having bee n done: She rese nts havi ng bee n criticizedby her boss yesterday.2 转本英语可能会出现的后接动名词的动词有：admit, appreciate, avoid, con sider, delay,deny, i magi ne, mind, m

22、iss, practice, resist, risk, suggest, quit, enjoy, fini sh.(女口考到后两词，那属于弱智题，这类弱智题曾在03p5345、46、51 出现过)。3 转本英语可能会出现的后接动名词的词组有：be(get)used to ; be accustomed to, be devotedto, be busy, cannot help, con fess to,give up, have trouble(i n), havedifficulty(i n ),it is no use/good, look forward to, object to

23、, lead to, stick to, get dow n to, see toUsed to do VS be used to doingBe accustomed to, be used to, devote to, dedicate to, look forward to, lead to, con tribute to, object to, stick to, getdown to, see to.这里的 to 都是介词，后面只能接动名词。4 在 need, want, require, deserve等动词以及形容词worth 后，动名词主动形式表示被动意义。学习好资料欢迎下载Y

24、our hair wants cutt ing.三分词考点（本部分结合教材 P28）分词是非谓语动词部分最为重要的一个部分，分词包括present participle, past participle。分词也具有时态和语态的变化。1 现在分词与过去分词的区别点：语态时态现在分词主动进行（一些特例情况下并不必然表示进行）如：promis ing young m过去分词被动完成还要注意原则上语态服从时态，如retired gen eral。Seeing from the hill, you can see the whole city.Seeing from the hill, the city

25、 is beautiful.Heated to 100, water will boil.Heating to 100, water will boil2 有些过去分词已经转化为形容词，没有被动的概念和已经完成的概念，如a practiced man 技术娴熟的人， well-behaved you ng man懂礼貌的年轻人，the cultivated people 有修养的人。尤其在做阅读理解时候注意及时能从相应的动词意义转变过来。同样道理，有些动词的现在分词也已转化为固定的形容词，主要是由表示人的情绪的动词变化而来，意思为“令人”如:amusing,ast onishing, bori

26、 ng, in spiri ng, promis ing, puzzli ng。这就要注意过去分词、现在分词转化来的形容词词义的差别：Boring, bored; in teresti ng, in terested; satisfy ing, satisfied; tiri ng, tired等。3 现在分词的完成式、被动式第一，表示一般性动作，不表明动作的先后或与谓语动作同时发生，用现在分词一般式。 第二，现在分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，要用完成式。（not ） having done.第三，现在分词的逻辑主语是现在分词动作的对象，要用被动式。（not ） being done,（n

27、ot）havingbee n done.例句研究：1 Over fishing,coupled with destructive fishing practices, is killing off the fish andruining their environment.（CET031听力）。顺便注意这里的主谓一致is.过去分词转化的形容词短语作状语2 They stated their considered judgement, painstakingarrived at after thorough inquiryand deliberatio n. （CET4,03,9）过去分词做定语

28、的典型例子。四独立主格结构我们在前面讲到过去分词和现在分词短语作状语时候，它们的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时过去分词短语和现在分词短语带有自己的主语，这个主语叫做逻辑主语，该逻辑主语一般由名词或代词充当，放在过去分词或现在分词短语之前，我们把这一结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。She walked along the path, her daughter follow ing close behind.All the work done, you can have a rest.学习好资料欢迎下载Weather permitting, we II go to

29、 the Summer Palace.（一）独立主格结构特点：1 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在Weather permitting; we are going to visit you tomorrow.2 名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语等是主谓关系The day being fine, we decided to go swim ming.It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.3 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。They ll send you the book for $10, postage

30、 in cluded.（二） with/without的复合结构作独立主语一个独立主格结构前面可以加上with/without ,作伴随状语或定语。我们可以把它理解为with的独立主格结构。1 The murder was brought i n, with his hands tied behi nd his back.2 The childre n looked at us, with their eyes ope ning wide.3 With ni ght coming on, they went home.4 The river with grass and flowers on

31、both sides runs through our schoolyard.第四讲虚拟语气虚拟语气考什么？考的是谓语动词形式。所有的虚拟语气考点都在谓语动词形式上。一 If 条件从句虚拟语气情况时间If 从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式过去Had doneWould/should/could/might +have done现在Did/wereWould/should/could/might +do将来Did/were to/should doWould/should/could/might +do错综时间虚拟语气：If he had prepared very carefully yest

32、erday, he could perform well now.连词 if 省略形成倒装。If 条件句中的连词 if 可以省略，但该句就要使用倒装语序，即将 were,had,should 等置于主语前，形成倒装。Had you in formed her earlier, she would n t have assig ned the con tract.Were she livi ng happily, I would be very ast oni shed.二用于某些动词的宾语从句中；以及由这些动词变来的分词、名词后的主语从句、表语从句、 同位语从句。其形式是（should）+动词

33、原形。表示愿望Desire, prefer表示建议Advise, move, propose, suggest, recomme nd.表示要求、请求In sist, maintain, oblige, request, require, urge表示决疋Decide, determ ine, resolve其他Arran ge, deserve intend, moti on, promise .1 宾语从句He in sisted that she be in the office at six.The doctor suggested that she (should)take a tr

34、ip.学习好资料欢迎下载2 it is +过去分词的主语从句It is required that the mach ine be tested.3 表语从句、同位语从句His suggestio n is that we go out on a pic nic.His suggesti on that we go out on a pic nic next Sun day is won derful.三用于 it is+ 某些形容词+主语从句It isesse ntial/urge nt/n ecessary/importa nt/advisable/natural/desired/vita

35、l/crutial/stra ng e+that 的从句中，谓语形式为(should)+原形动词。It is n ecessary that the mach ine (should)be oiled every day.四 用于 it is ( high/about )time+ 从句中It is high time we went back to college.五 用于 would /had rather , would sooner引起的从句中，其谓语从此用过去时，表示现在或将来；用 had+done,表示过去的情况。I would rather you didn t tell him anything about it.六