英语句子按功能分类讲解

1、sentencesentence1.句子的用途分类句子的用途分类所谓用途分类是指，根据句子的意思，句子的语言功所谓用途分类是指，根据句子的意思，句子的语言功能和作用是什么，然后将其归类。按这种方法，所有能和作用是什么，然后将其归类。按这种方法，所有的英语句子可以分成四个种类：陈述句（的英语句子可以分成四个种类：陈述句（Declarative Sentence），疑问句（），疑问句（Interrogative Sentence），祁使），祁使句（句（Imperative Sentence）和感叹句（）和感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）。）。1）陈述句（）陈述句（Declarat

2、ive Sentence）陈述句是用来说明事实、看法，描述动作、状态，阐陈述句是用来说明事实、看法，描述动作、状态，阐明道理、原因，等等。这是日常生活中见得最多的一明道理、原因，等等。这是日常生活中见得最多的一种句子。它在表达意思上有两种形式，即肯定句形式种句子。它在表达意思上有两种形式，即肯定句形式和否定句形式。例如：和否定句形式。例如：Chinese is one of the major languages in the world .中文是世界主要语言之一。中文是世界主要语言之一。It is not an easy job to learn English well .学好英语不学好英

3、语不是件易事。是件易事。She is doing her term paper .她在写学期论文。她在写学期论文。This is a beautiful garden .这是一座漂亮的花园。这是一座漂亮的花园。Wealth does not mean happiness .富有并不意味着幸福。富有并不意味着幸福。Being over-slept , he was late for class today .由于睡过了头，他今天上课迟到了。由于睡过了头，他今天上课迟到了。2) 疑问句（疑问句（Interrogative Sentence）疑问句是用来提出问题的，按其所提出的不同问题可疑问句是用来

4、提出问题的，按其所提出的不同问题可分为以下四种：分为以下四种： A）一般疑问句（）一般疑问句（General Question）一般疑问句是就某件事或某种情况的一般疑问句是就某件事或某种情况的是与否是与否提问。提问。因此，它的回答不是因此，它的回答不是Yes就是就是No；回答时所用的；回答时所用的句子可以是完整句，也可以是省略句。另一方面，凡句子可以是完整句，也可以是省略句。另一方面，凡是疑问句一般说来都应该是倒装语序。例如：是疑问句一般说来都应该是倒装语序。例如：-Are you a student ? -Yes, I am a student .-Do you like dancing ?

5、 -Yes, I do .B) 特殊疑问句（特殊疑问句（Special Question）特殊疑问句是对某件事或某种情况的某一方面的具体内容特殊疑问句是对某件事或某种情况的某一方面的具体内容提问，因此，对哪一方面的具体内容提问，就需要使用相提问，因此，对哪一方面的具体内容提问，就需要使用相应的特殊疑问词如：时间（应的特殊疑问词如：时间（When）、地点（）、地点（Where）、原）、原因（因（Why）、方式（）、方式（How）、人物（）、人物（Who）、名称）、名称（What），等等。另外，回答的内容也应该是具体的。例），等等。另外，回答的内容也应该是具体的。例如：如：-Who is in c

6、harge of English in your class ? -Zheng Zheng (is ).-谁是你们班的英语科代表？谁是你们班的英语科代表？-（是）郑征。（是）郑征。 -Why is Luo Huimin absent from duty today .-She is preparing for going abroad .罗慧敏今天为什么没有上班？她要出国罗慧敏今天为什么没有上班？她要出国,正在做准备正在做准备C) 选择疑问句（选择疑问句（Alternative Question）选择疑问句可以对句子中的任何成分设置选择问题，选择选择疑问句可以对句子中的任何成分设置选择问题，选

7、择部分由连词部分由连词or连接。它貌似一般疑问句，其实两者有区别，连接。它貌似一般疑问句，其实两者有区别，因为回答这种文句时既不能用因为回答这种文句时既不能用Yes也不能用也不能用No，而是，而是需要回答人说出具体的选择。另外，连词需要回答人说出具体的选择。另外，连词or之前的部分读之前的部分读升调，其后的部分读降调。例如：升调，其后的部分读降调。例如：-Is your sister or brother going abroad ? -My brother is .（选择主语）（选择主语）-是你的妹妹还是弟弟要出国？是你的妹妹还是弟弟要出国？-我弟弟。我弟弟。-Are you going t

8、o school or back home . -（Im）Going home .（选择谓语）（选择谓语） -你是去学校还是回家。你是去学校还是回家。-我回家。我回家。D) 反意疑问句（反意疑问句（Disjunctive Question）当说话人对某）当说话人对某种情况不甚有把握，或需进一步证实时，便可使用反种情况不甚有把握，或需进一步证实时，便可使用反意疑问句。反意疑问句的构成分两部分。第一部分是意疑问句。反意疑问句的构成分两部分。第一部分是一个完整的陈述句；第二部分是一个简单疑问句。第一个完整的陈述句；第二部分是一个简单疑问句。第一部分若是肯定形式，第二部分则用否定形式；第一一部分若是肯

9、定形式，第二部分则用否定形式；第一部分若是否定形式，第二部分则用肯定形式。还必须部分若是否定形式，第二部分则用肯定形式。还必须要保持前后两部分在时态、情态动词等方面的一致性。要保持前后两部分在时态、情态动词等方面的一致性。例如：例如：She is a college student , isnt she ?她是学生，对不对？她是学生，对不对？He cannot speak French , can he ?他不会说法语是不是？他不会说法语是不是？3) 祁使句（祁使句（Imperative Sentence）祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要

10、求、建议，等等。祈使句的主语常被省略，因为这个主语建议，等等。祈使句的主语常被省略，因为这个主语很明确地是听话人很明确地是听话人you。当然，有时为了强调或表。当然，有时为了强调或表示某种感情，句子也会带上主语。祈使句的谓语用动示某种感情，句子也会带上主语。祈使句的谓语用动词原形；它的否定形式是句首用词原形；它的否定形式是句首用Dont + 动词原形，或动词原形，或是是Not to + 动词原形。例如：动词原形。例如：Be quiet , please ! Dont smoke in the office . Dont be standing in the rain . Stand up !

11、Not to be careless when youre driving a car . 4) 感叹句（感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。这类句子中，有很多是由这类句子中，有很多是由What或或How引起的。引起的。What 用来强调名词，用来强调名词，How则强调形容词、副词或动词。这则强调形容词、副词或动词。这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说，所感叹的对象放类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说，所感叹的对象放到句首；句子无需倒装，句子要用正常语序。到句首；句子无需倒装，句子要用正常语序

12、。 当然，当然，如果不用这种句型，而句子（无论是那种句子）本身如果不用这种句型，而句子（无论是那种句子）本身又表示了上述的种种情绪，那么该句也就成了感叹句。又表示了上述的种种情绪，那么该句也就成了感叹句。例如：例如：What a fine day it is today ! How fine it is today ! What a lovely son you have ! How lovely your son is ! 感叹句感叹句 （2）what 引导的感叹句引导的感叹句what名词主语谓语名词主语谓语How + 形形/副词副词+主语主语+谓语谓语（1）how 引导的感叹句引导的感叹句

13、“How + “How + 形形/ /副词副词+ +主语主语+ +谓语谓语” （1） eg.How fine it is today！（2） eg.How beautiful the flowers they are！（3） eg.How heavy the rain is！ “what“what名词主语谓语名词主语谓语！”（1 1） eg.eg.What a cold day it is today！（2 2） eg.eg.What heavy boxes they are！3 3） eg.eg.What delicious ice-cream it is！3省略式感叹句省略式感叹句(1)h

14、ow直接修饰谓语动词：直接修饰谓语动词：How+主语主语+谓语谓语!如：如： How we love our motherland!我们是多么热爱自己我们是多么热爱自己的祖国啊的祖国啊!(2)省略主语和谓语。如：省略主语和谓语。如： What an interesting book!多有趣的一本书啊多有趣的一本书啊!4特殊式感叹句特殊式感叹句The design and the colours!多美的图案和色彩多美的图案和色彩!To sell such a suit as that to a millionaire!竟然把那竟然把那样一套衣服卖给了一个百万富翁样一套衣服卖给了一个百万富翁!感叹

15、句记忆口诀感叹句记忆口诀感叹句，并不难，感叹句，并不难，what与与how应在前。应在前。形容词、副词跟着形容词、副词跟着how，what后面名词连。后面名词连。名词若是可数单，前带冠词名词若是可数单，前带冠词a或或an。主语、谓语放后面，省略它们也常见。主语、谓语放后面，省略它们也常见。祈使句的判定和特点祈使句的判定和特点否定：否定：Dont或或Never+动词原形。如：动词原形。如：Never go out alone at night！不要在夜晚单独出去！不要在夜晚单独出去！祈使句用来表达说话人的请求、命令、建议、劝告等。祈使句用来表达说话人的请求、命令、建议、劝告等。谓语动词用动词原形

16、。其主语是谓语动词用动词原形。其主语是you，往往省略。，往往省略。常见的祈使句句型如下：常见的祈使句句型如下：1动词原形动词原形如：如：Lay down your arms! Be sure to get there before eight Oclock2Do+动词原形动词原形(此句型表示强调此句型表示强调)。如：。如：Do tell her about it务必将此事告诉她。务必将此事告诉她。3.以以let开头开头: Let 的反意的反意疑问句疑问句 a. Lets 包括说话者包括说话者 Lets have another try，shall we / shant we? = Shall

17、 we have another try?b.Let us 不包括说话者不包括说话者Let us have another try，will you / wont you? = Will you please let us have another try?4主语主语+动词原形动词原形。如：。如： Tomyou go and see whatS happening汤姆汤姆，去看看发生什么事情了。，去看看发生什么事情了。 You，girls，clean the desk；you，boys，sweep the floor你们你们，女生擦桌子。你们，男生，打扫地板。，女生擦桌子。你们，男生，打扫地板

18、。5祈使句祈使句+and/or+陈述句陈述句(and表示顺承关系，表示顺承关系，or表示表示转折转折关系关系)。如：。如：use your head，and you11 find a good way(=If you use your head，you11 find a good way)动动脑动动脑筋，你会找到一种好办法的。筋，你会找到一种好办法的。Hurry up，or we11 be late(=If we dont hurry up，we11 be late)快点，不然我们就迟到了快点，不然我们就迟到了。6Be so kind/good as+不定式不定式(此句型用来表达此句型用来表达

19、客气的请求，客气的请求，so kind/good as相当于相当于kind/good enough)。如：如：Be kind enough to lend me your dictionary请把你的字典借给我吧请把你的字典借给我吧。Disjunctive QuestionsDisjunctive Questions反意疑问句He is a boy, isnt he?This is your brother, _ _?These are not books, _ _ ?Nothing is serious, _ _ ?Everything seems all right, _ _?isnt i

20、tare they is it doesnt itEveryone knows this , _ _ ?No one came , _ _?Each of the boys has a football, _ _?None of the milk is left, _ _? dont they did they havent they is itLets sum up the several different kinds of theDisjunctive Questions. 一.问句部分与陈述部分主语不一致的情况陈述部分主语陈述部分主语 疑问部分主语疑问部分主语 例句例句 this或或

21、that it This is your mother, isnt it ? these或或those they These are books,are they? something everything等等 it Nothing is serious, is it ? they/he Everyone knows this,dont they?/ doesnt he?somebodyeveryone等等 no one none neither , either they / heNo one came , did they? each of he / theyEach of the boy

22、s has a football, hasnt he? None of it None of the milk is left, is it ?陈述部分陈述部分 疑问部分疑问部分 例句例句主语主语 主语主语Lets do some exercisesLets do some exercisesMary has two brothers, _ _?He hasnt a lot of time, _ _?They all had a good time, _ _?We have to get up early, _ _?We had better go right now,_ _?doesnt s

23、hehas he didnt theydont we hadnt weLets sum up the several different kinds of theDisjunctive Questions. 二问句部分和陈述部分谓语不一致的情况： has (有）有） have 或或do Mary has two brothers, doesnt she / hasnt she? have(有的否定有的否定形式）形式）与陈述部与陈述部分一致分一致He hasnt some time, has he ?have(不做有讲）不做有讲） do They had a good time, didnt t

24、hey? have to do We have to get up, dont we? had better hadWe had better go right now,hadnt we?He cant be a doctor, _ _?He must be happy, _ _?He needs help, _ _?is heisnt he doesnt he二二, , 问句部分和陈述部分谓语不一致的情况问句部分和陈述部分谓语不一致的情况 cant (不可能）不可能）表推测表推测 cant 后后面的动词面的动词He cant be a doctor, is he? 1 must表示表示“必须

25、必须”或或“有有必要必要” ，2, mustnt表示表示“禁止禁止” mustnt或或needntmust I must hand in my exercise book now, mustnt I(或或neednt)? You mustnt take the magazine out of the reading-room, must you? 实义动词实义动词need/dare情态动词情态动词 dare / need dodare /needHe needs to do some sports, doesnt he?He dare not say so, dare he?She doesn

26、t dare to go home alone, does she? We need not do it again, need we?Lets do some exercisesLets do some exercisesHe is hardly able to swim, _ _?There is little ink in your pen, _ _?The chair is uncomfortable, _ _?He has nothing to say, _? is he is there isnt it does heLets sum up the several differen

27、t kinds of theDisjunctive Questions. 三、问句的肯定或否定问题三、问句的肯定或否定问题 scarcely seldom ,hardly ,never, few,little, none,nothing, neither, nobody等等 肯定肯定 形式形式He has never been to Japan, has he? He hardly speaks English, does he? 含含un,im,dis-等否定等否定前缀及前缀及less-等后缀的等后缀的派生词派生词 否定否定 形式形式Its unfair, isnt it?He dislik

28、es chicken, doesnt he? Lets do some exercisesLets do some exercisesIm your friend, _ _?There arent any books on the desk, _ _?Turn off the light, _ _?Dont make a noise, _ _? arent I are there will you will you Let him come in, _ _?Lets go for a walk, _ _?Let us do it by themselves, _ _?He says that

29、I did it,_ _?I dont think Mary is coming tomorrow, _ _?She thinks she can get there on time, _ _? will you shall we will youdoesnt he is shedoesnt sheLets sum up the several different kinds of theDisjunctive Questions. 四、一些特殊的附加疑问句 I am陈述部分的陈述部分的谓语是谓语是wish arent Imay +主语主语Im your friend, arent I?I w

30、ish to have a word with you, may I?There be be thereThere is a book on the desk, isnt there?肯定的肯定的祈使句祈使句 will you wont youCome here , will you?否定的否定的祈使句祈使句 will youDont make a noise , will you? let us,let me let +第三人称第三人称 will youLet us do it, will you? lets shall weLets go for a walk, shall we?I th

31、ink/believe/suppose等等与从句谓与从句谓语一致语一致I dont think Mary is coming tomorrow, is she? he /she/ it + think/ believe等等与主句谓与主句谓 语一致语一致She thinks she can get there on time, doesnt she?陈述部分有陈述部分有 had better + v. 疑问句部分用疑问句部分用 hadnt you?Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you? 陈述部分有陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分

32、多用，疑问部分多用 wouldnt +主主语。语。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he?陈述部分有陈述部分有Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用疑问部分用wouldnt +主语。主语。Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you? 感叹句中，疑问部分用感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。主语。What colours, arent they?What a smell, isnt it? 陈述部分由陈述部分由 neither nor, either or 连接的并列主语时，连接的

33、并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 陈述部分为主语从句或并列句，疑问部分有三种情况：陈述部分为主语从句或并列句，疑问部分有三种情况： a. 并列句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近分句的谓语而定。并列句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近分句的谓语而定。 Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldnt he? b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句带有定语从句

34、，宾语从句的主从复合句, 疑问部分谓语疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：根据主句的谓语而定： He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he? He said he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he? c. 上述部分如果主句主语是第一人称而谓语是上述部分如果主句主语是第一人称而谓语是 think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine 等引导的宾语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应等引导的宾语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。构成反意疑问句。I dont think he is brigh

35、t, is he?We believe she can do it better, cant she? must在表在表“推测推测”时，根据实际情况确定时，根据实际情况确定He must be there now, isnt he?It must be going to rain tomorrow, wont it? You must have studied English for three years, havent you? He must have finished it yesterday, didnt he?当陈述部分的主语是从句、不定式、动名词或词组时，当陈述部分的主语是从句、

36、不定式、动名词或词组时，反意疑问部分的主语通常用反意疑问部分的主语通常用it。 What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it? To master a foreign language isnt easy, is it? Swimming in rivers is a good sport, isnt it? 五、反意问句的回答：五、反意问句的回答：1、- You didnt go to his birthday party last night, did you? -_ , though I wasnt busy.A.Yes,

37、I did B. No, I didnt C.Yes, I didnt D. No, I didB. No, I didnt2. You have no classes on Saturday, do you?A. , we doB. , we dont YesNo1. Some plants never come out, _ _?2. We have to get there at eight tomorrow , _ _?3.Youd better read it by yourself, _ _?4. He must be a doctor, _ _?5. Everything is

38、ready, _ _?6. Everyone knows the answer,_ _?7. I dont think he is bright,_ _?8. She believes she can do it better,_ _?9. Dont do that again,_ _?Do some exercises: do they dont we hadnt you isnt he isnt itdont they is he doesnt she will you10. Lets go and listen to the music,_ _?11. Let us wait for y

39、ou in the reading room, _ _?12.There is not be any trouble,_ _?13. Im as tall as your sister，_ _? shall we will you is there arent I1. Lily and Lucy like dancing, _? A. arent they B. dont Lily and Lucy C. dont they D. do they2.You can hardly hear anything, _? A. can you B. cant you C. do you D. dont

40、 you 3. She talked little, _she? A. did B. didnt C. was D. wasnt 4. -There is nothing in the room except the desk, is there? -_. Only the desk. A. Yes, there is B. No, there is C. Yes, there isnt D. No, there isnt 5. -Few people understand the question, do they? -_. It is too difficult. A. No, they dont B. Yes, they do C. No, they do D. Yes, they dont6. You must be a writer, _? A. will you B. wont you C. arent you D. must you 7. Alice has to finish her work now, _? A. h