博士生英语课件：Class 2 - literature search; research paper structure_203902181

1、LOGOEnglish for Academic Purposes for PhD StudentsClass 2 Literature Search; Research Paper StructureContents4Presentation: Paper1235Literature SearchResearch Paper StructureSG Presentation: Research PapervIn your group, present the research paper that you have read. Try to cover the following eleme

2、nts: What is the problem addressed by the paper? Why is it important to solve this problem? Does the research provide solutions to the problem? If yes, how and what? (Is there any gap?)vUse language that your peer students can understand. vEach person has 3-5 minutes.Contents4Presentation: Paper1235

3、Literature SearchResearch Paper StructureFinding and Retrieving InformationvLibrary Catalogue vDatabases e.g., Web of Knowledge, JSTOR, Google Scholar Most databases can be searched by keywords, authors name, subjects, journal title, and article title. Most will allow you to limit your search by dat

4、e, type of publication, and language.Steps for Developing a Search StrategyvDivide your RQ into concepts (main ideas). vIdentify synonymous or related terms for each concept. vCombine terms using Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT). vConduct a search of the database in the keyword mode. vConsider trunc

5、ation if applicable. e.g., Truncating censorship to censor? will retrieve censorship, censor, censors, censored etc. Truncating libraries to librar? will retrieve library, libraries, librarian etc.Revising a Searchve.g., Internet AND privacy AND securityvTo broaden the search (Internet OR net OR Web

6、 OR WWW) AND privacy AND (security OR encryption OR cryptography)vTo narrow the search (Internet OR net OR Web OR WWW) AND privacy AND (security OR encryption OR cryptography) AND law (Internet OR net OR Web OR WWW) AND privacy AND (security OR encryption OR cryptography) NOT emailOrganizing the Rel

7、ated LiteraturevWhere to start? Begin reading the most recent studies in the field and then work backward through earlier volumes. vWhich part of a paper to read first? Read the abstract or summary sections of a report first to determine whether it is relevant to the question.vBefore taking notes, s

8、kim the report quickly to find those sections that are related to the question.Organizing the Related LiteraturevMake notes on file cards, in a word processing program, or in some format that can be accessed easily or moved around to cluster with other notes on related research.vWrite out a separate

9、 complete bibliographic reference for each work. author, title, publisher, year, issue and volume numbers, web address Or: EndNoteOrganizing the Related LiteraturevTo facilitate sorting and organizing, put only one reference on each page, entry, or card.vBe sure to indicate which parts of the notes

10、are direct quotations from the author and which are your own paraphrases.vIf you searched online databases, keep the search strategies (often called “search histories”) on file. A little more v看了这个你敢说你会读文献吗?vLiterature Review (listening)Contents4Presentation: Paper1235Literature SearchResearch Paper

11、 StructureBefore we get down to work, we may benefit from others experience!Experience of Prof. Shi Yigongv如何提高英文的科研写作能力v如何提高专业英文阅读能力Experience of Prof. Shi Yigongv“科研论文不同于读者来信，有其专业特点、甚至是固定格式。”v“要写好科研论文，必须先养成读英文文章的习惯”：报纸新闻专业杂志v“写科研论文，最重要的是逻辑。逻辑的形成来自对实验数据的总体分析。必须先讨论出一套清晰的思路，然后按照思路来做图（Figures），最后才能执笔。

12、”Experience of Prof. Shi Yigongv“具体写作时，先按照思路（即Figures）写一个以subheading为主的框架，然后开始具体写作。第一稿，切忌追求每一句话的完美，更不要追求词语的华丽，而主要留心逻辑（logic flow），注意前后句的逻辑关系、相邻两段的逻辑关系。写作时，全力以赴，尽可能不受外界事情干扰（关闭手机、座机），争取在最短时间内拿出第一稿。还要注意：一句话不可太长。”Example of Logic FlowvAn increasing number of rural people migrating to cities in China res

13、ults in an increasing number of children living away from parents, since about 80% (Zhao et al., 2014). Duan and Zhou (2005) estimated this group of children at 19.81 million in 2000, based on . The number rocketed to 58.16 million in 2005, (Duan & Yang, 2008). It further increased to 61.03 million

14、in 2010 .vGiven the large number of children left behind in rural areas , a key issue is what factors might impact their , including education and health. Childrens health status not only . The health of children may be affected by Example of Logic FlowvAn increasing number of rural people migrating

15、 to cities in China results in an increasing number of children living away from parents, since about 80% (Zhao et al., 2014). Duan and Zhou (2005) estimated this group of children at 19.81 million in 2000, based on . The number rocketed to 58.16 million in 2005, (Duan & Yang, 2008). It further incr

16、eased to 61.03 million in 2010 .vGiven the large number of children left behind in rural areas , a key issue is what factors might impact their , including education and health. Childrens health status not only . The health of children may be affected by Experience of Prof. Shi Yigongv“学会照葫芦画瓢。没有人天生

17、会写优秀的科研论文，都是从别人那里学来的。学习别人的文章要注意专业领域的不同，有些领域有它内在的写作规律。科研文章里的一些话是定式，比如 “To investigate the mechanism of , we performed ”, “These results support the former, but not the latter, hypothesis ”, “Despite recent progress, how remains to be elucidated ” 等等。用两次以后，就逐渐学会灵活运用了。”Experience of Prof. Shi Yigongv“在

18、向别人学习时，切忌抄袭。在美国一些机构，连续7个英文单词在一起和别人的完全一样，原则上就被认为抄袭（plagiarism）。 ”v“第一稿写完后，修改第二稿。还是以逻辑为主，但对每一句话都要推敲一下，对abstract和正文中的关键语句要字斟句酌。学会用“Thesaurus”（同义词替换）以避免过多重复。第二稿的修改极为关键，再往后就不会大改了。”Experience of Prof. Shi Yigongv“第二稿以后的修改，主要注重具体的字句，不会改变整体逻辑了。投稿前，一定要整体读一遍，对个别词句略作改动。记住：学术期刊一般不会因为具体的语法错误拒绝一篇文章，但一定会因为逻辑混乱而拒绝一

19、篇文章。”这些人感觉怎么都那么这些人感觉怎么都那么猛。一点小的逻辑问猛。一点小的逻辑问题都看的出来。很多题都看的出来。很多逻辑问题这些人都能看出逻辑问题这些人都能看出诶。我感觉理工科的诶。我感觉理工科的文章很讲究逻辑性文章很讲究逻辑性“固定格式”“写作规律”Structured FormatvReaders have the expectation that information will be presented in a structured format that is appropriate for the particular type of text.vEven short pi

20、eces of writing have regular, predictable patterns of organization.vYou can take advantage of these patterns, so that readers can still follow even if you make some language errors.Research Paper StructurevThe most common format for writing scientific papers describing original research is the IMRaD

21、 format:vintroduction, methods, results, and discussionOverall Shape of a Research PaperOverall Shape of a Research PaperWHYHOWWHATSO WHAT学习英语论文写作课程有感学习英语论文写作课程有感v英文写作不用愁，遵循套路似盖楼。论文框架多沟通，先粗再精一气成。引言三步按序走，技术方法需讲透。结果讨论要细致，最终结论把口收。致谢文献后补充，摘要关键懒莫偷。文章素材时积累，图表格式按要求。勤做笔记重细节，动脑思考问不休。精美之作夺眼球，享乐科研占鳌头。Homeworkv

22、Decide on your research topic and find about 10 research papers on it.vPreview: Read the Introduction of the research papers you find and analyze the general pattern of development in the papers.vListeningSupplementaryExercise 1vPick the best set of keywords to begin searching for information on glo

23、bal warming. rising ocean levels, air pollution, greenhouse gases biodiversity, atmospheric temperature, ozone layer global climate change, greenhouse effect, atmospheric carbon dioxide environmental sustainability, alternative energy, biofuelsExercise 2vIf you were interested in the effect of teachers stereotyping on the achievement of girls in math classes, what are some terms for which you might search? (Female?) AND (Teacher Attitude?) AND (Mathematics Instruction OR Mathematics Education OR Mathematics). Sex Discrimination or Sex Ster