文献综述修改

1、官方与网络字幕翻译对比研究以黑衣人3字幕翻译为例1.2文献综述要研究这个问题，就不得不考察一下国内外对字幕翻译的研究现状。自电视电影出现以来，围绕着影视剧字幕的研究如雨后春笋般逐渐发展推进开来。西方影视剧的开发早技术高，对十字幕翻译的研究相对时间较长，其广度及深度都强于国内的研究。反观国内，虽然字幕翻译研究起步较晚，但随着影视剧的不断深入人心，其发展态势同样不可小觑。1.2.1 国际前沿巴别塔杂志刊出了一篇题为电影与翻译(Cin ema et Traduction珀文章。这篇文章是第一篇讨论影音翻译(AudiovisualTranslation, AVT)的学术文章，它拉开了 AV T研究的序

2、幕(刘宁2007 : 23 ) o电影刚开始进入人们视线并逐渐成为娱乐生活一部分的头几十年里，配音电影一直占据着外国电影传播的主要地位，因此少有的几篇关十AV T 研究的文章大多是阐释配音电影的，即最传统的译制片。年 Istvan Fodo:出版的英文著作首次综合了语言学、符号学、美学、心理学等多个角度来讨论配音电影。他的研究是最早的研究电影译制较为系统的专著，这一研究奠定了西方AVT 研究的基础，Fodo:本人也被认为是早期配音译制领域研究的领头人物(董海雅2007: 13 ) o即便配音译制研究已经开始系统发展、字幕翻译仍未引起人们足够重视，但还是有学者在字幕翻译研究方面做出了一些贡献。年

3、，Dollerup 一篇关十字幕研究的文章开始引起人们对字幕翻译的关注。Dollerup 深入研究了荷兰语翻译的英语电视节目中的字幕错误，这一研究对其本人在后期继续研究字幕与语言学习也有一定作用。从这之后，字幕翻译的研究慢慢后来居上，成为AVT 研究中重要的一部分。年， ChristophoerTitford 发表了一篇名为字幕:有限制的翻译(Subtitling:Constrained Translation) 的文章， 他认为字幕翻译之所以受到限制是因为影音与字幕配合上的特殊性，即字幕上时空的限制等。从这篇文章开始，对十字幕翻译的研究开始越来越多样化。年，欧洲广播联盟(European B

4、roadcasting Union, EBU)在斯德哥尔摩召开了配音与字幕大会，这是第一个讨论AVT 的大会。年，Ivarsson 出版了著作OSubtitling for the Media)， 从技术层面讨论了字幕翻译。年， 非营利性民间组织欧洲影视翻译协会(ESIST)成立，该组织由欧洲10个国家16名热爱影视翻译的高校教师组成(董海雅2007: 14)。 这一组织的成立推动了AVT 研究的发展，也促成了字幕翻译研究的进一步系统化。，整个学术界对字幕研究最深入的还是要属欧洲的学者。由欧洲学者引领的字幕翻译学术界对字幕翻译的研究主要集中在字幕实际操作层面、心理层面和I描述性研究层面上。，具

5、体有以下两个方面:第一，在电影字幕质量控制方面，Heulwen James建立了一个回顾模型，EivorGummerus不II CatrineParo建立了字幕翻译质量抓制的六个步骤，Ifn Karamitrogbu 则提出了具体字幕翻译标准。.第二，在具体翻译策略操作的讨论上，Phyllis Zatlin 所著的剧场翻译及电影改编 (Theatrical Traslatio aced Film Adaptation) 一书的第六章详细谈论了电影的字幕和配音。作者站在资深翻译实践者的角度，引用多人观点和大量实例，探讨了字幕翻译中遇到的问题不I I对策。另外 Birgit Nedergaard-

6、Larsen不IIGeorg-Michael Luyken 也都就字幕翻译的实际操作提出了自己的观点。同样有趣，并目_大多集中在字幕翻译与配音翻译的对比之上。二位来自瑞士的心理学家的研究非常有意思。他们的 Dubbing or Subtitling Effects o助anal Presence,Trasportatio, Flow, aced Ejoymet) 一文通过让观众体验两段分别配有配音和字幕的相同影片来考察配音和字幕在给观众效果上的异同，并得出两者几乎没有什么区别的结论。同样比较了配音和字幕差异的还有(The Pros and Consof Dubbing and Subtitli

7、ng)。该文从心理学入手，仔细分析了二者的差异后，指出受众和预期目标的不同会使用不同的方式。一直是字幕翻译的研究重点。1991 年， Lukyen 出版了重要的学术著作跨越电视语言障碍: 着眼十欧洲观众的配音与字幕译制(Overcoming Language BarriersTelevision),本书虽然不单单只讨论字幕翻译，但是作者从业内人的角度探讨了欧洲影视作品的语言转换模式，第一次详细 系统地探讨了欧洲译制片的数量、花费以及各国观众的喜好(董海雅 2007: 13。谈到字幕翻译作用的文章中， Combiatios of Printed Script aced Spokes Dialog

8、ue that Show Promise forStudents of a Foreign Language 一文通过研究发现，字幕和原语对话的结合能够帮助学生提升对外语的理解和记忆。还有一些学者讨论了字幕翻译软件的应用，例如 (MediaTras: Bust-i Subtitling Solution) 。多兀系统论和图里的规范理论是描述性研究中使用最多的两种理论，这类的文章不胜枚举，其目的都在十理解翻译过程中翻译策略选择的原因。反观国内的情形，关十字幕翻译的研究也在近年来愈加成为学术界研究的热点。 “配音与字幕翻译国际学术研讨会 (IcoDS ”就曾数次十香港举行，两岸二地的学者汇聚十此各

9、抒己见，足见字幕翻译口益受到学界的重视。在字幕翻译的研究方面，虽然学者们人言言殊，但总体研究大致可以分为三个方面:资深翻译家钱绍昌先生就从其多年影视翻译的经验中总结出了许多可贵的经验。 他在 影视翻译一一翻译园地中愈来愈重要的领域一文中解释了影视翻译的特殊性，总结了自己的几条翻译建议。学者李运兴的文章同样受到了许多关注，他的 字幕翻译的策略一文就十分具体地探讨了字幕翻译在时空制约、信息功能和文化等二因素影响下的特点，并给出了针对相应特点应该采取的策略。这一类型的文章还包括了李莉的现代纪录片的字幕翻译策略、高红的以“信、达、切”的原则评 二峡好人的字幕翻译以及土焰的 浅议电影字幕翻译的微技巧等等

10、。 学者们从实践经验中总结出来的策略虽然各有不同，但总体说来都是考虑到了字幕翻译画面、情节、 人物和语言之间的相互制约，其实际操作性很强。从翻译理论入手的研究分为两大类:一是从 语言学派入手，二是从描述学派 入手。 语言学派里最被广泛使用的理论是关联理论和动态对等理论， 如张慧贞的从动态对等角度探析电影功夫对白翻译、杜宏飞的从关联理论角度探讨战争影片字幕翻译一一以拯救大兵瑞恩为文本以及郭静的从关联理论角度评析英文电影泰坦尼克号的字幕汉译。这二篇文章从不同的理论入手，认为字幕翻译选择策略时应该遵守一定的翻译规则，确保完成翻译的可交流性。还有一些从其他研究方法入手的文章。郑宝漩的电影字幕的语内和语

11、际翻译一文讨论了粤语电影翻译时所面临的独特状况：粤语到普通话的语内翻译和粤语 到英文的语际翻译。这篇文章的落脚点也是在翻译过程中面对各种限制如何翻译 的问题。英雄英文字幕翻译策略探析和目的论视角下的影视字幕翻译一一以隋 景喜剧 成长的烦恼,为例就是这一类的文章。同样的，这类文章仍然是落脚 到了字幕翻译策略的选择和运用上。方梓勋教授关十字幕翻译的两篇文章一一字幕与翻译教学和字幕的 两个世界:粗俗和性相关语言的案例都是此类的文章。方教授从萨皮尔一一沃 尔夫语言思维决定论出发，他认为字幕处十目的语和源语中间， 处十两种文化之 问，译者需要协调两种文化间的冲突。他指出，字幕翻译过程中有二种策略：外地化

12、、本土化和中性化，fn这二种策略的选择都是为译者协调身份服务，以保 证译者的客观中性地位的。改编和翻译中的双重转向与跨学科实践：从莎士比亚 戏居到早期中国电影一文则从电影谈起，得出翻译的文化转向与改编的社会 学转向将融合在一起的结论。此类的文章还包括了学位论文 从改写理论的视角 看电影字幕翻译中的创造性叛逆、从规范理论的角度谈影视字幕翻译 和字 幕翻译的改写等。根据笔者的研究粗略统计，这二类研究（尤其是第二类研究）在整体字幕研究 中占了绝大多数。前两类研究都是考察字幕“如何译”以及“译得如何”的问题， 鲜少跳出规定性研究的范畴，脱离价值判断的标准。fn第二类研究，研究数量较少，但侧重十描述性地

13、看字幕翻译这一事件， 相对十国际上的研究来说较显单 薄。正如Frederic Chuame所说，在研究视听娱乐翻译方面，尤其是影视作品翻 译方面，我们需要引入多学科的研究方法 （2004: 12）,拓宽研究思路，更加深入 全面地研究翻译事件。也就是说，第二类的研究或许是接下来学术界在字幕翻译 研究上的重点，不断被推进拓宽其广度和深度。姓名：许卉如上海外国语大学 硕士学位论文院系:高级翻译学院 学科专业:翻译学指导教师：张爱玲2012年12月我们认为，总的来说这篇文献综述思路比较清晰， 分别例举了国外和国内的研究 状况，并对国内和国外研究的三个不同的方面研究做了很详细的介绍，也有作者自己的总结，

14、是一篇比较规范的文献综述，但是introduction 部分有点短。从文化翻译学角度透视新闻翻译On the News Translationfrom the Perspective of the Science of Cultural TranslationLiterature Review2.1 Researches on News TranslationTo begin with the discussion of news translation, it is necessaryto get a clear picture of journalism first. Professor

15、Brian McNair, defines journalism in his work The Sociology of Journalism (1998) as: any authored text, in written, audio or visual form, which claims to be (i.e. is presentedto its audience as) a truthful statement about, or record of, some hitherto unknown (new) feature of the actual, social world.

16、 Beginning with the end of 19' century and from then on, journalism has gotten a rapid development in western English-speaking countries, especially in U.K. And U.S.A, where information changes, technology transforms and knowledge revolutionizes each day.When China at long last began to open up

17、to the world in it had been largely denied, to some extent, any opportunity to interact with western countries for about three decades. A profound sense of lack of knowledge of the West was widely felt by the Chinese People. They were eager to read or hear whatever was made available to them through

18、 translation. Moreover, sharing the domestic information with the West was also demanded by them at the same time. For a moment, the so called "translation fever" seemed to affect almost everyone engaged in the intellectual community. Massive translated materials put together permitted acc

19、ess to a broad range of information for those Chinese or foreigners who did not speak English or Chinese. Among them, news translation was a typical example. Consequently, the researches on news translation have become a center of interest for those journalist-translators since. Generally speaking,

20、the researches in this respect in China have gone through three stages, namely, the researches based on traditional rhetoric and artistic stylistics in 1980s, the researchesbased on the Transformational-Generative Grammar and formal stylistics in the second half of 1980s and the first half of , and

21、the researches based on functionalism and functional stylistics in the second half of 1990s and the beginning of this century（崔凤爽，2004: 86）., the researches on news translation in China were mostly based on the theories of traditional rhetoric and artistic stylistics. The critics and translators in

22、this period focused on the rhetoric features of journalistic English from the viewpoint of readers or audience. The researches in this stage involved three stylistic features put forward by Cz N. Leech （1981）, i.e. lexicon, grammar and rhetoric. The noted Chinese researchers, such as Chen Huaijie, Z

23、ong Aizhi, Lin Jue and Hou Weirui, emphasized in their works or articles, the choice of words and the usage of rhetoric approaches while doing news translation so as to create a clear, visual artistic effect on the readers or audience（t 怀杰，1981:10）,（宗爱智，1985:56）,（林觉，1987:27）,（侯维瑞，1987: ?）. Their res

24、earches laid the foundation of the criteria for the translation activity in this field, but they concentrated too much on the natural effect of the target language, and ignored the cultural context of the source language.the rise of Transformational-Generative Grammar and formal stylistics also gave

25、 many researcherstheoretic support in their studies of news translation. Besides the studies of lexicon, grammar and rhetoric, the studies of the language structure of journalistic English and the relationship among the language units inside the language system came forth. For example, Wang Zuoliang

26、, in his work Introduction to English Stylistics, analyzed the lexicon, syntactical structure and textual structure of journalistic English（王佐良，1985:247）; Huang Weihe classified the news into two types in the sense of its form and meanin衣维合，1994:17）; Zhang Delu put forward the translation strategies

27、 according to the features of journalistic English's lexical and phonological system长德禄，1995:3）; Guo Ke compared the Chinese and English journalistic languages and pointed out the difference in their content（B 可，1995:75）. All these researches focused on the form, and some dealt with the content

28、at the same time.functionalism and functional stylistics became the rationale of news translation researches. Zhang Delu used the concept of "theme, subject, and actor" in Systemic-functional Grammar put forward by M.A.K Halliday to expound the influential factors in news translation（ 张 德禄

29、， 1998:16）, and some other scholars, such as Yang Xiaodong, Liao Qiaoyun, Zhao Fuli and Yang Xueyan, also published relevant works and papers to analyze the style, type, and register of news language in light of the functionalism and functional stylistics（杨晓冬，1998:62）,（廖巧云，1999:1 S）,（赵福禾1J, 2001:100

30、）,（杨雪燕，2001:367）. All of them enlarged the research range and contributed to a better comprehensive understanding in this respect.All the above-mentioned researchesof three stages can be summarized and expressed by one point in common, i.e. they all belong to traditional linguistic studies. In autho

31、r's opinion, as for news and its translation researches, too much attention has been paid to the linguistic characteristics, such as the characteristics of the lexicon, grammar, rhetoric and style, but less efforts have been made in their cultural aspects. So it is necessary for news translation

32、 activities to be re-examined in a broader context of culture, which is claimed in this thesis.2.2 Researches on the Science of Cultural TranslationAs mentioned before, the science of cultural translation is a kind of science combined with culturology, cultural linguistics and translatology. This ne

33、wly-emerged science shows the trend of translation studies at home and abroad and emphasizes particularly the comparison and translation of two cultures.Around 1980, a gradual shift of emphasis began to be perceived in translation studies. The new approach was interdisciplinary and culturally-orient

34、ed （Ritva Leppihalme, 1997: 1）. Susan Bassnett, the leading figure of cultural translation studies, regarded the cultural issue as the most important issue about translation in her famous work Translation Studies （1980）. Then she and Theo Hermans put forward a point of view of "cultural turn&qu

35、ot; in translation studies in Translation, History and Culture (1990). And during the 1990s, Susan Bassnett published lots of related works in this topic, including Comparative Literature: A Critical Introduction (1993), Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation (1998), etc.The translati

36、on theorist Eugene A: Nida is also a promoter of cultural translation. He said: "Translation is an exchange between two cultures. For a real successful translation, knowing two cultures is more important than grasping two languages, because words become meaningful only in its effective cultural

37、 background." (1993) Ingo (1992) saw translation studies related at least to philosophy, philology, literary studies, linguistics, information theory, sociology, pragmatics and cultural studies. "Any attempt to make a statement about language, its composition or its usage, draws on many di

38、sciplines."(Smith, 1987:11) Similar feelings were evident in, for example, Sell (1991), Schogt (1988), and Hickey (1989).As a result, much of the work that has been done in translation studies foregrounds social and cultural aspects of translation, with the emphasis on texts in their "macr

39、o-context" (Snell-Hornby, 1991:15): instead of simply pondering the translatability of source texts, there is a concern with the functioning of the target text in the target language and cultural contextThe new tendency is soon It is believed that in Chinese translation circles, besides the lit

40、erary school and linguistic school, a new school named "cultural school" has grown up in recent two decades. Wang Zuoliang initiated the combinative studies of the translation and culture in China, and promoted "the translator must be a real cultural man" in his article Cultural

41、Comparisons in Translation任佐良，1984). In5, The Science of Cultural Translation by Wang Bingqin, was published and is regarded as the first monograph in this field in China. According to his views, there are three types of culture implied in the source language: material, spiritual and social. How to

42、transmit them into the target language correctly is the core task for culture translators 任秉钦，1995). Liu Miqing, another Chinese translation theorist, discussed the science of cultural translation from several aspects such as the basic category, theidentification of cultural information and the corr

43、esponding translating strategies 必庆， 1998）. Many other representatives, such as Wang Xiangang, Xu Chongxin and Xu 3un, wrote articles on this topic from different perspectives（王先冈 U, 1989）,（许崇 信，1991）,（许钧，1997）, and made the "cultural fever" continuous.To sum up, the author holds that prev

44、ious studies on science of cultural translation both at home and abroad can be classified into two sorts: theoretical studies and applied studies. The former focuses on the construction of its theoretical framework, while the latter on its application in literary translation. In fact, it is necessary and feasible to apply it to other translation fields, such as news translation. 2.3 Culture-Oriented Researches on News TranslationNews translation, functioning as an acknowledged medium of cultural propagation and exchanges in modern society, is inevitably under the double restrictions