Chapter-9Adjective-phrases-and-comparison形容词短语和比较级PPT课件

1、2021/6/71现代英语语法现代英语语法Chapter 9Adjective phrases and comparison形容词短语和比较形容词短语和比较Rokey.7.282021/6/72 Chapter preview: 本章主要讲述形容词短语及形容词比较级、最高本章主要讲述形容词短语及形容词比较级、最高级的构成及用法。级的构成及用法。 专业术语：专业术语： Attributive adjective修饰语形容词 Predicative adjective补语形容词 Stative and dynamic adjective 静态/动态形容词 Inherent and non-inhe

2、rent adjective表内在/外在的形容词 Restrictive and non-restrictive adj 限制/非限制性形容词 Marked and unmarked adj 有标记和无标记形容词 Ordering of premodifying adj 前置形容词排序 Positive comparison 原级比较2021/6/73 9.0 Introduction 形容词的特点：形容词的特点： 1.attributive function 修饰语功能 2.predicative function 表语功能 3.premodification by very 可以用very

3、修饰 parative/superlative forms 比较级和最高级形式2021/6/74 9.1 形容词的句法特点形容词的句法特点 9.1.1. 形容词短语的结构形容词短语的结构 (Premodification) + headword + (postmodification) Eg： He is an extremely intelligent person. He was afraid to fall again. 9.1.2 修饰语形容词和表语形容词修饰语形容词和表语形容词(P206-P207) Eg: a lovely girl (修饰语) The girl is lovely

4、. (表语)2021/6/75 9.2 形容词的语义分类形容词的语义分类 （*了解）了解） 9.2.1 Stative adjectives vs dynamic adjectives 静态形容词和动态形容词 1.大部分adj都是静态的，表示内在的永久性的品质，不用进行时态； Eg: The house is big. She is pretty. 2.有些adj表示主观推测或者暂时性的状态时，可以是动态adj. Eg： He is foolish. 他真傻。(一直存在状态) He is being foolish. 他犯傻了。(一时状态)2021/6/76 9.2.2 Gradable ad

5、jectives vs non-gradable （*了解）了解） adjectives 等级形容词和非等级形容词等级形容词和非等级形容词 1.有些adj具有比较级，可以被very、so这类词修饰，叫做等级形容词。 Eg: big, bigger, biggest 2.有些表示国籍和绝对意义的adj叫做非等级形容词。 Eg: British, French, Chinese perfect, favorite, excellent.2021/6/77 9.2.3 Inherent adjectives vs non-inherent adjectives（*了解）了解） 表内在意义表内在意义/

6、不表内在意义的不表内在意义的形容词形容词 Eg: a big house (the size of the house is big) a big eater (a person who eats a lot) 第一个:指房子面积或体积大，所以是内在意义。 第二个:指某人饭量大，而不是指他的体积大，所以不表示内在意义。2021/6/78 9.2.4 Restrictive adjectives vs non-restrictive adjectives （*了解）了解） 限制性限制性/非限定性的形容词非限定性的形容词 限制性限制性adj:用以区分名词的特有品质(删除就无法区分) 非限定性非限定

7、性adj:修饰名词,不是必要的信息(删除仍可区分) Eg: a fat woman (fat用以区分其他女人) my fat wife (fat附加信息，不是必要的)2021/6/79 9.2.5 Marked adj vs. unmarked adj 有标记的形容词和无标记的形容词有标记的形容词和无标记的形容词 （*了解）了解） 有标记就是经常使用、频繁出现的adj,无标记的就是不常见的。 Eg: How big is your house?(不说how small.) How old are you? (不说how young) 所以big, old, tall叫做有标记的形容词； sma

8、ll, young, short叫无标记的形容词。2021/6/710 9.3 Ordering of premodifying adjectives 前置形容词的排序前置形容词的排序 1.口诀：县官行令杀国材口诀：县官行令杀国材(限观形龄色国材限观形龄色国材) 县县“限”定词,the, a, an, many, a lot, both. 官官“观”,表示主观评价的词,beautiful, nice, good 行行“形”,形状,大小,长短big, small, long, short 令令“龄”,年龄、新旧,old, young, new 杀杀“色”,颜色,red, yellow, gree

9、n 国国“国”籍,产地,Chinese, American 材材“材”质、材料,wooden, cotton, silky2021/6/711 Eg: 一栋壮观的白色美式旧木屋 a wonderful old white American wooden house Eg: 一个红色中式大圆桌 a big round red Chinese table2021/6/712 9.4 Comparison 比较比较 比较有三级：positive degree 原级 comparative degree 比较级 superlative degree 最高级 9.4.1 比较的形式比较的形式 Infle

10、cted forms曲折形式：词尾加-er/-est periphrastic forms分离形式：词前加more/most2021/6/713a.规则变化规则变化1.单音节词,除单音节的过去式，一般在词尾加-er, -est构成比较级和最高级。Eg: bigbiggerbiggest fastfasterfaster boredmore boredmost bored2. 一般双音节词用分离形式构成比较级和最高级，以-y, -er, -ure, -le, -ow结尾的也可使用曲折形式，即加-er， -est.Eg: clever:cleverer,cleverest / more cleve

11、r,most clever simplesimpler,simpler 或 more simple,most simpler2021/6/714 3.当两个或者多个形容词连用时，单音节的adj也要使用分离形式。 Eg: She is more kind and gentle than her mother. She is kinder and gentler than her mother. 4.从形容词派生的以-ly结尾的副词使用分离形式。 Eg: quicklymore quicklymost quickly 5.三音节或多音节词使用分离形式。 Eg: importantmore impo

12、rtantmost important2021/6/715 b.不规则变化不规则变化 Oldelder/oldereldest/oldest Good, wellbetterbest Bad, badlyworseworst Farfarther, furtherfarthest, furthest littlelessleast Many, much moremost2021/6/716 9.4.2 Usage notes a. elder and older Elder:指人，表示家庭关系，只做修饰语，不可比较。“年长的” Older:可指人指物，可用于比较，可做修饰语和表语。“年长的，年

13、老的，古老的” Eg: She is my elder/older sister. She is older than I (am) / me.2021/6/717 b.farther and further Farther:表示实际距离远，“远的” Further:可表实际距离，也可表示抽象概念。“远的；深入的；进一步的” Eg: Im tired. I cant walk any farther/further. 我累了。一点都走不动了。 If there are no further questions, I declare the meeting closed. 如果没有别的问题，我宣

14、布会议结束。2021/6/718 c. Less and fewer “较少的较少的” Less是little的比较级，因此是修饰不可数名词的； Fewer是few的比较级，修饰可数名词复数的。 Eg: They buy less beer and fewer cigarettes now. 他们现在买一点啤酒，买一点香烟。 d. Lesser 次要的次要的；较少的；较少的 Lesser一般作定语，不可用于比较级 Eg: to a lesser extent 在较小程度上2021/6/719 e. The 形容词最高级前面一般加the,或者其他限定词。 Eg: the best; my bes

15、t friend 副词最高级前可省略the: eg：He works hardest in the office. f. The morethe more 即即the+比较级比较级the+比较级比较级 Eg: The more friends you have, the less time youll have to see them. The sooner, the better. 越快越好。 The more, the better.多多益善。/越多越好。2021/6/720 9.4.3 比较结构比较结构 原级:asas; 比较级:morethan; 最高级:the most a. 原级比

16、较：原级比较：Asas“与与一样一样” 1.否定：否定：not asas/ not soas Eg: My brother is as tall as I (am) / me. My brother is not as/so tall as me. 2.此此结构也可对两者之间的对等品质进行对比。结构也可对两者之间的对等品质进行对比。 Eg: Susan is as intelligent as her husband. Susan is as intelligent as she is beautiful. Susan is as beautiful as her husband is int

17、elligent.2021/6/721 3.可以再可以再asas前面加上强化或弱化的前置修饰语：前面加上强化或弱化的前置修饰语：nearly, almost, exactly Eg: He is exactly as tall as his brother. 4.as+adj+n+adj = n+as+adj+as eg: Jim is as qualified a teacher as Bob. Jim is a teacher as qualified as Bob. 吉姆与鲍勃一样有资格当老师。2021/6/722 b. 比较级：比较级：More than 1.使用使用morethan/

18、 lessthan 对两者对两者(人人/物物)之间共同之间共同品质进行比较。品质进行比较。 Eg: Sue is cleverer than you (are). My house is larger than yours. 2.比较级可以由一下前置修饰词比较级可以由一下前置修饰词:far, even, many ,much, twice, rather Eg：She is far more honest than her boss. He is much more careful than we expected.2021/6/723 3.比较级比较级+n+than = n + 比较级比较级

19、 + than eg: Our neighbour has a larger house than ours. Our neighbour has a house larger than ours. 4.注意：要比较的两个实体必须属同一类别。注意：要比较的两个实体必须属同一类别。 Eg: There are a lot of women more intelligent than John. 有很多女人都比约翰聪明。 *There are a lot of more intelligent women than John. 有很多比约翰更聪明的女人。(潜在意义约翰是女人) 2021/6/724

20、 c. 最高级：最高级：The most 三者或者三者以上进行比较，最高级使用the+最高级，通常使用of表示范围。 eg: This is the most expensive of the three cars. 也可以表示强化，不需要范围。 Eg: I will try my best to study hard. 我会尽最大努力学习。 I shall do it with the greatest pleasure. 我很荣幸这么做。2021/6/725 9.4.4 Ellipsis in comparative sentences 比较句中的省略 1.当两个并列的成分重复出现，可省略

21、当两个并列的成分重复出现，可省略 eg: Tom likes pop music more than his daughter likes pop music. Tom likes pop music more than his daughter likes it. Tom likes pop music more than his daughter does. Tom likes pop music more than his daughter.2021/6/726 9.4.5 其他比较的表达其他比较的表达 Superior/inferior to sb/sth优于优于/不如某人不如某人/某物某物 Eg: His work is superior/inferior to mine. Senior/junior to sb 年长年长/年幼于年幼于；(职位职位)高于高于/低于低于 Eg: John is senior/senior to Bob. Major/minor 多数的多数的/少数的少数的 Eg: major/ minor parties 多数党/少数党2021/6/727 Anterior/posterior 在在之前之前/之后之后 Eg: anterior/posterior to the war 战前