应用语言学 guy cook

1、The Need of Applied LinguisticsIn our daily life, we use language to communicate with our friends and write notes. While using language, we rarely concern about what is language and the concept of language. However, people sometimes face with problems or challenges that relate to language, such as l

2、anguage teaching improvements and translating improvements, about how to promote the efficiency of teaching and translating.To answer the question and come up with better solution, we need a subject to specialize in language and research according to the language theories and analysis in reason and

3、systematically way. This kind of subject has to be different from theoretical linguistics and focus on solving linguistic problems and improve the language efficiency. Thus, applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of linguistics that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to langua

4、ge-related real-life problems.We have read the story about the Tower of Babel in the book of Genesis, it is about the people were building a tower which can touch the heaven. The God messed up the language among the people and drove them to separate. From this story we can see language can both reac

5、h to harmony and course discrepancy. In the contemporary world, especially in modern China, we are facing ethnic contradictions in politics and cultural fields. The study of applied linguistic are dealing concerned with the relation of knowledge about language to decision making in these problems.Ex

6、amples and Procedures1. Which language should be added in universities course? Chinese/ spanish /Indian language Gujarati（古吉拉特语）Chinese: the worlds largest first language. Spainish: one of most widely distributed languages.Gujarati: largest second language in school and local community.conducting a

7、surveymaking investigationinterviewing students and their parents.2. Which kind of course educational organization should offer?Course should focus on: writing or speaking? Course should focus on: writing or speaking? course should be theoretical or practical?course should be theoretical or practica

8、l?based on the needs of learners.based on the needs of learners.offer different courses and let learners to choose.offer different courses and let learners to choose.3. How to judge the authority of second language speakers?an experienced man vs a well-educated manI am right!You are wrong.Consulting

9、 a third one.Consulting a third one.E Employ a native speakermploy a native speaker4. Is it proper to simplify a language for conveniency?To judge its advantages and disadvantage.To judge its advantages and disadvantage.weighing the pros and consweighing the pros and cons5. Is Esperanto a necessity?

10、 (Esperanto is an invented language that was designed to help people from different countries communicate with each other.)今天，以世界语为母语的人士约1000人。能流利使用的人估计十万到两百万人。Nowadays, around one thousand people use Esperanto as their native language and about 100 thousand or two million people can master it.The S

11、cope of Applied Linguistics . Language and Education 1. AL&LE Applied linguistics is using what we know about language, how it is learned and how it is used, in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world. -Schmitt & Celce-Murcia (2008: 1) Language education is the

12、teaching and learning of a foreign or second language. Language education is a branch of applied linguistics. The Need For LE Increasing globalization has created a large need for people in the workforce who can communicate in multiple languages. The uses of common languages are in areas such as tra

13、de, tourism, international relations, technology, media, and science. Many countries such as Korea, Japan, and China frame education policies to teach at least one foreign language at the primary and secondary school levels. However, some countries such as India, Singapore, Malaysia, Pakistan, and t

14、he Philippines use a second official language in their governments. According to GAO (2010), China has recently been putting enormous importance on foreign language learning, especially the English Language.3.Relevant scopes 1. First Language Education;2. Standard Language Education;3. Additional La

15、nguage Education;4. Multilingual Education ;5. Learner Autonomy in Language Learning;6.Educational Technology and Language Learning;7.Clinical Linguistics;8.Language Test;4.Acronyms and abbreviations of LE ALL: Apprenticeship Language LearningCALL: computer-assisted language learningCLIL: content an

16、d language integrated learningCELI: Certificato di Conoscenza della Lingua ItalianaCLL: community language learningDELE: Diploma de Espaol como Lengua ExtranjeraDELF: diplme dtudes en langue franaiseEFL: English as a foreign languageELL: English language learningELT: English language teachingFLL: fo

17、reign language learningFLT: foreign language teachingHLL: heritage language learningL1: first language, native language, mother tongueL2: second language (or any additional language) LDL: Lernen durch Lehren (German for learning by teaching)LOTE: Languages Other Than EnglishSLA: second language acqu

18、isitionTELL: technology-enhanced language learning TPRS: Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling TEFL: teaching English as a foreign language N.B. This article is about travel-teaching.TEFLA: teaching English as a foreign language to adults TESOL: teaching English to speakers of other

19、languagesTPR: Total Physical Response TEFL: teaching English as a foreign language N.B. This article is about travel-teaching. UNIcert : is a European language education system of many universities based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.II.language, work, and law 1.Workpla

20、ce Communication D Defination: efination: the study of how language is used in the workplace.The process of exchanging information(verbal or non-verbal) cause employees are from different parts of society.In order to work effectively, employees needs how to commmunicate in workplace. 1.methods of co

21、mmunication:simple clear using pictures、 use two-way communication is best 2.content:the level of detail must be correspond to the capacity of audience3.frequency: need to control the date and times of meetings4.skills: presentation skills、group facilitation skills written communication skillslangua

22、ge planning D Defination: efination: is a deliberate effort to influence the function, structure or acquistition of languages or language variety within a speech community.The representative of some language policy Example: Putonghua、use two languages in TibetForensic Linguisticslanguage and the law

23、 or legal linguisticsD Defination: efination: the application of linguistic knowledge, methods and insights to the forensic context of law, language, crime investigation, trial, and judicial procedure.3 areas of application:3 areas of application:a) understanding language of written law.b)understand

24、ing language use in forensic and judicial processes.c)the provision of linguistic evidence.In involves a range of experts and researchers in different areas of fields.III.Language, information,and effect1.Literary stylistics:the study of the relationship 1.Literary stylistics:the study of the relati

25、onship between linguistic choices and effects in literature.between linguistic choices and effects in literature.It is the study of style, it is an interdisciplinary subject, a bridge that links linguistics and literacy criticism. 2.Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA)2.Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA)C

26、ritical Discourse Analysis is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice and focuses on the ways social and political domination are reproduced in text and talk.3.translation and interpretation:3.translation and interpretation: It is the

27、communication of the meaning of a source-language by means of an equivalent rmation design: Information design is the practice 4.information design: Information design is the practice of presenting information in a way that fosters efficient of presenting information in a way t

28、hat fosters efficient and effective understanding of it.and effective understanding of it.lexicography:lexicography is the art or craft of compiling,writing and editing dictionaries. A Difficult Relationship- - L Linguistics and inguistics and A Applied pplied L Linguisitics inguisitics linguistics(

29、theory) defination: the scientific study of language. Thats meas which looks for the generalities underlying actual appearance , so its represnet an abstract idealization of language. (branches: Phonetics、Phonology、Morphology、Syntax、Semantic、Pragmatics)1)Phonology : studies the rules governing the s

30、tructure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.2)Phonetics : studies speech sounds, including production、 descrption and classification.3)Morphology:concerned with internal organization of words, which studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes, and word forma

31、tion processes.4)Syntax: Its about the principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences.5)Semantics: how meanings is encoded in a language.6)Pragmatics: It is the study of meaning in context. Applied linguistics A Applied linguisticspplied linguistics-refers to the use of linguisiti

32、cs research in language teaching, put linguistics theories in to practice. Psycholingustics: the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing uterrances and in language acquisition.Sociolinguistics: the study of the characteristics of language varieties、functions、speakers.Anthropo

33、lpgical Linguisitics: Its interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten language. C Computional Linguistic: an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language(natural language) to distinguish it from computer language.M

34、ethodology of Applied Linguistics1.Refer to theories&findings of linguistics.2.Find appropriate schools and approaches3 Needs involves in problems and experience4.eformulate each. Other Schools of Linguistics 1）Competence VS performance Competence: a language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules.Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.It was dissucussed by Chomsky in