初中语法之形容词和副词

1、形容词在句中的作用形容词在句中的作用l形容词用来修饰名词或代词作定语，或用作表语The angry father shouted at his son. Tom was angry with his father. l形容词用于连系动词后作表语 Its getting cold. These cakes taste nice. 某些形容词如happy, glad, surprised, sure, afraid 等用作表语时，可接动词不定式或状语从句Im glad to meet you. He was surprised to see his teacher. We were happy t

2、o learn that our teacher had got well. Im sure that they will come and watch our performance. 形容词用作宾语补足语形容词用作宾语补足语lMany foreigners find Chinese difficult. lWell make our school more beautiful. lWe must keep our classroom clean. 只用作表语的形容词alone, afraid, asleep, well, ill, sorry, sure, glad She is alon

3、e in her bedroom. Be quiet, please. The baby is asleep. Are you sure of its truth?形容词的主动意义和被动意义形容词的主动意义和被动意义lThe weather is pleasant these days.lHe is pleased with our compositions.lThe cartoon is very interesting. lEven my parents are interested in the cartoon. lWhat freezing weather!lThe pool was

4、frozen.(注意注意)：定冠词：定冠词the +形容词，变成名词表示一类人或者形容词，变成名词表示一类人或者一类事物。一类事物。Eg:the rich 富人富人 the poor 穷人穷人 the beautiful 美好的事物美好的事物2. 叙述形容词：这类形容词只能做表语，不能做定语，叙述形容词：这类形容词只能做表语，不能做定语，所以也叫所以也叫表语形容词表语形容词，而且这类形容词，而且这类形容词没有比较级变没有比较级变化化，也不能用副词来修饰的也不能用副词来修饰的，这类词大都以，这类词大都以a开头的，开头的，例如例如alone单独的；单独的；afraid害怕的；害怕的；alive或者

5、的；或者的；asleep睡着的；睡着的；还有其他的还有其他的well健康的；健康的；worth值得的；值得的；ill生病的等生病的等。Eg：The baby is asleep. He is ill. 问题：问题：有多个形容词修饰一个名词的时候该怎么安排有多个形容词修饰一个名词的时候该怎么安排位置呢？位置呢？我们先来翻译一下下面的内容。我们先来翻译一下下面的内容。一个大的漂亮的白色的房间一个大的漂亮的白色的房间一位中国的老朋友一位中国的老朋友三个小的红色的法国产的圆的新的手提包三个小的红色的法国产的圆的新的手提包备选答案：备选答案：1.a big beautiful white room a

6、beautiful big white room 2.a Chinese old friend an old Chinese friend 3.three small round new red Frenchhandbags three small red French round new handbagsWhich is right? 三、多个形容词的修饰名词的时候的排序：三、多个形容词的修饰名词的时候的排序：（一）、限定词（一）、限定词+ +数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+ +性性状形容词状形容词+ +大小、长短、高低等形体大小、长短、高低等形体+ +新旧

7、新旧+ +颜色颜色+ +国籍国籍+ +材材料料+ +名词名词（二）、口诀法：（二）、口诀法：“美小圆旧黄法国木书美小圆旧黄法国木书房房”注：注：“美美”代表代表“描述或性质类描述或性质类”形容词；形容词；“小小”代表代表“大小、长短、高低、胖瘦类大小、长短、高低、胖瘦类” 形容词；形容词；“圆圆”代表代表“形状类形状类” 形容词；形容词；“旧旧”代表代表“新旧、年龄类新旧、年龄类” 形容词；形容词；“黄黄”代表代表“颜色类颜色类” 形容词；形容词；“法国法国”代表代表“来源、国籍、地区、出处类来源、国籍、地区、出处类” 形容形容词；词；“木木”代表代表“物质、材料、质地类物质、材料、质地类”

8、形容词；形容词；“书书”代表代表“用途、类别、功能、用途、类别、功能、作用类作用类” 形容词；形容词；“房房”代表代表“中心名中心名词词”。口诀口诀翻翻 译译1. 我买了一辆新的英国产的绿色的漂亮的小汽车。我买了一辆新的英国产的绿色的漂亮的小汽车。 I bought a beautiful small new green English car.2. 她有一张漂亮的又大又新的圆形的黑色的法式的写字台。她有一张漂亮的又大又新的圆形的黑色的法式的写字台。 She has a nice big round newblack French writing desk.3. 一个很高的美丽的年轻的很瘦的来

9、自美国的女孩一个很高的美丽的年轻的很瘦的来自美国的女孩 a beautiful tall thin young American girl副词在句子中的作用副词在句子中的作用lIll go to the lecture with my classmate tonight.lHe was lucky to find his bicycle key downstairs.lYou can find the place easily with the help of the map.lThey help me with my maths sometimes.lI quite agree with y

10、ou. lCertainly they are right.副词的分类副词的分类l时间副词 yesterday, then, later, just, soon, first, finally, never, seldom, often 地点副词 here, there, home, anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, above, down, back l方式副词 carefully, clearly, easilyl程度副词 very, quite, ratherl疑问副词 when ,how, whyl连接副词 howeverl句子副词 certainly,

11、 generally, surely 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形容词和副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：1、原级，即原形，如：、原级，即原形，如：big（大的）（大的）2、比较级，表示、比较级，表示 “更更 一些一些” 或或 “比较比较 ” 的意思，的意思， 如：如：bigger（更大，比较大）（更大，比较大）3、最高级，表示、最高级，表示 “最最” 的意思，如：的意思，如：biggest（最大）。（最大）。形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成：形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成：一、规则变化：一、规则变化：1、单音节和部分双音节词，在词尾加、单

12、音节和部分双音节词，在词尾加 -er 或或 -est 。2、大部分双音节词和多音节词，在其前面加、大部分双音节词和多音节词，在其前面加 more 或或 most 。具体见下表：具体见下表：Grammar 构成方法构成方法 原级原级 比较级比较级 最高级最高级一般在词尾加一般在词尾加 -er 或或 -est以字母结尾的，以字母结尾的，加加 -r 或或 -st以重读闭音节结尾，以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音且末尾只有一个辅音字母，要先双写这一字母，要先双写这一字母，再加字母，再加 -er 或或 -est以辅音字母加以辅音字母加 y 结结尾的，先把尾的，先把 y 变成变成 i，再加，再加 -e

13、r 或或 -est单单音音节节词词和和部部分分双双音音节节词词双双音音节节词词和和多多音音节节词词在形容词、在形容词、副词前加副词前加more 或或 most。tall, long, taller, longertallest, longestnice, latenicer, laternicest, latestbig, thinbigger, thinner biggest, thinnesthappyheavyhappierheavierhappiestheaviestbeautifulcarefulexpensiveinterestingdangerousmore beautifulm

14、ore carefulmore expensivemore interestingmore dangerousGrammarmost beautifulmost carefulmost expensivemost interestingmost dangerous 二、不规则变化：（需记忆）二、不规则变化：（需记忆） 原原 形形 比比 较较 级级 最最 高高 级级good wellbadillmanymuchlittleoldfarbetter worsemorelessolderelderfartherfurtherbest worstmostleastoldesteldestfarthes

15、tfurthestGrammarGrammar 用法：用法： (一一) 原级原级1、是形容词和副词的基本形式，用来描述人物或动作。、是形容词和副词的基本形式，用来描述人物或动作。 e.g. John is a tall boy. Our country is beautiful and strong. Rabbits run fast.2、用于原级比较。表示两者在某一方面程度相同，用、用于原级比较。表示两者在某一方面程度相同，用 “as + 形容词（副词）原形形容词（副词）原形 + as” 的句型。表示甲在某一方面不的句型。表示甲在某一方面不 及乙时，用及乙时，用 “not as (so) +

16、 形容词（副词）原形形容词（副词）原形 + as” 的句型。的句型。 e.g. Joan is just as careful as Kate. Tom walks as fast as Mike. Its not as (so) warm today as yesterday. He didnt come as (so) early as Wanglin.Grammar (二二) 比较比较级级 用来比较两个人或两个物。用来比较两个人或两个物。句型是句型是 (1) 比较级比较级 + than (2) 比较级比较级 ( 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句)， or e.g. A horse is heavie

17、r than a sheep. Her nails are longer than mine. The boy runs faster than his elder brother. Who is more careful, Rose or Mary? Which is bigger, the sun or the moon? Shanghai is larger than any other city in China. She writes better than anyone else in her class.注意：在形容词、副词的比较级前，可以用注意：在形容词、副词的比较级前，可以用

18、 much, a little, still, even, far, a bit, a lot 等来修饰。等来修饰。e.g. Mike is much taller than Tom. May I keep this book a little longer? Little James is even stronger than his father. (三三) 最高级最高级用来比较三个或三个以上的人或物。用来比较三个或三个以上的人或物。一般都带有一个由一般都带有一个由 of 或或 in 构成的表示范围的介词短语。构成的表示范围的介词短语。e.g. This elephant is the h

19、eaviest one in the zoo. Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth? The sun is the biggest of the three. David is the cleverest boy in his class. Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth. Who works (the) hardest, Tom, Jack or Mike? She sings (the) best of us four. Lesson 10 is

20、 the most difficult in Book I.注意：形容词最高级前一定要有定冠词注意：形容词最高级前一定要有定冠词 the，副词最高级可有可无。，副词最高级可有可无。Grammar 补充：补充：1、 类似类似 slowly, easily, quickly ,lively 这样的双音节词，这样的双音节词，是由形容词是由形容词+ly 变来的变来的, 其比较级和最高级的构成是在单其比较级和最高级的构成是在单词前加词前加 more / most.2、用、用 and 把相同的两个比较级连接起来，表示把相同的两个比较级连接起来，表示 “越来越来越越 .”。 e.g. bigger and

21、bigger warmer and warmer more and more beautifulGrammar只有同类事物才能进行比较只有同类事物才能进行比较e.g. His motorcycle is better than mine.e.g. This video game machine works better than the one in the corner.e.g. The students in Class 1 are more than those in Class 2.e.g. The weather in Shanghai is hotter than that in

22、Beijing.More practice1. Jack get up _ today than yesterday. (early)2. Please do your homework _. (careful)3. He is too tired to go any _. (far)4. Le Lei runs _ (fast) than I, but he doesnt run as _ (fast) as my brother.5. Exercise Five is _ than Exercise Four. (difficult)earliercarefullyfartherfaste

23、rfastmore difficultMore practice2He is much _ than I. (thin)The work isnt hard. I can finish it _. (easy)There is _ water in the glass than the bottle. (little)He has been ill for few days. He feels even _ today. (bad)Last term he studied hard. He is going to study _ this term. (hard)thinnereasilyle

24、ssworseharderMore practice3( )1. Does he speak English _ his father?A. as good as B. as well as C. best than D. as better as( )2. Peter is _ than his uncle.A. more fatter B. fatter C. fat D. very fat( )3. Tom is _ than I.A. older five years B. five years older C. five years elder D. oldest by five ye