高考英语 针对高考阅读解密教案 新人教版

1、命题点4 猜测词义本类考题解答锦囊 英语的一个显著特点是它庞大的词汇数量。即使一个拥有上万单词量的人在阅读英语读物中也难免会遇到生词。如果每遇到生词，就查阅词典，不但会降低阅读速度，而且往往使阅读变得索然无味。据调查，影响人们阅读理解的，首先是词汇。因此学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，对排除阅读时某些生词的干扰，降低生词率是十分必要的。 任何一个买词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。NMET阅读理解中猜测词义的考查内容既可以是文中的生词，也可以是熟词新义、短语或句子。但都要求考生根据上下文线索(即具体语境)作出推断。此类题的提问形式一般有： 1. Which of the fol

2、lowing is nearest/closest in meaning to". "? 2. The underlined word, means_.3. The underlined phrase, means_. 4. Theun derlined sentence,means_.利用上下文的提示猜测词义的方法有如下几种： 1.根据定义或解释猜测词义【例题】 (1)A calendar is a list of the days,weeks,months of a particular year.根据定义, calendar 的意思是日历.。 (2)A biograp

3、hy is the story of a person's life written by someone else 根据定义， biography 的意思是凡别人写的生平叫做传记。 (3)Some writers are no longer writing about the modern values of the USA-money, Success or expensive things to buy. 2.破折号后而的内容是对 value 一词的具体解释。【例题】 (1)He replied quickly. But after he considered the probl

4、em more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.根据耻下文学语境意义，可悟出 quickly 与 hasty 同义。 (2)Although people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy(美味), we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.根据上下文语境意义得知 raw meat 即是 meat that is uncooked. Raw 与 uncooked 表示相同意思生的，未煮

5、过的。(3)-1 think we are being watched. -Really? What makes you think we are under surveillance?根据语境，可判断出 being watched -15 under surveillance 是同义关系。 (4)During the concert, the children were quiet but afterwards, they became boiaterous. but 表示转折意思，因此 bomterous 是 quiet 的反义词，意思为吵吵嚷嚷的。(5)Unlike her gregar

6、ious sister,Jane is a shy person,who does not like to go to parties,or to make new friends.unlike 是关键词，它表示Jane与她的姐姐完全不同。根据后面对Jane的描述“ashyper son,not like to go parties or to make new froends'，可得知gregarious的意思是好交际的。3根据举例【例题】(1)Scientists are studying how birds such ternsmigrate 根据举例法(such as)，得知t

7、erns是一种鸟。(2)Today young couples whoare just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances?for example，washing-machines，fridges and color TVs 根据举例法(for example)，得知appUances是指washing-machines，fridges and co1or TVs这类家用电器。(3)Several other gases，such as argon，comprise the remain

8、ing one per cent of the vo1ume of dry air SUChas提示argon为某种气体。4根据因果关系。【例题】(1)She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading because之前的分句表示结果，之后的分句表示原因，可推理，她没有听见的原因是她完全被阅读吸引住了或她正全神贯注地看书。因此engrossed的意思是被吸引的，全神贯注的。(2)The noise was so faint that it was impossible to be

9、sure what it was or even where it came fronL Sothat，结构引导的句子也表示因果关系。因此可判断出faint在此句中的意思是微弱的。声音太弱，以致不能确认是什么声音或是从哪里发出的。(3)ThiS kind of flower thrives in this area because the weather is warm，the Soil is excellent，and there iS a lot of rain。 because一词决定了flower与warm weather，excellent sOil，a10t Of rain之间是因

10、果关系。 因此thdves的意思是茂盛成长。5根据句意或上下文语境 例1 If he think she can invitemeout，he is all wetI don't like to be with the them. A. drunk Bsweating Chappy Dmistaken【解 析】 根据第二句我不喜欢跟他在一起，可推断出，如果他认为他能约我出去，那他就错了。这两句话实际上暗含因果关系。 【答 案】 D 例2 At the age of 77，John was still playing a skill ful game of tennis，ran four

11、 miles everydday and seldom missed his daily swimFor a man of his age he was extremelyrobust According to the short passage，the word“robust”，probably means_. A。strange Bweak Cstrong ninteresting 【答 案】 C 根据语境的意思，一个77岁的人还能如此运动，可以说是身体不错，因此可以推断robust是strong强壮的意思。 由此可见猜测词义离不开上下文、离不开具体语境。命题点3 推理判断本类考题解答锦囊

12、 每篇文章都有一定的写作目的，作者往往期待读者读了文章后知道应当怎样去做某些事情或按某种方式思考问题。这层意思通常并不是在文章申明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。这就要求读者在阅读过程中去沟通外现的和内含的，已述的和未述的含义。这就需要仔细的阅读和认真的思考，在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意，去掌握语言的微妙之处，真正欣赏和理解阅读的东西；阅读中的推论是很常见的，我们所读的一切几乎都可以做出程度不同的推论。 凡推断出的内容在文章中都没有明确叙述，但却暗含在文字之中。因此在进行推断时，必须以有关的文字部分作为推理的前提和依据。所谓推断，指根据推测而加以判断；而推测总是根据已知的信息推断

13、出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推理的有关文字部分可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句，甚至全文，要想做出精确的推断，必须注意以下四点。 1细心地了解文章中所提供的全部信息和信息的各个方面。 2分析已知的信息，用正确的观点，借助于一些常识，最大限度地捕捉到信息的本质。 3注意词、句子的本义和与之有关的其他意义。 4根据己知信息，即短文或有关的文字部分，做出的推断必须与作者的原意相符，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。 推理判断往往包括数据事实推断，常识推断，逻辑结论以及推断作者的写作目的、态度、倾；向等几种类型。 1数据事实推断：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节。

14、是比较简单的推断。首先在原文中找到据以推理的有关文字部分，对与数字有关的推断，只需简单推算，即可得出结果。对与事实有关的，要加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。 例题： House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much a house in Chelsea London, had risen in price since 1955: Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955,Jane Grey sold

15、 for 2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for 4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for 22,950. Now four years later. 1)The price of the house was as high in 1972 as in the yearJane Grey sold it. A. about ten times B. twice C. 150 percent D. fifteen times 2)Mrs Bowena Black made a

16、prof it (利润)of_. A. 2,900 B. 8,典型例题 7,典型例题 D. 18,典型例题Of all the tenants,who earned most? A. The Whites. B. Jane Grey. C. Mrs Black. D. Mr White. 4)When did Mrs Black buy the house? A. 1971. B. 1972 C. 1968. D. 1959 5)Jane Grey lived at No. 29 Smith Terrace A. for four years B. for nine years C. betw

17、een 1971 and 1972 D. before 19556)If MrS B1aCk had waited four years to setl the house She would have earned as much as_. A28，000 B18，000 C30，000 D25，100 以上各题的推理前提均可在原文中找到。第1题的正确答案须从“In 1955，JaneGrey s典型例题2，000，”“inl972，the house is valued at30，000；”这两句话推知，D项对。第2题的正确答案应从“Mrs Bowena Black bought it f

18、or4，900and sold it nine years later to Billand Dreen White for22，9500'得知D项对。第3题的正确答案应从“Jane Grey sold for2，000 Mrs Bowena Black bought it for4，900 and so1d it nine years later to Bill andDreenWhitefOr22，950”推知，MrsBlack获利最多。第4题须从“Mrs Bosena Blackand sold it nine yearsNOW four years later，inl972”得

19、知Mrs Black是在1959年买的房子，故D项为正确答案。第5题可从“Inl955，Jane Grey so1d it for2，000”推知D项正确。第6题须从“Mrs Bowena Black4，900”“the house is valued at30，000”两句话推知D项为正确答案。 2常识推断：有些时候，文章里并没有提供任何可据以推断的材料，或虽有提供，但却不足以推出正确的未知事实。这时便须根据平常积累的有关知识来进行推断。 例: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting i

20、t cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quicky, for example by dipping it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle(脆)-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as i

21、s wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other mate rials, such as glass. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard. B

22、. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. B. To make it brittl 从文中“by dipping it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle.”这一信息还不足以推出正确答案。然后根据物理常识，在制造各种工具时，往往采取淬火这一工艺，其目的是使金属变硬以便制成锋利的工具。即可推出选项A为正确答案。 3逻辑结论：这类推断比前两种困难得多。在阅读过程中，读者必须对文章的全部事实或细节作通盘考虑，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。结论是根据事实作出的惟一决定。要想从一个句子，一个段落或一篇文章中

23、得出正确的结论，读者必须学会善于思考，不断提高自己的逻辑思维能力。 例 Have you ever heard of a sport called tubing? Hundreds of people float down a rushing river at once in old truck-tire tubes. Sometimes many hold hands. At first the ride is bumpy and frightful, for the narrow river rushes swiftly. Then the river widens and grows c

24、alm. Never try tubing alone or in rapids, however. The story suggests that tubing_. A. should not be done in moving water B. is done mainly by truck drivers C. costs a lot of money D. can be dangerous 根据文中内容数百人乘坐着旧卡车，轮胎在湍急的河水中向下游漂去，颠簸而可怕，可推知这项运动是十分危险的。D项为正确答案。4推断作者的写作目的、态度，文章的语气等：这类推断要求对论述对象持何种态度、思想

25、倾向作出判断。如作者对所陈述的观点是赞成，还是反对，对记叙或描写的人或事等是喜欢，或是厌恶；是同情或是冷漠。作者的这种态度和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间，或者流露于修饰的词语之中。因此要做好这类推断须综观全文，掌握主题思想，并以此为推理的前提，还要注意文章的措辞，把握文章论述的基调。 例: Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do

26、 is OK, they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He

27、never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them? it is always'the fault of the buses or the airplanes. Mr Neff knows almost everything. He doesn't ask questions? he answers questions. He never says, "I don't know." I don't know Mm Neff. It seems that not many peo

28、ple know her. I sometimes wonder about her. Is she always right? Or maybe she is always wrong? Dces she often break dishes or miss buses?Does she have problems? I wonder. 1)Which of the following do you think gives the most important trait (特性) of Mr Neffs character? A. He is a very wise man. B. He

29、plans everything well. C. He is moral and upright. D. He is very satisfied with himself. 2)Which of the following do you guess is true of Mrs Neff? A. She probably obeys her husband in everything. B. She probably feels very proud to be a help of her husband. C. She probably quarrels with her husband

30、 all the time. D. She probably feels very happy to have such a successful husband. 3)Which of the following best describes the writer's attitude towards Mr Neff? A. He finds Mr Neff hard to understand. B. He thinks Mr Neff wonderful. C. He feels pity for Mr Neff. D. He does not like Mr Neff. 以上各

31、题的答案均没有直接表述在短文里，必须从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意。本文记叙的是一位一贯正确的人Mr Neff。根据这一主题，可推知他对自己的一切都很满意。第 1题选项D为正确答案。从Mr Neff事事正确，而Mr Neff又鲜为人知出发，可得出结论 Neff夫人在任何事情上都服从于她丈夫这一事实，故第2题A为正确项。尽管短文中没有直接陈述作者对MrNeff这一人物的态度，但从主题思想和某些措辞中仍可悟出作者对Mr Neff很讨厌这一事实。如作者在文章中一再使用“Never”，一词，并还写到Even if he does miss them，it is alway Sthe fault of t

32、he buses of the airplanes”等来暗示他对Mr Neff的厌恶之情，故第3题D为正确答案。 在阅读理解题中，有关针对段落或短文的特定细节、主题思想、常识，以及作者的写作态度、目的等的推断题，常见题型有：1. We can infer from the passage (paragraph, fact, example. ) that_. 2. The writer suggests that_. 3. From the passage (paragraph, story. ), we can tell_. 4. The passage implies, but does

33、not directly state that_. 5. We may conclude from the passage that_. 6. The writer's (author's) attitude toward is_. 7. The tone of the passage is_.命题点1 细节事实本类考题解答锦囊 细节事实理解题主要考查考生对文章中某一些特定细节或文章的重要实事的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语义理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要学生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。而语义理解题须将题目信息与原

34、文相关信息进行语义上的转换才能得出结论。这类题目要求考生能理解原文中某个短语或句子的含义，从而找到与答案意思相同的词语和句子。这种题属于中档层次题。在历年高考题中占大多数。 细节事实类题型多种多样，但有一些常见的方式： 1Which of the following is truefalsementioned? 2What does the writer iter pay least attenti on to? 3Choose the right order of the events given in the passage 4A1l the following statements ar

35、e not true(true)except_ 5Which of the following gmapsdiagrams gives the right position of? 一篇文章有了它所涉及的中心思想，即话题，确定了要表达的中心思想，还必须通过许多细节的信息来进一步解释或表达主题体现中心思想，因此细节是一篇文章的大部分篇幅，也是考生阅读过程中需要理解的主要内容，在阅读测试中，这类试题占大部分。 解题步骤： 1通读全文，即以最快速度读完全文。目的让考生对文章内容结构有一个总体了解。 2读题干，弄懂其含义。 3带着题干问题重读文章。用查读法(scannin8)，快速扫描文章，查找与设问

36、内容相关的词语或句子，借助于同义词或同义结构；当题目涉及到时间、距离，以及其他用数字表示的细节时，有时需要计算才能得出答案。 高考最新热门题 Help WantedHelp WantedPNINTER must have at least 3 years painting experience,Commercial ane new construction work.$10/hr.Immediate opening.Call43592典型例题 history.SECRETARY Part-time position available in friendly,busy office. Good

37、 typing and general office skills.Some weekends required.High pay .Various duties.Apply(申请)at East1.(典型例题卷) Help Wanted Help WantedSide Management,500Park Drive,DeWitt,NY,13214.VETERINARIAN ASSIS TANT (兽医助理)Person needed for busy animal hospital. Some nights and weekends.Spply in person to Johnson-M

38、arks Animal Hospital,4典型例题 Road, Syracuse,NY.13224.After4p.m. only please.NURSESASSISTANTS Full-time and part-time positions available for modernnuisring home.High pay. Call Mrs. Downes,R.N.at 5347618.COOK NEEDED immediately.Busy downtown restaurant.Must be good and dependable.Experience preferred.W

39、eekends required. Call 324-9817.Help Wanted Help WantedSALESPERSON Experienced.Must have some Knowledge of mens clothing industry.Available to word evenings and some Saturdays.Send resume (个人简历)to:Martins Apparel.237 Rockledge St.Syracuse,NY13224.TEACHER small private school needs English and math t

40、eachers.Must have BS degree and at least 4 years teaching experience.Send resume to:Wales Charter School 19 South 8 th St,NY 13214.HOTEL needs part-time FRONT DESK CLERK.No experi8ence necessary.Excellent people and phong skills a must. Some computer skills helpful. $13/hr. Call:Mr.Jones 357-2897.1.

41、 lf you are interested in working in a hotel, call_. A. 435 92典型例题 B. 534-7618 C. 324 9817 D. 357-2897 2. If you want to get a job as a math teacher, send your resume to_. A. 237 Rockledge St. , Syracuse, NY. 13224 B. 4典型例题 Road, Syracuse, NY. 13224 C. 500 Park Drive, Dewitt, NY. 13214 D. 19 south 8

42、th St. NY. 1321.1 3. If you dislike working on Sundays, being a_should be your best choice. A. cook B. secretary C. salesperson D. veterinarian assistant 4. If you want to get a job at_, you must have office skills. A. Martin's Apparel B. East Side Management C. Wales Charter School Johnson-Mark

43、s Animal Hosptal命题目的与解题技巧：这是一则广告题。目的是考查生是否看懂招聘广告。解答这类题的技巧在于：首先看请题干，带着问题从原文搜索答案。属于细节题中的直接理解题，只要把问题与原文挂购即可较容易地得到答案。 【解 析】 本文属广告类题材，文字难度适中。但需注意的是，广告类文章尤其是招聘类广告，其语句经常缺少成分。不过问题设计比较简单，可以从文中直接找到答案。 【答案】1D细节题，最后一则广告是招聘旅馆前台接待员，电话是3572897 2D. 细节题。第七则广告是一所私立学校招聘教师。据此可以选出答案。 3C. 细节题。从选项中排除：招聘秘书、厨师和兽医助理的广告片要求在周末

44、工作，只有销售人员要求晚上工作。 4B. 细节题。在招聘秘书的广告中要求有办公技能，且投递申请要在East SldeManagement。故选答案B。2.(典型例题卷) Children have their own rules in playing games. They seldom need a referee (裁判) and rarely trouble to keep scores. They don't care much about who wins or' loses, and it doesn't seem to worry them if the

45、game is not finished. Yet, they like games that depend a lot on luck, so that their personal abilities cannot be directly compared. They also enjoy games that move in stages, in which each stage, the choosing of leaders, the picking-up of sides, or the determining of which side shall start, is almos

46、t a game in itself. Grown-ups can hardly find children's games exciting, and they often feel puzzled at why their kids play such simple games again and again. However, it is found that a child plays games for very important reasons. He can be a good player without having to think whether he is a

47、 popular person, and he can find himself being a useful partner to some- one of whom he is ordinarily afraid. He becomes a leader when it comes to his turn. He can be confident, too, in par- ticular games that it is his place to give orders, to pretend to be dead, to throw a b典型例题ually at someone, o

48、r to kiss some- one he has caught.It appears to us that when children play a game they imagine a situation under their controk Everyone knows the rules, and more importantly, everyone plays according to the rules. Those rules may be childish, but they make sure that everychild has a chance to win. 1

49、. What is true about children when they play games? A. They can stop playing any time they like. B. They can test their personal abilities. C. They want to pick a better team. D. They don't need rules. 2. To become a leader in a game, the child has to _. A. play well B. wait for his turn C. be c

50、onfident in himself D. be popular among his playmates 3. What do we know about grown-ups? A. They are not interested in games. B. They find children's games too easy. C. They don't need a reason to play games. D. They don't understand children's games. 4. Why does a child like playin

51、g games? A. Because he can be someone other than himself. B. Because he can become popular among friends. C. Because he finds he is always lucky in games. D. Because he likes the place where he plays a game. 5. The writer believes that_. A. children should make better rules for their games B. childr

52、en should invite grown-ups to play with them C. children's games can do them a lot of good D. children play games without reasons 【解 析】 本文介绍了孩子们的不同于成人世界的游戏规则：简单而公平；而成人却对此迷惑不解。 【答 案】 1A 这是一道细节题。第一段第三句说明在做游戏时，他们可以根据自己的愿望在任何时候停止游戏。 2B这是一道细节题。从第二段倒数第二句可知，孩子们轮流担任游戏的领导者。 3B这是一道细节题。第二段第一句说明大人们认为孩子们的游戏太

53、简单了。 4A 这是一道细节推断题。根据第二段第三句可以判断出孩子们喜好游戏的原因是他们在游戏中扮演了与自己完全不同的角色。 5C 第二段第二句表明作者的态度，他认为做游戏对孩子们来说是很有好处的。通过以上两个例题可以看出，细节实事题大多可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字或相关的部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句命题点2 主旨大意本类考题解答锦囊 一篇文章通常是围绕一个中心思想展开的。不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题，特别是新闻报道，第一小段通常是故事的梗概，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想；在文章的段落中，则通常由开头的一句作为主题句(topic senten

54、ce)来概括该段的中心思想。主题句一般具有三个特点： 1表述的意思比较概括，相对主题句来看，这种概括性更为明显。 2句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。 3段落中其他的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想。 理解一篇文章的主旨大意首先要学会寻找主题句。一般来说，在一个段落中，主题句的位置有五种情况： 1主题句在段首：在有主题句的段落中，主题句位于段首的可能性最大。通常用演绎法撰写的段落，往往遵循从一般到个别的写作程序，即以概述开始，随之详细解说。 2主题句在段尾：与主题句位于段首的情况相反，主题句位于段尾时，通常用归纳法撰写。表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此

55、而结尾。位于段尾的主题句往往陈述依据上文的细节的结论或建议，归纳的要点或共性以及得出的观察印象或结果。 3主题句在段中：当主题句位于段中，开段的句子往往表述段落要论述的主题，而主题则由随之引出的句子来表达。此外，为阐明主题思想，在主题句之后，仍有一些句子陈述细节，或作合乎逻辑的引申。这一类的段落包括三个层次：引题主题解释，或提问回答解释。 屯主题句在段首和段尾：在一些文段中，作者为了突出主题思想，并暗示读者，这段文章中的意思比其他的段更重要。采用了前后呼应、两次点题的写作乎法。值得注意的是，表述同一主题思想的两个主题句，在句型结构和用词方面往往不尽致，而且在内容上后者也不是前者的简单重复，多半

56、有所引申或顺应其向细节的铺叙而有所侧重。 5主题句暗含在段中：不是所有的段落都有主题句。尤其是在多段文章中，主题句并没有明确表述。阅读这样的文段，主要通过对细节的陈述或概括各段的主题思想，含蓄地表达文段的主题思想。对于无主题句的文段，不可能采用辩论主题句的方法来获取其主题思想。而应正确理解作者提供的所有细节，包括事实、观点和事件，在大脑中形成初步印象。然后发挥自己的逻辑概括能力，概括作者提供的事实、观点和事件，综合归纳成一般概念。这种概念不一定能达到主题句那样完整，但只要切合文段的主题即可。 这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析、归纳文章的段落大意、重要睛节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求学生把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心句；要求能较好地运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，难度较大，属于高层次题。在运