新版人教版初中英语八年级下册期中总结

1、至U年龄上学. =The girl is so young that she can t go to school.= She定搭配 is so young a girl that she can t go to school.= She is such a young .girl that she can t go to school.= She is too youngptecgiool.too (adj./adv.) to (do sth意思为太以至于不能做什么 关于so- thatsuch- that 句型到了 Unit4再讲 英语句型需要牢记意思,掌握结构.统一举动的积累主要应对句

2、子填空,同义句转换以及写作时在想不到相关表达时能够找出句“I shall be therethoughts,这两个意思是相等的.Tips:这里涉及到中英文思维内涵中一点有意思的文化 信息.我们说三思而后行,而英美国家的人都只愿意思 考两次(twice=two times两次 second第二个).越往UnitlI.Whaf s the matter?句常用于医护人员询问病情,意为 怎么 了,常与prep. with连用,类似的问句还包括：What s wrong(with sb.)? What s your/his/her trouble? What s thetrouble/matter w

3、ith you/him/her?2 . (p1)She anddidn t drink enough water. enoughWjl勺We have time enough (enough time) to do it.我们有足够的时间 做这件事.这里的enough既可以放在名词前突出强调 enough, 也可以放在名词后强调被修饰名词.adv足够地,充分地 The clothes are cheap enough).【修饰形容词】 / He can t walk fast enough修饰副词】/ Did you play enough inFanta Wild amusement par

4、k last weekend?乍天在方特乐园玩够了没【修饰动词】 注意enough都要放在被修饰词后面.*经典例句 The girl isn t old enough to go to sch女孩还不子替换.3 .(p2)My head feels very hot. feel 同 be 动词一样,同属于系动 词,【feel当人作主语时,意为(人)觉得 e.g. Sb.feels cold/comfortable当物作主语时,意为摸起来、引起的感受】除了 主谓宾结构,主系表结构也是英语句子五种根本类型之一.4 .What should I do? Should I.? Should I.?一、

5、should是情态动词 shall的过去式,e.g. I said,before 10 o clocks直接引语转变为间接引语后shall变为shouldo但should很少这么用.二、should表示对别人的一种委婉劝告式的建议,意为应该.如本单元例句中大局部属于此类.三、表示可能性、推测,意为可能,应该会怎样怎样there should be a teacher in the class at the momen虺时候在教室应该有老师.四、表示惊讶、遗憾等情绪,意为 竟然,怎么How should you know that?你怎么会知道这事5 .(p2)You need to take

6、breaks away from the computer. take breaks 休息 =rest (v.)=have a rest(n.)=get some rest(n.)away from 远离 The soldiers of PLA are away from home to fight against US.解放军士兵们远离家园去打美国.He should get away from 预防、远离 smoking6 .(p2) I sat in the same way for too long without moving. 以同样的 方式way是个百搭的重点词意思包括路；方法、

7、手段、式样；程度on ones/the way home 在回家路上in this way这么做 in a adj. way XX地(方式)如课文例子in a way=in one way 在某种程度上,从某种意义上说in the way 阻碍、挡道in some way(s) 在某(些)方面,在某种程度上by way of通过一方式by the way顺便说一句【口语,听力常听到】 without 后面跟 v-ing.由于 without 是 prep.7 .(p2)go to a doctor. 去看医生=see a doctor=go to the doctors doc.是医生、博士的

8、简写go to the人名(或职业)s意为 到家 到的店grocers食品杂货店barbers理发店Mr. Greens-注意区分the Greens格林一家人8 .(p3) bus No.26 was going along XX when the driver sawlying 这里涉及Unit4的过去进行时的用法saw 是 see 的过去式 see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做某事e.g. When I pass the window I see him drawing a picture.see sb. do sth.看见某人做过某事e.g. I often see hi

9、m draw a picture.9 .(p3)The bus driver, 24-year-old Wang Pengwithout thinkingtwice.这里的 24-year-old Wang Peng 是作为 bus driver 的同位语, 用以补充说明主语 bus driver的身份.think twice三思,反复思量 如果到了高中或者大学阶段还会学习without a second高阶就越不能轻易地望文生义,用中式思维去思量英语 的表达了,所以现在多背记些短语和句型是很有必要 的,如果要更好地到达沟通交流的程度那么要积累谚语、 俚语、俗语.10 .(p3) to his

10、 surprise 令他感到惊讶的是toones +情感类名词结构在句中常用作插入语,表示说话人 的态度、观点等.一般位于句首,并用逗号将其与句子的主干部 分分隔开,其作用相当于结果状语,句子的主干局部是引起这一 结果的原因.同学们假设能在书面表达中适当运用这一结构,可以 增强文章的感染力,给测试加分.e.g. To my surprise, I was the first one to come to the classroom this morning,使我感到惊讶的是,今天早上我是第一个来到教室 的. To his parents disappointment, he failed in

11、 the exam, 令他 父母失望的是,他没有通过这次测试.11 .p3 think about himself p4Did you hurt yourself playing soccer?反身代词初步小结一、形式人称 pron.主格人称 pron.宾格形容词性pron.反身pron.Imymyselfyou 单数youryourselfhehimhishimselfsheherherherselfitititsitselfweourourselvesyou 复数youryourselvestheythemthemselvesTips:看电影的时候会听到某些角色的台词说成hisself,这

12、样做的目的是想把所有反身代词的规那么统一处理成 形容词性物主代词加self的模式,但这属于非标准口语,一般是一些受教育程度不高的角色,在国外也能通用, 但在测试的时候就不要写错了.二、用法1,用作同位语增强被修饰词的语气,紧放在被修饰名词后,或句 末：The house itself is beautiful. Mrs.Wang herself is a doctor.Never leave to others what you ought to do yourself, 不要把 自 己该 做的事留给别人做.2,用作宾语动词或介t的宾语：Take good care of yourself,

13、好好照顾你自 己.She talked to herself 自言自语 in her bedroom yesterday afternoon.3.用作表语The poor boy was myself,那个可怜的孩子就是我自己.Just be yourself,做你自己就好了.Tom doesnt feel himself today. 汤姆今天感至U不适.playing soccer属于高中的语法,即现在分词做实际安装于,相当于 when he played soccer, 现在不要求必须掌握.12,p5 Someone felt sick. felt 是 feel 的过去式,feel si

14、ck=feel ill 但是我们可以说a sick boy,不能说an ill boy.在英语中不是所有 形容词都能做定语的,ill就只能做表语.13 .p5 had a nosebleed. nose鼻子 +bleed 流血 v.=鼻出血 n.have可以用get替换14 .p5 got hit on the head 注意 prep.与身体器官 n.搭配用on的时候要具体到脸上的某个部位,或身体局部的外表.如打在鼻子上就是 on the nose,打在背上 on the back.用in的时候 是泛指脸上以及可凹陷的器官,hit me in the mouth/eye/face/stoma

15、ch15 .(p5)put a bandage n,绷带 on it (p6) bandage v,包才L himself16 .(p6) who is. interested in. mountain climbing (动名词)be interested in=take an interest in 对感兴趣 【弓I 申】feel/show(no, not much, a great)interest in 对不(不太,非常)感兴趣很多英语的短语可以适当增加一些adj. adv,修饰语让表达更精确,使文采熠熠生辉.17,(p6)As a mountain climber【*读音发作?da?

16、 m?(r) ,Aron is used to taking risks,As是个重要的 prep, conj.,这里的意思是作为；be used to doing sth.习惯做某事 used to do sth.过去常常,曾经 做过某事take risks固定搭配,意为冒险.18 .(p6) found himself in a very dangerous situation该短语可以等价于in danger或者at risk,意为处在危险中19 .(p6), and of being in control of one s life prep. of 后面是艮v.-ing be in

17、control of 掌握,限制 be in the control of Alibaba is in the control of Jack Ma.20,(p6)His love for mountain climbing is so great that he kept on不要以为作者写错了,把 his当做了主语,也不要想当然认为 love 只能 to do sth,或 doing sth. his love(n.) for sth.他 对的爱英语中用名词短语取代动词+不定式/现在分词的形式以求行文简便e.g. ones passion酷爱/fever狂热/eagerness 望for

18、sth.本句的so that可译为太以至于sb. keep doing sth.持续做某事(不间断地做)sb. keep on doing sth.持续(往返反复地做)keep sb. from doing sth.(阻止某人做某事)21. (p6) sb./sth. run out of(vt.) sth. 用完某物 sth. run out(vi.) 某物 耗尽Unit21 .(p9) Language Goal:Offer help(提供帮助)提供某物给某人的区别：offer sth. to sb.offer sb. sth.宾语侧重于抽象名词,表示主动给予supply sth. for

19、/to sb.supply sb. with sth.宾语侧重于供应物资provide sth for sbprovide sb with sth;宾语侧重于提供的物资以备日后需要,表示 客观需要2 .(p9)give out food at the food bank 散发,分发 =hand out3 .(p10)We need to come up with a plan for the City Park Clean-up Day.提出,想出A group of students are planning a City Park Clean-up Day v.做计戈U Im making

20、 some plans to4 .(p10)what did they ask you to help out with?help sb. out 帮助解决困难 help sb. With sth.在某事情上帮助 某人 (p11)it can help him to get his future dream job 理想的工作、 梦想的职业help to do sth.帮助做某事 help sb. (to) do sth.帮助某人做某事 主语:they谓语:ask宾语:you 宾语补足语(语法书会简称宾补,即补充说明作用)：(to do sth.)其中with后面连接的宾 语是what.(切记

21、：介词后面也是会有宾语的)该句是研究句子成分的典型例句,有水平自学的请体会一下5 .(p10)things like reading the newspaper like 做介词, 意为比如,例如,像这样一些事后面跟动名词形式的reading做宾语6 .(p10)a lot of people are lonely.注意：lonely和alone的区别alone adv.单独；单独He went home alone. When her father died, she lived alone.adv.仅仅；只有The people, and the people alone, are the

22、 motive force in the making of world history.人民,只有人民,才是创造历史的动力.adj.单独的He is alone.他单独一人.lonely adj. 孤单的 词缀-ly 具有某f质的 in the specified manner 比较级：lonelier 最高级：loneliestShe was alone, so she often felt lonely.7 .(p10)I mean, we re all going to be old one day,too.I mean常用语口语,意为我的意思是,我是说one day既可以指过去的某一

23、天,也可以指将来有一天.意即可 以用于一般过去式和一般将来时(如本例句).8 .(p11) how to care for animals. =take care of 照料, 照顾care for还可以表示把某人某事放在心上,引申义喜欢；介意、 在乎 I dont care for art.我不爱好艺术.Would you care for another helping?你还介意得到帮助吗 care for animals着重于把小动物放在心上,从问寒问暖、关注成长 的角度对其给予照顾、呵护；take care of animals着重于承担的义务和责任,从物质供应到精神 抚慰对其进行抚养

24、.9 .(p12,p13,p16)动词短语总结见课本10 .(p14)discuss this with a partner 讨论、论述、辩论 近义词:argue, debate discuss with sb. (about sth.)11 .(p11,p14) book lover animal helper (用名词修饰名词)-er 结 尾的后缀表示的人.12 .(p14) this group was set up to help disabled people like me set up在这里的意思是安排、设立(组织、机构etc.)13 .You helped to make_it

25、 possible for me toit叫形式宾语.其实make后面应该是to do,但是由于英语里面这样 表达会有头重脚轻的感觉,就把to do放到后面了 ,it是形式宾语,就 是指to do.类似情况：I find it +adj.+to do I find (that)it is difficult to learn English.它是主语-谓语-宾语+宾补的句型.I find是主语、谓语, 后面是宾语it (形式宾语,实际宾语是后面的不定式to learnEnglish ),再后面是宾语补足语difficult .换句tB说,如果不用it作形式宾语,句子就变成了 ： I find

26、to learn English (宾语)difficult 【宾补】.Tips:初中英语教材中共出现近500个词组,一局部为常用词组,要求能熟练运用.英语的学习本身就是不断 的积累,尤其要注意词组(介词词组和动词短语)的积 累.对固定词组的意义,切不可望文生义.例如,动词100k 愿意为看,但look after意为照料、look up (a word in a dictionary)意为(在词典中)查找(单词).要十分注 意固定词组中冠词的使用.有时冠词可引起词义的变化,e.g. go the school 意为上学,而 go to the school 意为“到学校里去；in contr

27、ol of意为限制,而in the control of sb.意为由限制、治理(参见Unitl ).有些词组中须用冠词,而另一些那么不用.e.g. in theevening,at night, last weekend. 有的动词后面带有宾语, 有些贝U不需要,e.g. ask sb. to do sth. volunteer to dosth.(自告奋勇做某事)Unit31 .(p17)take out the rubbish【英国英语 BrE】 =empty the trash【美国 英语AmE】倒垃圾平时可以稍微积累英国英语和美国英语表达的不同之处e.g.favourite(BrE)

28、/favorite(AmE) centre(BrE)/center(AmE)个人意见,在口语及书面表达时候尽量统一用一种标准,虽然随 着时代进步两者的边界正在消弭,但在雅思写作和口语时比较忌 讳出现美国英语的痕迹,一些单词拼写上的错误习惯会让考官认 为你是个不合格的 English learner o2 .(p17)do the dishes (do-did) take out the rubbish (take-took) fold your clothes (fold-folded ) sweep the floor (sweep-swept) Make your bed (make-ma

29、de) clean the living room (clean-cleaned) 平时学习要注重对不规那么动词的过去式【将来学到完成时态还要 掌握过去分词】的积累,还要注意规那么变形中几种类别的细微差 别(拼写和读音【主要担忧你们听力方面会有阻碍】方面).仅 举几例,希望这些东西不太明白的要在自己的课本上多做些标 注,见多了其实也就会了.make和do用法总结make强调动作的结果,宾语通常为产品、成果；而do强调动作过程本身,宾语通常为任务、工作Make: a promise, a speech, trouble, ones【包括形容词性物主代词, 以及某人的】 /the bed, a m

30、istake, money, a living, a plan, friendsDo: homework, some reading/painting(v-ing), a good job, the dishes, (the)chores, ones best, harm/good(这里的 harm 和 good 意为害处和 好处)to, the laundry (To be continued 未完待续)3 .【单元重点】could的用法初步介绍一、表示过去的水平I could swim when I was six. 在肯定句中表示是抽象的、一般的水平.*与be able to (有水平做

31、某事)的比较(1)语法层面 could只能表示一般过去式一种时态, be able to 可以有不同时态变形(2)语义层面 在肯定句中,be able to可以表示抽象的、一般的水平,也能表示具体的事情 e.g. I was able to catch the train last weekend. 但在否认句中, couldnt 也能 使用 I wasnt able to/couldnt catch the train二、表示委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法(1) Could you please clean your room? could 可替换成 Would , 表意愿答语集锦：Yes,s

32、ure./Yes, I will./ No problem./ Ofcourse./With pleasure./Im glad to./Certainly. Sorry, I cant, because- - Im afraid I couldn t give you an answer today.恐怕我今天不 能给你一个答复.The teacher said you could go to the stationeryshop for pencils.老师说你可以去文具店买铅笔【这件事发生在过去,设计间接引语的用法】 三、表示允许Could I have a look at your n

33、ew iPhone?-Yes, you can. *由于 could含有一种猜测的语气,所以在给出答复后成与不成都必须用 can 或 cant.could 可以替换成 can/may-用 may 问,用 may 答 He asked whether he could take the magazine out of the reading room.四、can的根本用法表示水平,同 be able to 见could用法第一条表可能性,意为“可能,常用于疑问句/否认句She cant be in the classroom.表请求或允许,意为“可以、能够,见 could用法第三条 表示惊异、疑

34、心等语气,常用于疑问句/否认句,意为“会、可能“ This/That cant be true.发出邀请 Can you come to my party?你能来参加我的聚会吗 Will you come to my party? 你会来? Would you like to cometo my party?你愿意来? How/What about coming to myparty?表示接受的答语：Yes,its very kind of you. That soundsgreat! Yes,Id love to. Sure.What time?表示拒绝的答语： Im sorry, I ca

35、n t. Im sorry, but I have to/ I m doing sth. Maybe another time. Thanks for asking butId love to, but I wish I could come, but 4 .(p18)-Could I use your computer?-I m going to work on jt_now. it代指computer,而且这里隐藏着短语 on the computer.一般来说, on the computer指的是用电脑工作,办事之类的意思.类似短语talk on the phone打 5 .(p18)

36、Could I at least finishwatching this show? finish doing sth. 结 束做某事6 .(p18)She wont be happy if she sees this mess (if 引导的条件状 语从句,意为如果、参加主句用一力将来时*这里的wont就是 will not的缩写；从句用一般现在时)7 .(p18)But the house is already pretty clean and tidy! 这里的 pretty 不是一个adj.而是adv.意为颇为,相当.clean and tidy往往在一 起连用,意即干净整洁.8 .(

37、p19)The minute I sat down in front of the TV , my mom came over.可替换为the moment, 一就意为我一坐在电视机前,妈妈就走过来. =My mom came over as soon as I sat down in front of the TV. as soon as就9 .(p19) take the dog for a walk 遛狗,带着狗散步类似短语 go for a walk散步10 .(p19)Neither of us did any housework for a week.=she did not do

38、 any housework and neither did I.【both/ either / neither三者都是在谈到两个人或东西时用的.可 用作代词、形容词、连词.一、作代词时：both 两者都；either 两者中任何一个； neither 两者中任何一个都不.作主语时,谓语动词用复数形 式,可作同位语.而 either和neither那么用单数形式,不可作同 位语.如： Both of us are students. Either of you can do it. Neither of the answerws is right.两个答案都不对.They both skate

39、 well.他们两人都会滑冰.二、作形容词时：both修饰名词的复数形式.Neither和either修饰名词的单数形式.如：Neither film is very long.两部电影都不长. You may use either pen.你可用这两支笔中的任何一支.Both umbrellas are blue.两支雨伞都是蓝色的.三、 作连词时： neither与nor连用,既不也不；either和or连用：或是或是“要么要么连接两个主语时,谓语动词遵循就近原那么.而 both却与and相连.连接主语时谓语动词用复数.如： Neither Jack nor Rose have seen

40、the film Titanic.杰克和露丝 都没看过泰坦尼克号这部影片. Either you or I am wrong.不是你错就是你错. Both John and Mike are good at swimming. 约翰和麦克都擅 长游泳.四、neither或nor当表达一个人没有做某事,另一个人也没做同 一类事时,可用neither或nor进行简略答复,其结构为：Neither/ Nor+助动词/情态动词/ be动词+主语.e.g. He doesnt go to school by bike.Neither / Nor do I.所以他们两个没有区别,只是neither在正式语

41、体中使用更加普遍11 .(p19)Im just as tired as you are!=Youre tired, but Im tired,too.as adj./adv. as 与一样12 .(p20)that should be OK. should 表示可能性,意为应该会13 .(p23,p24)短语及句型总结见课本Unit41 .(p25)Why don t you talk to your parents? why dont you 和 Why not这两个句式,在表达“建议时,是一样的意思.即(你)为什么不做. ,或“(你)应该做.e.g. Why dont you turn

42、to the reference book?= Why not turn to the reference book?“(你)为什么不看参考书呢也就是“你应该看一下参考书. 表示建议我们还学过 What/How about doing sth.?e.g.What/How about going shopping on Sunday?周末去逛街怎么 样区另U： 1、why not.?就是 why dont you.?的缩略形式, why dont you .?属于正式用语而 why not通常用于口语.2、从结构上来看,Why dont+主语+v.可以变化主语及时态,e.g. 过去式 why d

43、idnt,完成式 why havent等；而 why not+v.那么没 有多余变化且v.前没有其他成分.3、Why not?可以独立成句,但 Why dont不可以.4、Why dont you do还可以作为一个疑问句使用,提出疑问.e.g.Why didnt you see the football match?2 .(p25)Are you serious or not? 引导含有or not的宾语从句时只能用 whether不能用if e.g. Nobody knew(know 的过去式)whether he could pass the exam or not./ whether

44、or not he could pass the exam. 关于宾语从句,就是类似一件用很长串的句子才能说完的一件 事,这件事就做了谓语(有时候会是prep.)后面的宾语.切记宾语从句要保证陈述语序.(即不会像疑问句那样助动词、be动词、 情态动词提前到主语和谓语之前)初中阶段还需要了解的一点是常用的宾语从句有三类连接词,第一类只有一个that,无实际意义,与句意本身不相关,就是一个纯粹的酱油；第二类就有 if/whether ,意为是否；第三类被称为连接代词、连接副词,包括 what,which,whose,who,when,why,how,where etc. whetheror引导让步

45、状语从句不管还是e.g.Whether or not you believe it, Whether you believe it or not=believe it or nor 口语信不信由你To be or not to be; that is the question. 生存还是消灭,这是一个值 得考虑的问题Hamlet, Shakespeare3 .(p25)have too much homeworkadj.太多的 修饰不可数名词 近义词too many修饰可数名词too much还可以做 adv. She talkstoo much.much too的用法比较简单,只用作副词作状

46、语,但它不单独使用, 在句子中要修饰形容词或副词,但不修饰动词.如：Its much too cold.天气实在太冷了.You are driving much too fast. 你开车太快了.4 .(p25)hang out (with sb.)(与某人)闲逛 (p27)hang over 笼罩在上The suit has to hang over.(vi.)被延期,暂时耽误5 .(p25)get into(强调动作)/have(强调状态)a fight with sb.6 .(p25)I studied until midnight.until 加时间点,表示到为止,在之前.也可以构成n

47、otuntil句型,表示直至U才.7 .(p26)take him to the ball game.带他去看球赛人称代词的宾格形态总结人称pron.主格人称pron.宾格第一人称单数Ime第一人称复数weus第二人称单复数youyou第三人称单数hehimsheheritit第三人称复数theythem8 .(p26)hope things work out. vi.解决 这句完整的说法 I hope (that) things work out. 此外work out做vt.的意思是计算出、解 决；e.g. He worked out the physical problems.他计算出了

48、物理问题 He worked out a plan.制订出计戈 U9 . (p25)I have too much homework so I don t have any free time to do things I like. (p26)You should call him so that you can say you re sorry. 这里的so和so that是不能够对调位置的.第一个句子中的so起到conj.的作用,意为因此,所以,后面解释前半句的结 果.而so that引导目的状语从句时,表示“以便；为了,从句 中常使用 can /could /may /might /w

49、ill /would /should 等情态动词或 助动词,所以做题的时候看到有情态动词或助动词的话就估摸着 选 so that.(见 p32 self check )另外在unitl当中应经出现了 so+ adj.或adv.+ that引导结果状 语从句的例句.意思是“如此 以致于.e.g.When the football fans saw Cristiano Ronaldo getting off the coach, they got so excited that they cried out. 当球迷们看见 C 罗走 下大巴车的时候,他们冲动异常以致于大喊大叫.1 0.I found my sister looking through my things yesterday.found是find的过去式,find sb. doing sth.发现某人正在干某事 look through e.g. 1 、浏览 look through a