【DOC】语言与应用语言学实用手册期末考试复习指导

1、 语言与应用语言学：实用手册期末考试复习指导 一. 考核说明 本课程考试的命题依据是中央电大本科开放教育英语专业教学计划、课程教学大纲以及“高级英语自学系列教程”中的语言与语言学：实用手册教材。根据教材所涵盖的有关知识内容、以及与教材难度相当的口头和书面语言材料命题，涉及教材的内容不少于 80% 。 本课程考核包括两部分：形成性考核和课程终结考试。课程总成绩采用百分制，形成性考核占 20% ，课程终结考试占 80% 。 1 、形成性考核： 包括完成平时作业、参与面授辅导和各项教学活动及对学习过程的自我监控情况。 2、 课程终结考试：笔试，由中央电大统一命题，在同一时间全国统考。二、 评价目标

2、本考试重点考查学生对本课程中语言和语言学基本理论的了解，和运用理论知识对一些语言现象进行初步分析的能力。要求学生能够对本课程有框架式的整体了解，对各单元之间的联系有较好的理解，树立学生对语言学与语言的教与学之间紧密关系的意识。 三、 课程终结考试试题结构 考试内容题型得分比例考试时间1 对课程总体内容了解 填空、选择填空、辨认错误并改正、命题分类、定义配对、多项选择等（每次考试选其中三种题型） 30% （ 15 小题） 20 分钟 2 对语言和语言学基 本原理的理解 简答问题 24% （ 8 小题） 30 分钟 3 对语言和语言学专 门知识的理解和分析 完成命题、图表填空、回答问题等 24%

3、（ 8 小题） 30 分钟 4 运用理论知识分析 语言现象和问题 分析问题 22% （ 2 小题） 30 分钟 校对 10 分钟 合计 100% （ 33 小题） 120 分钟 四、 考试要求 本课程终结考试为闭卷考试，考生不得携带任何教材、参考资料、电子读物或工具等。 五、课文复习Unit one Awareness task: Language is a tool of communication, it means any language or all language put together. Here is the first important point about this

4、 book: It is about language, not confined to any particular language. There is one sentence can summarize Unit one: we must appreciate the fact that we owe our humanity and civilization to language. 1) Is language inside or outside the brain? It is known as the nature-nurture controversy. The positi

5、on we adopt is: human are born with language capacity that enables them to acquire language, any language, during their formative years. 2) Language users use language to do a lot of things, between which naming things is the oldest and the most fundamental. 3) Take a notice of page 19, the little w

6、ords answer, which lead a list of development process of language 4) No language no civilization 5)Word magic: in man's history people believe that those words ( such as 发，寿，喜，逝 ) associated with bad or pleasant things to people. Cursing is based on the belief. 6) Illiterate people are very much

7、 underprivileged and remain low in a social hierarchy, on the other hand, those who can read and write well are regarded as educated scholars, and command respect. 7) Language is everyone's language is in fact an important feature of language. Reviewing some useful information on page 37  U

8、nit two The key points of this unit are: what we hear, and what we read are physical aspects of language: they are physical representations of language. Language can also be represented in many other ways such as in Braille and the British manual alphabet. 1) Language in face to face communication t

9、here are four steps: hit upon an ides, articulate the idea, loaded sounds travel via air and get the message (psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, cognitive linguistics). 2) Written language communication is same as speech language. 3) The handicapped people' communication- by gesture and sign (

10、Braille and sign language) 4) Review the figure 4, 5, 6 to understand speech organs, knowing the accurate name of these organs. 5) Understanding the function of these organs. The lungs can be seen as a source of energy in speech production. Vocal tract refer to the route the air from the lungs trave

11、ls through the throat to the mouth or the nose or both and finally to the outside world, etc. 6) There are three stages of sound production, initiation (air production is technically called initiation), phonation and articulators. Underlined the last second paragraph on page 63 7) Advantages in havi

12、ng a writing system are: on page 68 8) Chinese term 甲骨文 are translated into English as oracle bone-inscriptions recorded event on tortoise shells. 9) Writing systems can be classified into two general categories: phonological writings: non-phonological writings. On page 71. Chinese writing is often

13、called “pictographic writing, ideographic 表意文字 . English writing is also known as an alphabetic writing system. 10) Person's handwriting is considered being relevant with his character  Unit three This is the most difficult unit; at the same time a very important one. From Unit 1 we know th

14、at other animals including our closest cousins - chimpanzees and apes, cannot learn a human language. What makes human language so unique is its symbolic nature. Language in its symbolic nature cannot be heard, or read, or seen or touched. We have to find ways (i.e. media) to make it tangible to us.

15、 So as a linguist, our job is to see the true nature of language through its media. To help you understand this point, you can think of a situation like this: different media such as sounds, writing systems, Braille, signs, etc. are like different colorful skins that wrap language up. 1) The charact

16、er of words is that it cannot make changes freely, having pronunciation and no such conscious agreement. 2) Triadic relations on page 88 3) Three worlds: things in this world can be sensed by our five sense organs, this world is called a material world. Second, there is a subjective world. It consis

17、ts of things like feelings, attitudes, beliefs, valued and intentions. Furthermore, there is a third symbolic world. The printed reference material is on page 91-92. 4) A completely symbolic sign has both hands: meaning and abstract form. 5) The rules based on the syntagmatic relations between words

18、 are called syntactic rules Paradigmatic relation I take meat He eats vegetables syntagmatic Relation 6) Paying more attention to analyze the multiple layers of language used idiosyncratic analysis, phonetic sound analysis, articulatory phonetic analysis, word-as-symbol analysis, syntactic analysis

19、and choice analysis.  Unit four Technically we call such understanding of language as functional analysis. There are four major functions, which are discussed in four units. This unit is on the function of organizing our experience of the material world, and the experience is vague, slippery an

20、d temporary. We use language to make it clear, frozen and stored for future use. 1) Distinguishing the function of proper name from category name: the main purpose of being given a proper name of each object is that distinguishing it from its same category, but to being given a category name can eas

21、ily distinguish its category or species from different variety. 2) This is one of the fundamental ways we use language to capture our immediate experience of the external objects. Here is another fundamental aspect in our use of language, namely to achieve abstraction. Being awareness of the technic

22、al term of “lump”concept. 3) Abstraction is an intrinsic feature of language. We humans are good at abstraction. Concept only keeps some prominent features, ignoring differences. 4) What is the verbs, nouns, adjectives and the quality words. We know the qualities adjectives are used to capture by ad

23、ding the suffix ness. 5) The construction of the experience in order to develop a calendar, drawing a conclusion about the different methods: differs from culture to culture, politics, ideology and religion are all involved in such construction. The most influential one is lunisolar. The year is bas

24、ed on the movement of the sun, while the month is on the moon. Some grammarians call 6) Understanding time and tense, such a phenomenon as aspect in contrast with tense. (144) 7) The essence of abstraction is the movement from immediate experience to symbolization. Here introduce to you some technic

25、al terms: conceptual meaning and affective meaning. A conceptual meaning refers to the abstract concept about all the individuals of the same kind. And an affective meaning refers to the emotional attachment to some actual individuals, which is the transferred to be attached to the symbol (remember

26、a word is a symbol) that realizes the concept. 8) We must be aware of the fact that an act of classification is not neutral: there are motivations and interests behind classification, and as a result there are social as well as cognitive consequences. 9) Here is a very powerful of language use- meta

27、phorical extension. (Reference on page 154)  Unit five This unit introduces the notion of speech acts. We do speech acts all the time everyday: we make a request, apologize for being late, etc. 1) An analysis of saying something. The psychological component and vocal component be together to ge

28、t a whole picture of saying. 2) The phonic act the illocutionary act Vocal component the phonetic act psychological The locutionary act component The rhetoric act the perlocutionary act On page 166 2) Probably you have realized that illocutionary acts can be performed in two ways, directly and indir

29、ectly. By directly is meant that a verb is used in the utterance to show what the illocutionary act was intended to be performed by the speaker. By indirectly is meant that no such verbs are actually used in the utterance to indicate what the illocutionary act was intended. The perlocutionary act ex

30、press speaker's purpose of intention. 3) In order to render the action successful, an official procedure with the proper participants is required. We call such illocutionary acts ritual illocutionary acts. 4) Discover the features of ritual illocutionary acts: it is one of the important features

31、 of the ritual use of language that what can be said, what cannot be said, and what consequences follow- all are predetermined. The second features are that the right persons, the right words, the right feelings or thoughts and of course the right procedure are four essentials for ritual illocutiona

32、ry acts. 5) Paying attention reviewing the figure on page 185 and the requests figure on page 189. 6) Learning how to use hedges (avoid giving a direct answer to question)  Unit six There are all sorts of people and all sorts of relations in the social world. Some are more powerful than others;

33、 some are older or more senior than others. All these differences in status, power, gender, and age are carefully handled through the use of language. 1) Within the social structure, we take up different roles with corresponding responsibilities. Differences in role, relation, and status are made an

34、d maintained, to a great extent, through language. It is particularly so in ancient times. 2) There are social norms (what should do and what should not do, or standard or pattern that is typical of a group) that govern the conduct of social behavior. The majority of social norms are, however, unwri

35、tten. 3) Spatial and temporal arrangement are also subject to social norms. Such the prominence of shangshou, xian, zheng, etc. and the subordinate of xiashou, houtou, pian. 4) The sense of self is often associated with individualism, and the sense of other with collectivism. The sense of other is c

36、rucial to successful face-to-face social interaction. 5) In mangy cultures, people take a great care of lian in both physiological and metaphorical senses. People tend to keep or save their faces when they are in trouble, and also wish be expected by others. 6) Mianzi is kind of social influence der

37、ived from our social status, power, wealth, or achieved by our outstanding contributions to society, and it at stake when one intends to achieve a personal goal through personal influence on others. One cares for mianzi because it shows his or her worthiness. 7) Always remember that the notions of p

38、ower, status, reputation, and so on are not absolute, but relative. 8) Being care for children's self-esteem because they have sense of lian and zizunxin as adults. 9) The knowledge points of metaphorical use face contrastive study on page 228. Maintaining own suitable image to the situation he

39、or she is in. And the negative face and positive face. Both parties will save face. 10) Taking a notice of remember the comparison maxims: Chinese and English maxims on page 236  Unit seven Most of our waking life is spent on talking, and a great deal of real business is done through talking. T

40、he examination of how talk is being carried out is a recent event in the history of linguistics. It is known as conversation analysis or discourse analysis. 1) There are two ways to provide information: they give it and they give it off. And the given off information is often made available through

41、non- verbal signals. They include. (On page 243), taking a notice of the knowledge on page 246 the little words. 2) Understanding who is hearers (the direct and indirect hearers) page 251,even and speakers and addressee (genuine speaker and message relayer) 3) Beginning of a conversation: in Chinese

42、 culture, among the safest ways of initiating a conversation with strangers, is the use of polite address terms, such as page 257. How to initiate a conversation is an application task.4) In highly conventionalized social situation, there are special pseudo-formulaic openings that are readily availa

43、ble. But how to refuse the initiating: use apologetic experience and give excuses or even tell white lies. 5) How to keep going a conversation: do not argue with strangers, attention a list of safe topics. And how to close your talk: reference materials on page 264-265 6) There are also three steps

44、in classroom talk as same as the information given above. 7) Teacher how to manage the classroom talk needs us can apply to and understand them.  Unit eight This unit looks at language from an even broader perspective, namely language in a social and political context. Specifically we focus on

45、the relation between language and identity, and between language and politics. 1) We identity the nation of speaker according to their speaking language. A nation has own native language. 2) The identity between regional and status on page 286-287 3) The reflect on the language use of the great cult

46、ural revolution and on the polarization of language in western politics. 4) Understanding all the little words answer from page305- 316  Unit night At this unit you may want to know the difference between the brain and mind. The word brain here refers to the physiological substance inside the s

47、kull. The word mind, on the other hand, refers to psychological activities we do by using the brain, activities such thinking, perceiving, memorizing, imagining, getting emotional, and so on. The major issue of this unit is concerning language acquisition. For a child to acquire its mother tongue, i

48、t needs three things: language exposure environment, cognitive capacity, and innateness. 1) For a quite long period of time in the Chinese history, people believed that it was the heart that did the thinking and produced emotions. This feature is due to the erroneous classical view that the function

49、 of xin was to think. 2) The capture the function of the brain: it controls everything. 3) Being awareness of the function of the brain. (On page 327) neurolinguists. 4) When an area of the brain involved in language processing is damaged, this results in the language disorder known as aphasia or dy

50、sphasia. (Technical term aphasiology) stuttering can be cured by speech therapy programmes. 5) Language is acquired in two classes of condition: necessary condition and sufficient condition. Psycholinguists tend to talk about these two conditions in term of three variables: the environmental, the co

51、gnitive and the innate. The language environmental is called wai yin. The language environmental won't do without the cognitive capability of the child, so the cognitive capability is like nei yin. The key point is that the child's acquisition of language builds upon the child's developm

52、ent of intelligence. The innate factor called parameter setting, when children are born; there are already in the brain the same parameters and the settings. 6) Understanding the short term and long term memory. (344-345) 六、模拟试题（一） TEST ONE Section 1 Checking content awareness of the course (15

53、 items, 2 points for each item, 30%) Complete the following items by providing the information based on the course book. 1. Unit 1 is entitled “Awareness of Our Language”. “Our language” refers to _. 2. The emperor's words were powerful, not because they had _ power, but because the emperor had

54、_. 3. According to the author, the language you utter is both yours and not yours. It is yours because _, and it is not yours because _. 4. According to the author, _ and _ are the two major physical aspects of language. 5. In the written form of communication, there are two fundamental skills invol

55、ved: _ and _, whereas in the oral form of communication, there are also two fundamental skills: _ and _. 6. Everyday we have to cope with all sorts of relations. According to the author, the interpersonal relations are largely _. 7. According to the author, we live not in one world, but in three wor

56、lds: _. 8. In Unit 3 the author seems to suggest that the fact that readers find linguistics difficult to understand is largely because _. 9. According to the author our experiences of the world are not chaotic, but _ through _. 10. According the author, the best approach to linguistics is not learn

57、ing it by rote, but _. Choose those words or phrases that best complete the missing items. Note that there are more words or phrases than necessary. 11. Words are often attached with _. 12. 系头 is an example of _ in the use of language. 13. J. L. Austin was well known for his posthumous work _. 14. I

58、n the sentence “ It may be the case that the Italian football team won the match ”, the italicized part is called _. 15. Song Qin tried to hide her _ because it might betray her identity. Pictures Great Conceptual meaning Affective meaning How to do things with words Metaphorical extension Speech Local accent Hedge  Section 2 Checking understanding of some general principles