chapter 10auxiliaries and model verbsppt

1、110.1Chapter 9 Non-finite Verb （简要回顾）简要回顾）一、谓语动词一、谓语动词Predicative Verbs和非谓语动词的区别和非谓语动词的区别1、 谓语动词可以单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能。谓语动词可以单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能。例如：例如： Miss Mary teaches us English. （teaches 动词作谓语动词作谓语） 玛丽教我们英语。玛丽教我们英语。 Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. （to have a talk.不定式不定式 作状

2、语作状语） 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。2、 谓语动词受主语的谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制人称和数的限制，而，而非谓语动词非谓语动词形式形式没有这种限制没有这种限制。 例如：例如： Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。拉克喜欢流行音乐。 （动词用单数第三人称形式动词用单数第三人称形式） Larke has nothing to do today. （to do 用原形用原形） 拉克今天没什么事要做。拉克今天没什么事要做。210.1二、非谓语动词的特征：二、非谓语动词的特征： 1、 如果非谓语动词是及物动词

3、，后面须如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语跟宾语 。例如：。例如： Studying English is my favorite.（studying 后跟宾语后跟宾语） 学习英语是我的爱好。学习英语是我的爱好。To help him is my duty. （to help 后跟宾语后跟宾语） 帮助他是我的责任。帮助他是我的责任。2、 非谓语动词可以带有自己的非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语状语或逻辑主语 。例如：。例如：Working under such a condition is terrible. (under such a condition 是是 working 的状

4、语的状语) 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。 Its too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. 。（。（for him 作不定式的逻辑主语作不定式的逻辑主语）他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。310.13、 非谓语动词仍有非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化语态和时态的变化。例如：。例如： I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. （to have kept.是不定式的完成形式是不定式的完成形式） 对不起让你久等了。对不

5、起让你久等了。Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. （Seen from.是分词的被动形式是分词的被动形式）从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。4、 非谓语动词在句中可以非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词当成名词或者形容词来使用。例如：来使用。例如： Our coming made him happy. （coming 起名词作用起名词作用）我们的到来使他很高兴。我们的到来使他很高兴。 There are two big swimming pools here. (swimming 起形容

6、词作用起形容词作用) 这儿有两个大型游泳池。这儿有两个大型游泳池。410.1三、非谓语动词的形式变化三、非谓语动词的形式变化 （以（以write为例为例)1.不不 定定 式式 主主 动动 被被 动动 一般一般 to write to be written 进行进行 to be writing 完成完成 to have written to have been written 完成进行完成进行 to have been writing 2.现现 在在 分分 词词 主主 动动 被被 动动 一般一般 writing being written 完成完成 having written having b

7、een written 过去分词过去分词 一般一般 written 3.动动 名名 词词 主主 动动 被被 动动 一般一般 writing being written 完成完成 having written having been written 三、非谓语动词的用法三、非谓语动词的用法主主宾宾表表定定状状宾宾补补不定式不定式动名词动名词分词分词6Chapter 10 Auxiliaries and Modal Verbs (助动词和情态动词)Chapter101. Auxiliaries (助动词)2.Modal verbs（情态动词）7 助动词 Auxiliaries10.1一、定义一、定

8、义 ：协助主要协助主要动词动词构成谓语构成谓语的词叫助动词（的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。助动词用来构成）。助动词用来构成时态时态、语态、疑问、否定和表示强、语态、疑问、否定和表示强调。调。 助动词具有语法意义，但没有词汇意义，不可单独作谓助动词具有语法意义，但没有词汇意义，不可单独作谓语。语。汉语没有与之相对应的词性（即没有助动词）。汉语没有与之相对应的词性（即没有助动词）。例如：例如： He doesnt like Japan. 他不喜欢日本。他不喜欢日本。 （does是助动词是助动词，有语法意义，但无词义；，有语法意义，但无词义；like是主要动词是主要动词，有词义，有词

9、义) 二、最常用的助动词有：二、最常用的助动词有：be, have, has, do, does, shall, did, will, should, would等。等。8三、助动词的用法10.11、助动词be be+现在分词现在分词，构成进行时态。，构成进行时态。例如：例如： With the development of science and technology, the world is getting smaller and becoming more like a village. Job creation in tourism is growing 1.5 times fast

10、er than any other industrial sector. Tom was making a timetable for the manager when I came into his office.(2) be +过去分词，构成被动语态。例如： These old houses will be torn down in the near future because a new school will be built here.He was not arranged in the branch company to work as a general manager. Th

11、e small country was destroyed by ten years of bitter fighting.910.1(3) be+动词不定式动词不定式(有四种用法）有四种用法）1）表示最近、未来的）表示最近、未来的“计划或安排计划或安排”。如：如： He is to go to New York next week. 他下周要去纽约。他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the fresh persons. 我们要教新生。我们要教新生。2）表示）表示“命令命令”。如：如： You are to explain this. 对此你要作出解释。对此你要作出解释。 He

12、 is to come to the office this afternoon. 他今天下午要来办公室。他今天下午要来办公室。3）表示）表示“征求意见征求意见”。如：。如： How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他？我该怎样答复他？ Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢？谁该去那儿呢？4）表示）表示“相约、商定相约、商定”。如：如： We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。点在校门口集合。1010.12、助动词do（1）构成一般疑问

13、句，例如： Why do you like to be a tour guide? What did you do for light when the electricity was turned off? How did you get to that city, by train or by air?（2）do + not 构成否定句，构成否定句，例如： She doesnt work here, does she? The old woman doesnt want to live with her children together because she likes living

14、alone. She didnt tell her manager that the guest had gone.1110.1（3） 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。 例如： I do like a lot of things about college, but that doesnt mean I dont think about things at home. He did accomplish the task in time. The lady did see a tiger in the forest but nobody trusted he

15、r.（4）用作代替动词。用作代替动词。例如： She plays the piano better than Mary does. Your father smokes a lot. So he does. Susan paid the order just as her mother did in the past.1210.1（5）构成否定）构成否定祈使句祈使句，例如：，例如： Dont go there.不要去那里。不要去那里。 Dont be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。不要这么心不在焉。（6） 用于用于倒装句倒装句，例如：，例如： Never did I he

16、ar of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。我从未听说过这样的事情。 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。 说明：说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。等。1310.13、助动词、助动词have1）have +过去分词过去分词，构成，构成完成时态完成时态，例：例

17、： He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.上月末为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。上月末为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。2）have + been +现在分词现在分词，构成，构成现在完成进行时现在完成进行时，例：例： I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。3）have+ been +过去分词过去分词，构成完成时态的，构成完成时态的

18、被动语态被动语态，例：例： English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。中国教英语已经多年。1410.14、 助动词will/would（1）will +动词原形构成一般将来时，可用于各种人称。will + not+动词原形构成一般将来式的否定式。例如： He who lives by hope will die by hunger. They will meet you outside the museum at 8:30 p.m. I will not talk about any details about thi

19、s agreement in this meeting.（2）would为will的过去式，与动词原形构成过去将来时态，可用于各种人称。其否定形式由 would + not 构成。例如： He told his friend that this time next year he would be in London. He said Arthur would come back the next week. He imagined he would not be an engineer when he grew up.1510.15、助动词shall/should（1）shall +动词原形

20、构成一般将来时，但只用于第一人称，此用法逐渐为will所代替。shall + not构成其否定形式。例如： I shall visit the Great Wall when I go to Beijing. We shall have finished the supper by eight oclock. I shall not make him a loan of $1,000. We shall not get their support if you do such a shameful thing.（2）should为shall的过去式，构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称，此用法逐渐为

21、would所取代。should + not构成其否定形式。例如： I telephoned my sister and asked her what I should do next step. I told my mother I shouldnt be late home this evening. I was told that I should be back to company three days later. Sitting on a chair, I said I should finish the task in a week. 1610.1二、情态动词（一）基本概念：（一

22、）基本概念：情态动词（情态动词（Modal verbs）本身有一定的词义，但是不能）本身有一定的词义，但是不能独立独立作作谓语谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成，只能和行为动词一起构成合成合成谓语谓语，表示说话人对，表示说话人对行为动词行为动词动作或状态动作或状态的的看法或主观设想看法或主观设想。 （二）种类（二）种类（四类（四类 ） 1、只做情态动词、只做情态动词:must,can,may 2、可做情态动词又可做、可做情态动词又可做实义动词实义动词：如：如：need, dare 3、具有情态动词特征：、具有情态动词特征：have(had,has) to,used to, ought to 4、可做

23、情态动词又可作、可做情态动词又可作助动词助动词：如：如：shall (should), will (would)1710.1（三）基本用法1、 具有具有助动词助动词作用，作用，可以用来构成可以用来构成否定句否定句，疑问句疑问句及用于简单回答。及用于简单回答。 Can you sing an English song？你会唱英语歌吗？你会唱英语歌吗？(表疑问）表疑问） Yes I can.是的，我会。（简单回答）是的，我会。（简单回答）2、后接、后接动词原形动词原形，即不带，即不带to的的不定式不定式。 She may lose her way.她可能迷路了。她可能迷路了。3、无人称和数的变化。

24、、无人称和数的变化。 We must stay here.我们必须待在这儿。我们必须待在这儿。 He must stay here.他必须待在这儿。他必须待在这儿。1810.21、情态动词can（1）表示“能力”，既可表现在的，也可表将来的能力。cannot或cant构成其否定形式。例如： I can climb to the top of the mountain. He cannot cope with the situation because its beyond his ability. The computer cant think for itself; it must be t

25、old what to do.（2）表示“许可”，指“允许某人做某事”。例如： We cant answer any questions, Im afraid. Could I borrow your dictionary?Yes, of course you can.You can turn to others if you are in trouble.1910.2（3）在疑问句中表示“请求某人做某事”。例如： Can you help me carry the suitcase? Can you help me with the box? Cant you keep your head

26、off the car window? Its dangerous!（4）cannot + be表示“对现在事件的否定判断”。例如： That cant be JohnHes in Beijing. He cant be hungry. He has just had his dinner. It cant be the postman at the door. Its only six oclock.（5）can have +过去分词表示对“过去事情的推断”。例如： He is half an hour late; he can have been delayed by the traffi

27、c. That man cant have been her husband. He has been dead for many years. We didnt see Tom yesterday in the party. He cant have attended it.2010.22、情态动词could（1）could为can的过去式，它表示“过去做某事的能力”。其否定形式为 couldnt。例如： He was so tired that he could not stand. I ran fast and could catch the bus. She couldnt help

28、her mother with some housework when she was only five years old.（2）could可用于委婉地提出建议和请求等，这时与can没有时态上的差异，只是在语气上更加委婉。例如： Could you lend me some money? “Could I use your ruler again?” “Yes, of course you can.” “我可以借用你的尺子吗?”“当然可以。”（不能说不能说Yes, you could.) You could drink some water if you feel thirsty.2110

29、.23、情态动词may(1)表示“允许、许可”，用于表现在或将来时间的句中，其否定形式为may + not构成。例如： You may turn in上交上交 your paper Monday if its not ready today. No, you may not have my telephone number. Any two persons may marry provided假设 that both persons are at least 16 years of age on the day of their marriage.(2)表示“可能性”。例如： This sto

30、ry about relationship between the two firms may be true. I may have misunderstood your intentions. Dont worry. Things may not be so bad as your expectation.2210.2(3) 表示“希望，祝愿”，此时句子要部分倒装。例如： May your efforts succeed! May your life be long! May his evil designs perish!让他的阴谋诡计见鬼去吧!(4) 用于让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然

31、”。例如： You may believe you are the best, but you are not a qualified sales manager. He may be only a new comer, but he works as efficiently as many of us. She may be only a new comer, but she works as quickly as many of us.(5) may have +过去分词，表示“对过去事情的推测”。例如： The treasurer财务主管 may have made a mistake.

32、 Those foreign tourists may have left China yesterday. His rival对手 may have missed the best opportunity of getting rid of the trouble.2310.24、情态动词might（1） 是may的过去式形式，表示“允许、许可”，但它与may并不存在时间上的差异，只是表示语气更加委婉。might + not构成其否定形式。例如： I wonder if I might leave early. We might get together to discuss some pr

33、oblems about the deal. You might not make a fire when you are in the forest.（2）表示“可能”，也可用于虚拟语气的句子，同may一样可表示现在或将来的时间，只不过might更加不肯定而已。例如： Who knowsItaly might beat German in the final. That passenger might know the road to the lake. If I had stayed in business, I might be a really rich man today.2410.

34、2（3）引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然，尽管”。例如： You might be a good engineer, but that doesnt mean you can become a good manager. You might play the violin well, but you cant work as a music teacher. You might think you are clever but you wont be able to do it well.（4）might + have +过去分词，表示对过去事情的推测，其可能性比may have +过去分词更加不

35、确定。如主句的动词为过去时态，从句中则必须使用might。例如： I might have left my passport at home. The engineers in that corporation might have invented some new technologies. General Manager said he might have missed the plane.2510.25、情态动词must（1）表示“必须”、“应该”、“一定要”，既可表现在又可表将来。例如： I must telephone my boss and ask him what to do

36、 next step. You must quit smoking because it is harmful to your health. The board must talk about this problem seriously.（2）表示“必须”时，其过去时形式通常为had to；在由must引导的一般疑问句中，肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt或dont have to。例如： Every passenger had to get up early yesterday. Must I get to the post office by 10:30 a.m.? Yes,

37、you must. (或No, you neednt/you dont have to.)2610.2（3）must + be doing/动词原形可表示对“现在或将来动作或状态的推断”，其语气十分肯定。例如： There must be something wrong with our car. The personnel manager is not in his office. He must be out for his lunch. You must be joking. I cannot believe what you said.（4）must have +过去分词表示对“过去事

38、情或状态的推断”。例如： Rose was absent from English class yesterday. She must have been ill. You must have left your dictionary at your home. He cant have seen our boss because he went abroad last month.2710.26.will作情态动词，表示“意志”6、情态动词will，意为“意志”（1）表示“愿意，想要做某事”。例如： I will do it if you like. Come whenever you wi

39、ll. Mary wont come to the zooshe was frightened by the animals.（2）用于疑问句，表示“请求或主动提供”。例如： Will you do me a favor? Turn off the lights before you leave our house, will you? Will you have a cup of tea, John?2810.26.will作情态动词，表示“意志”（3）表示“偏要、坚持做某事”。例如： He will go out without an overcoat although the weath

40、er is so cold. Jack wont do what hes told. He will keep on promising not to tell this secret to anyone else.（4）表示 “命令”。例如： You will report to me afterwards. You will go into the other room. You will repair the broken machine as I told you.（5）表示表示“有充分理由的设想或推测有充分理由的设想或推测”。例如：。例如： That will be his step

41、father, I suppose. The workers will have loaded all the contents of this ship by now. Its said the girl will be the best dancer in China years later.2910.27、 情态动词would（1）表示“愿意、想要做某事”。例如： For that he would give up his life. Some men would do more for a dog than they would for a wife.（2）用于疑问句，表示“礼貌的请求

42、”。例如： I wonder if you would lend me your pen for a minute. Would you pass me the salt, please?（3）表示“偏要、坚持做某事”。例如： He would keep pestering纠缠me to take him to the zoo. I told him not to go, but he would not listen to me.3010.27.would作情态动词（4）表示“假想情况下可能发生的结果”。例如： What would you buy if you get to Paris?

43、It would be a great pity for you to miss this opportunity.（5）用于虚拟语气。例如： If you had come a few days earlier, you would have seen a sea of clouds. Had the student worked hard enough, he wouldnt have failed in his examinations.3110.28、情态动词shall(1)用于疑问句，表示“提出建议或征询对方的意见和看法”， 通常用于第一、三人称。例如： Shall he open

44、the curtains for you, Sir? Where shall he wait for us? Lets watch TV, shall we?(2)表示“决心、意愿和要求”，尤其用于第二、三人称时指说话人而非句子主语的意志和决心，语体比较正式。例如： We shall complete the bridge on time no matter what may happen. She desires that it shall not be mentioned for that.(3)在正式文本中表示“命令或指示”。例如： The new school rules shall

45、go into effect from the date of signature. Each party shall respect the conditions of this contract.3210.29、情态动词should（1）表示表示“应当、应该”，shouldnt构成否定。例如： You should do what the tour guides tell you to do. All the staff should be here a few minutes later. You shouldnt drive after drinking some wine.（2）表示

46、“可能、该”，指对事情的推测、预料。should + have +过去分词表示“应该做但却没有做什么”。例如： The commodities should be sent before noon. It should be rather easy to get the room cleaned out. I should have completed the article by Thursday.（3）用在虚拟语气条件句中。表示“过去可能出现的事情，但实际上并未发生”。例如： If I were you, I should sue起诉起诉 that travel agency for it

47、s illicit lst不法的不法的 charging收费收费 . Were I not to write the thesis, I should have time for the tour. We shouldnt have been successful without your help.3310.210、情态动词ought to （1）表示“根据责任、道德标准的要求而应该做某事”。其否定形式由oughtnt to构成。例如： One ought to pay what one owes. We ought to look after our parents. They ought

48、nt to let their dogs run on the road.（2）表示“劝告、建议做某事”。例如： You ought to practice your English before your business trip to Australia. She ought not to promise what she cannot perform. He ought to call his friend ahead of time when hes going to visit him.3410.2（3）ought to +动词原形，表示“对现在动作或状态的推测”。例如： You

49、ought to be thirsty after such a long journey. He came from China; he ought to speak Chinese. If the flight took off at 9 oclock, it ought to be here now.（4）ought to have +过去分词，表示“该做的事却没有做”；ought not to have +过去分词，表示“不该做的事却做了”。例如： You ought to have told me this funny story earlier. You ought to have

50、 asked some advice from others before your hiking hak远足. You ought not to have given him our offer yesterday.3510.211、情态动词dare （1）表示“胆敢”，通常只用于否定句和疑问句当中，其否定形式由dare + not构成。例如： Dare he risk staying where he was? The yen is weakening. But Tokyo dare not raise its interest rate again. They hardly dare b

51、reathe as somebody walked past the door.（2） 可用在how dare you，I dare say 等结构中。例如： How dare she take my umbrella without even asking? There is something wrong with your brain, I dare say.（3）还可作为一般动词使用，其后跟动词不定式，表示“敢做某事”，否定形式由助动词+ not构成。例如： The girl doesnt dare to get out alone at night. That woman got t

52、o the halfway of the mountain and she didnt dare to look down.3612.need作情态动词，表示“必须，需要”12、情态动词need ，意为“必须，需要”（1）表示“必须，需要”，其否定形式由need +not构成。在由need引导的一般疑问句中，如回答是肯定的，须用must；如果回答是否定的，则用neednt或 dont have to。例如： You neednt worry. He neednt come again, if he doesnt want to. Need she go back to the office?Y

53、es, she must. Need I wake him up? No, you neednt.或Yes, you must.（2）need not + have +过去分词，表示“没必要做的事却做了”。例如： She could have made the sandwich herself; her mother neednt have bothered to do anything. You neednt have come in persona phone call would have been enough. I was a little nervous when I announ

54、ced my engagement to Grace, but I neednt have worried. My lost key was found; so I neednt have bought a new lock.3710.213、情态动词be able to （1）表示“能力”， 通常情况下可以与can互换使用。be后跟not构成其否定形式。例如： I was not able to speak two foreign languages. As I have got enough money, I am able to help my family.（2）表“能力”时有时态上的

55、变化。如果表示过去做某件具体事情的能力时，可用was/were able to,而不使用could。例如： I will be able to make some new plans. They were able to translate some poems into Chinese.3810.214、情态动词used to （1）表示“过去的习惯动作或状态”，但现在这种情况已经不存在了。它后面跟动词原形。例如： I used to work as a chief engineer in a joint venture. There used to be an old temple on

56、the foot of the mountain.（2）其否定形式为didnt use to或者 usedn t to。例如： He didnt use to live in Qingdao. My father usedn t to smoke, but he has been in the habit of smoking.（3）used to引导的句子变为疑问句时，可用used和did两种形式。例如： Used you to go swimming when you were young? Did you use to go to school on foot?3910.215、情态动词

57、have to （1）表示客观上“必须”,“不得不”,后面跟动词原形。例如： The time is late and I have to go back home. He has to pass the examination before he can start to work.（2）其疑问和否定通过助动词do来构成。例如： Did you have to leave with your family? He doesnt have to buy a new book.（3）有时态上的变化。例如： Then she had to sit down because she felt diz

58、zy.（过去时） Ill have to phone you later.（将来时）40Attention Please !1、情态动词的语法特征、情态动词的语法特征（1）除）除ought和和used以外，所有的情态动词后面只能跟不带以外，所有的情态动词后面只能跟不带to的的动词不定式。例如：动词不定式。例如： How dare you say that? You should help your mother do some housework if possible.（2）情态动词没有人称与数的变化。例如：）情态动词没有人称与数的变化。例如： He must get here by 6:0

59、0 p.m. They can accomplish their tasks before the deadline.（3）情态动词可与谓语动词共同构成句子的谓语，而且总是位）情态动词可与谓语动词共同构成句子的谓语，而且总是位于动词之前。例如：于动词之前。例如： Would you like a cup of tea?I shall get up early every day.41(4) 情态动词之间相互排斥，一个谓语词组中只能有一个情态动词。例如：情态动词之间相互排斥，一个谓语词组中只能有一个情态动词。例如： It has been 7 oclock and you must be lat

60、e for school.He may come tonight.(5)情态动词有时态的变化情态动词有时态的变化, 但其过去行事不是为了区分时态的变化，而是但其过去行事不是为了区分时态的变化，而是为了表示假想的意义和含蓄委婉的语气。例如：为了表示假想的意义和含蓄委婉的语气。例如：You can do it as long as you have confidence in yourself.Could you pass the salt for me?2.根据对推测可能性程度的划分，以上情态动词可以分为三组：根据对推测可能性程度的划分，以上情态动词可以分为三组：(1) might/may, c