读书报告8_各堆肥产品的化学与微生物特性ppt课件

1、Chemical and Microbial Properties of Various Compost Products各种堆肥产品的化学和微生物特性各种堆肥产品的化学和微生物特性n1.Introductionn2.Materials and methodsn3.Results and DiscussionIntroductionnVarious compost products tend to display variations in their chemical and microbial properties. The chemical and microbial propertie

2、s of the compost products arevery important for the agricultural use of the composts.n不同堆肥产品可以显示出他们的化学和微生物特性差别。堆肥产品的化学和微生物特性对于堆肥在农业运用方面是非常重要的。IntroductionnApplication of compost to soil increased the total soil organic matter content, improved the soil physical properties with a significant increase

3、 in soil porosity and hydraulic conductivity (Wong et al. 2019), increased the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil pHn堆肥的施用可以添加土壤有机质含量，改善土壤的物理性质并显著添加土壤孔隙度和浸透系数，添加土壤阳离子交换容量(CEC)和土壤的pH值。IntroductionnHowever in some cases compost application exerted the deleterious effects, including delay in

4、germination and inhibition of grain yield. In general, the application of immature compost to soils may lead to a decrease of crop yieldn然而在某些情况下堆肥施用会产生不利的影响，包括延迟种子萌生和抑制粮食产量。 普通来说，运用未腐熟的堆肥能够导致作物产量降低。IntroductionnResearch on farmyard manure application to soil suggested that the microorganisms from t

5、he farmyard manure compost affected the soil microbial composition Apparently the chemical and microbial properties of the compost products are the factors that affect the soil properties n农家肥运用的研讨阐明农家肥影响土壤微生物组成。显然, 堆肥产品的化学和微生物特性是影响土壤特性的主要要素。IntroductionnThe quality assessment of compost products ba

6、sed on their chemical and microbial properties is very important not only for the product itself, but also for the agricultural environment.However, few analyses have been performed to evaluate the microbial properties.n不论是产品本身还是对农业环境，堆肥产品的质量评价都主要基于他们的化学和微生物特性。然而，对微生物特性的评价还较少。IntroductionnWith the a

7、pplication of compost products in agriculture, the microbial properties of the compost products have been increasingly concerned. On the other hand, because the microbial properties are considered to be substantially affected by the chemical properties, research on the relation between the chemical

8、properties and microbial propertiesmay provide useful information about the composting control strategy.n随着堆肥在农业方面的运用微生物特性受广泛关注。另一方面，由于微生物特性受化学性质的影响，研讨化学性质和微生物特性之间的关系可以为堆肥控制战略提供有用的信息。IntroductionnIn recent years, culture-independent methods have Downloaded by Kunming Institute of Botany at 02:20 22

9、April 2019274 J.-c. TANG et al. been successfully used to analyze the microbial community structure in environmental samples such as soil and compost. The methods are based on the profiles of biomarkers like ribosomal RNA genes, phospholipid fatty acids, and respiratory quinonesn近年来，独立培营养析法曾经被胜利用于分析

10、环境样品如土壤和堆肥的微生物群落构造。这个方法是基于标志物如核糖体RNA基因，磷脂脂肪酸和呼吸醌的特性。IntroductionnThe use of respiratory quinones is convenient for the assessment of microbial communities in composts because of the applicability to simultaneous analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and technical superiority, i.e., s

11、implicity, high reproducibility, and ease in data interpretation. The analysis of the respiratory quinones was also useful for characterizing the microbial community structurein soiln采用呼吸醌是为便于评价堆肥中的微生物群落，由于这种方法适用于同时分析原核、真核微生物及技术优越性，简单来说，就是便于多次反复和数据解释。 呼吸醌的分析对土壤微生物群落构造的特性也是有用的。IntroductionnIn this pa

12、per, we examined the structure of microbial communities in various compost products based on respiratory quinone profile analysis as well as chemical properties, and evaluated the relationship among different parameters of chemical and microbial properties.n在本文中，我们研讨各种堆肥产品中微生物群落的构造是基于呼吸醌特性分析以及化学性质，并

13、对化学和微生物特性的不同参数进展评价。Materials and methodsnForty-four compost products were used in this study as shown in Table 1. Most of the products differed in the composition of the raw materials, additives, maximum composting temperature, fermentation period, and storage period.n这项研讨采用了四十四种堆肥产品如表1所示。大多数的产品在原料的

14、成分、食品添加剂、最大堆肥温度、发酵周期和存储期之间存在差别。Materials and methodsnBased on the composition of the raw materials, the compost products were classified into seven categories:wood, coffee ground, grass, buckwheat shells,animal manure, food waste, and others. We tried to collectas much information about composts as

15、possible. However because the composts were mostly commercial products, some data were not available.n基于原资料的成分，堆肥产品分为7类:木屑，咖啡渣，牧草，荞麦壳，动物粪便，食品废弃物和其他。我们试图搜集尽能够多的堆肥的信息。然而，由于堆肥大多是商业产品，一些数据并不可用。Materials and methodsMaterials and methodsMaterials and methodsnThe moisture content was determined after the m

16、aterials were dried at 105。C for 24 h. Then the dried samples were ground and analyzed for the total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents using a CHN analyzer n水分含量是在105下烘24小时后测定。干样品粉碎后用CHN analyzer碳氢氮元素分析仪分析总碳(TC)和总氮(TN)，Materials and methodsnThe values of the pH and electric conductivity (

17、EC) were determined using pH meter and EC meter (DKK TOA Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), respectively, after the samples were mixed with distilled water at a ratio of 1 : 9 for 30 min.n pH值用酸度计丈量，电导率(EC)用电导率仪丈量。水土比是1:9，静置30min后丈量。Materials and methodsnRespiratory quinone profile analysis was performed b

18、y the method applied for soil analysis as described by Fujie et a1. (2019), except that 5 g samples were used for quinone extraction and post-run analysis of the data was performed according to the Shimadzu CLASS-VP V5.032 program .n呼吸醌的特性分析方法采用Fujie et a1的方法。称5 g样品用于醌提取，数据分析是用Shimadzu CLASS-VPV5.03

19、2 program。Materials and methodsnThe menaquinones and ubiquinones were expressed in an abbreviated form, namely MK and Q, followed after a hyphen by the number of isoprenoid units and the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrogenation of double bonds in the side chains (Katayama and Fujie 2000). The q

20、uinone species were identified based on the retention time and UV absorption spectrum, and sometimes LC / MS was used to confirm the results.n甲基萘醌和泛醌用简写方式表达，分别为MK和Q，连字号后面标注类异戊二烯单元数目和侧链上双键在氢化作用时需求的氢原子数目。经过坚持时间和紫外吸收光谱来鉴定醌种类，有时也经过LC-MS液相色谱-串联质谱证明结果。Materials and methodsnBased on quinone analysis, two p

21、arameters, total quinone (TQ) contents and quinone diversity (DQ) index, were calculated. TQ is the sum of the quinone contents of different species in a compost sample. DQ was proposed by Hu et a1. as follows:n醌分析主要基于两个参数,总醌(TQ)含量和醌多样性(DQ)。TQ是堆肥样品中不同种类醌的总和。DQ可用下面的式子表示：Materials and methodsResults a

22、nd DiscussionnGeneral propertiesnTable 2 shows the analytical results of the chemicaland microbial properties of 44 compost products. Values of the chemical and microbial properties varied considerably as follows: moisture content 3.1-82.7%, pH 4.38-9.44, EC 0.12-17.08 mS em-I, TC content 16.9-51.0%

23、, TN content 0.61-9.83%, C / N ratio 5.2-53.1,ash content 4.2-63.2%.n表2列出了44个堆肥产品的化学和微生物特性的分析结果。化学和微生物特性的值有很大差别如下： 水分含量3.1-82.7，pH值4.38-9.44，电导率0.12-17.08 ms cm-1，总碳含量16.9-51.0，总氮含量0.61-9.83，C / N比值5.2-53.1，灰分含量4.2-63.2，Results and DiscussionnTQ content 0.0-215.2 f.Lmolkg-1 dry sample, and value of

24、DQ index 0.0-20.8. The wide range of the values expressed the diversity of the chemical and microbial properties of the various compost products.n总醌干样品含量0.0-215.2 umolkg-1，和DQ的价值指数0.0-20.8。这些大量的数值阐明了各种堆肥产品的化学和微生物特性的多样性。Results and Discussionn Results and DiscussionResults and DiscussionnWide ranges

25、of moisture content and ash content were probably due to the properties of the raw materials and the conditions of the composting processes. The pH values were high in the manure composts. Low pH was found mostly in the wood and food waste composts with a value as low as 4.38, indicating the presenc

26、e of an acidic environment. The different pH values in the samen group might reflect differences in the composting processes.n 大量的水分和灰分含量很能够是由于原料和堆肥工艺条件的属性所引起的。粪便堆肥的pH值高。发现木材和食品废弃物堆肥大多是在低于4.38低pH下，从而阐明木材和食品废弃物堆肥要在酸性环境中。在同一组中不同的pH值能够阐明在堆肥过程中存在着差别。Results and DiscussionnThe EC values were high in the

27、food and manure composts, reflecting the high salt content of these compost products. Moderate EC values were found in other groups of composts. TC was the main component in the dry compost samples. High TC contents were found in the wood and buckwheat shell composts and low contents in the manure c

28、omposts.n在食品和粪堆肥中电导率值很高，从而反映了这些堆肥产品的含盐量很高。在其他组的堆肥中发现中和的电导率值。总碳是枯燥的堆肥样品中的主要组成部分。在木材和荞麦壳堆肥中发现总碳的含量高，而在粪便堆肥中含量低。Results and DiscussionnC / N ratio is very importantfor conducting a successful composting process.The C / N ratios in most of the composts were below 20. The C / N ratios in the wood compost

29、s were high (except W6) compared to the values of other composts. Food waste composts showed high TN contents and low C / N ratios, which can be explained by the fact that substances containing nitrogen like proteins were abundant in the food waste composts. These results indicated that the chemical

30、properties depended significantly on the raw materials.nC / N比值在进展胜利的堆肥过程中是非常重要的。在堆肥中的C / N比值均低于20，在木材堆肥中的C / NW6除外比其他堆肥的要高。食物渣滓堆肥表现出较高的全氮含量和低C / N比值，现实上这就可以解释在食物渣滓堆肥中含有丰富的类似蛋白质的含氮物质。 这些结果阐明，化学性质显著取决于原资料。Results and DiscussionnHigh quinone contents were found in the C6, B2, and M9 composts. Wood com

31、posts showed low quinone contents, indicating that the level of the microbial biomass was low because of the low N content and the presence of resistant substrates like lignin in wood.n在 C6，B2，和M9处置堆肥中发现醌的含量高。在木堆肥中醌含量低，是由于低氮含量和像木质素等的存在导致微生物生物量的程度低。Results and DiscussionnIn the coffee composts, it wa

32、s apparently shown that the addition of com steep liquor increased considerably the quinone contents and DQ values in the C4 and C5 composts, compared to the C2 and C3 composts for which the addition of com steep liquor was omitted. The long composting time (6 months) might have contributed tothe hi

33、gh quinone content in C6.n在咖啡堆肥中显然阐明，在C4和C5堆肥中除了玉米浆之外大大添加醌含量和DQ值，相比之下C2和C3堆肥中那么被忽视。长时间堆肥6个月有能够导致C6堆肥中醌的含量高。Results and DiscussionnThe grass composts were prepared under the same composting conditions but with different additives. The addition of tree-cuttings to the grass composts led to a low quino

34、ne content in the Gl, G2, and G3 composts, while the quinone content increased with the addition of cow dung and foaming silicate to the G5 and G6 composts. Compared to G6,the addition of vermiculite and bentonite led to a higher quinone content, while the addition of coffee and zeolite led to a low

35、er quinone content in the grass composts.n草堆肥是在一样堆肥但有不同的添加剂条件下制备的。在没有添加树枝的草堆肥中G1，G2和G3堆肥中醌含量低，而没有牛粪和泡沫硅酸盐中G5和G6的堆肥中醌含量添加。与G6相比，草堆肥中没有蛭石，膨润土醌含量较高，而没有咖啡和沸石醌含量较低。Results and DiscussionnThe DQ values in the grass composts were very high, indicating that complex microbial communities could have been deve

36、loped during the compo sting of grass. The manure composts varied both in the quinone contents and DQ values. The addition of rice straw to cow dung led to the highest quinone content and DQ value in this group. No quinones were detected in the F5 and F6 samples.n在草堆肥中DQ值很高，阐明能够已在草堆肥中开发复杂的微生物群落。粪堆肥中

37、醌含量和DQ值都会发生变化。在这个组中没有稻草的牛粪导致醌含量和DQ值最高。在F5和F6样品中没有检测到醌。Results and DiscussionnAlthough the composting process (raw materials, maturation conditions) affects the chemical properties, it also affects considerably the microbial properties. Culture methods always give biased results especially in the case of composts in which complex microbial communities make it difficult to select standard culture media and cultu