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1、动词的时态和语态【考纲解读】根据考试大纲要求,考生能在真实语境中正确使用各种时态和语态。根据英语考试大纲要求,考生需掌握其中八种动词时态 :一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时。要掌握各种时态之间的区别:一般过去时和现在完成时;过去完成时和一般过去时;一般过去时和过去进行时;现在完成时和现在完成进行时等。 同时,要掌握主动 语态表被动意义的运用。【预习导学】一、时态(一)一般现在时1 .一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要由动词的 表示,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语一般由动词原形后加 构成。其变化规则如下:情况变化规则例词一般情况直接加-sw
2、orkworks learn learns come comes play plays wantwants need needs结尾为-s , -x , -sh , -ch 或-o在词尾加-espasspassesdiscuss discussesteach teacheswashwashesfix fixes go - goes结尾为“辅音字母+ y”变y为i再加-escarry carries cry cries study studies worry worries2. 一般现在时的用法1)主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点;表示经常或习惯性的动作,句子中常有often,always,
3、 from time to time等时间状语。Secondary school in the USA usually seven years, grades six to twelve.美国的中学通常是七年制,即从六年级到十二年级。2)表示主语目前的性格、特征、状态或能力等。She French and German besides English.除了英语,她还会法语和德语。 Planning so far ahead no sense - so many things will have changed by next year.这么早作计划没有什么意义一一到明年很多事情会发生变化。3)
4、表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象,或用在格言中。It ' s known that the ear th round the sun.众所周知,地球绕着太阳转。 "Life is like walking in the snow , " Granny used to say,“because every step奶奶过去经常说,“人生就像在雪中行走,因为每一步都留有足迹。”4) 一般现在时代替一般将来时。(1)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态,可用一般现在时代替一般将来 时,主句仍用一般将来时。I ' ll tell him about i
5、t as soon as he.他一来,我就告诉他这件事。 They' ll stand by you even if you.即使你不成功,他们也会支持你。(2)表示按规定、计划、安排、时间表等马上要发生的事,常与具体的时间状语连用。该用法 常用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、作息、安排等时刻表上,且仅限于少数表示短暂意义的动 词,这类词语主要有 come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, take off, finish, stop等。The train at 4 : 30 p. m.火车在下午 4: 30出发。The plane off at 5
6、 o' clock.飞机在5点钟起飞。(二)一般过去时1. . 一般过去时的构成(1) 一般过去时由动词的过去式表示,规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加-ed 构成,其变化规 则如下:情况变化规则例词一般情况在动词后加-edlook lookedwatch watchedstay stayedexpect expected以-e结尾的动词后加-dhopehopedlike liked以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词变y为i再加-edstudy studiedtry triedcopy copiedcarry carried以重读闭音节或/r/音节 结尾,词尾只L个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字
7、母再加-edstop stoppedclap clappedplan plannedprefer preferredadmit admittedpermit permitted(2)不规则动词的过去式。2. 一般过去时的用法(1)表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如 yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。Is Peter coming?一 No, he his mind after a phon
8、e call at the last minute.(2015重庆高考单选)彼得要来吗?不来了。他在最后时刻接了一个电话后改变了主意。(2)表示过去一段时间内完成的动作。 Long time no see! Haven ' t you graduated from college?Yes.I English for four years in Nanjing.好久不见!你大学毕业了吗?毕业了,我在南京学了四年英语。(3)表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。I always late, and never enough time for breakfast.我总是起床很晚,从来没有足够的时间吃
9、早饭。(4)有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明,但实际上是“刚才,刚刚”发生,应使用一般过去 时。 I you were here.我不知道你在这里。 Sorry, I to bring your book.很抱歉,我忘记带你的书来了。(5)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,若主句用了过去将来时,从句常用一般过去时表示过去 将来的意义。He said he would tell her about the news as soon as heher.他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。(三)一般将来时3. will/shall+动词原形(1)表示不含主观因素,单纯的将来,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。sh
10、all一般用于第一人称,will可用于各种人称。By the time you have finished this book, your meal cold.等到你看完这本书,你的饭就凉了。My bir thday is coming. I 18 years old.我的生日就要到了。我将要 18岁了。(2)will还可表达说话时临时做出的决定。一What time is it?I have no idea. But just a minute, I it for you.(2014北京高考单选 )几点了 ?我不知道。稍等,我帮你看一下。4. be going to +动词原形“be goi
11、ng to +动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 I feel I progress with her help.我觉得在她的帮助下我会进步的。 Look at the clouds. It.看那些乌云。天要下雨了。5. be to +动词原形“be to +动词原形”表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。You in your papers by 10 o ' clock.10点前你们得交上论文。(四)现在进行时6. 现在进行时的构成现在进行时的构成形式为:am/is/are + v.-ing 。 v.-ing 形式的变化规则如下:
12、情况变化规则例词一般情况在词尾直接加-ingworkworking look lookingstudy studying以不发音的e结尾的动词去e再力口-inghave havingface facingtake taking write writing以重读闭音节结尾,且 末尾只有一个辅音字母双写该辅音字母再加-ingcut cuttingput puttingswimswimming begin beginning以-ie结尾的动词变ie为y再加-inglie lyingtie tyingdie dying7. 现在进行时的用法(1)表示说话之时或现阶段正在发生或一直进行着的动作。The
13、professor his own letters while his secretary is ill.秘书生病时,教授自己打他的信。(2)现在进行时还可以表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作,这类动词主要有:go, come, leave,stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stop, do等。My aunt for Shanghai at eleven o ' clock tomorrow morning.明天早上十一点我婶婶将离开去上海。(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作,往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪,常与always,co
14、ntinually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。Tom late for meetings, which makes his boss very angry.汤姆开会老是迟到,这使他的老板很生气。(五)过去进行时1 .过去进行时的构成为was/were + doing 。表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。The boy his homework when his father came back from work.当那个男孩的父亲下班回来时,他正在做作业。2 .表示运动和位置移动的动词可以用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这类动词主要有l
15、eave,start, arrive, go, come 等。I to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.我打算那天晚些时候去看你,但是不得已打电话取消了。(六)将来进行时表示将来某个时刻或某一时段正在发生或进行的动作。其构成为:will/shall be doing。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用,如: at this time tomorrow (明天的这个时间),from 1: 30 to 4 : 30 the day after tomorrow ( 后天从 1: 30 至U 4: 30)等。If y
16、ou plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you fresh watermelon in the fall.如果你春天播下西瓜种子,那么秋天就能吃上新鲜的西瓜了。 I ' ll with the professor at this time tomorrow.明天这个时间我将在和教授谈话。(七)现在完成时现在完成时由“have/has +过去分词”构成,其基本用法如下:1 .表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间,但现在已经完成,且结果 仍对现在有影响。一 I' m sorry, but I don' t quit
17、e follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?Sorry, I myself clear. We want to return on October 20.对不起,我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗?对不起,我没有表达清楚,我们打算 10月20号回来。2 .表示一个动作从过去开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去。His first novel good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。3 .在时间、条件状语从句
18、中,用现在完成时代替将来完成时。Will you come to my office when you your work?你完成工作后到我办公室来一下,好吗?4 .在“It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting等)+ 名词 +从句”中,从句中的谓语用现在完成时。It is the most instructive lecture that I since I came to this school.这是自从我到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。5 .在“It (This) is (wil l be) the first/second/
19、third . time+that 从句”中,that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。It is the third time that you late for work this week, isn' t it?这已经是这周你第三次工作迟到了,不是吗?(八)过去完成时过去完成时的构成为:had + done,其基本用法如下:1.表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态,即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”,句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语 立使用。(before, after, by, up till),这种时态从来不孤I found the lecture hard to f
20、ollow because it when I arrived.我发现这个报告很难懂,因为当我到的时候,它已经开始了。2动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用过去完成时,表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。I to come to help you. Something happened to me. That s why I didn t come.我本希望能来帮助你,但我出了点事,所以没有来。3在“hardly (scarcely) .when ., no sooner .than . ”句型结构中,主句用过去完成时,从
21、句用一般过去时,意思为“一就”。Hardly the speaker his speech when the audience kept asking himquestions.演讲者一结束他的讲话,观众就不停地向他提问。4 by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句,主句用过去完成时。By the time the messenger reached him, the damage .送信人赶到他那儿时,损失已经造成了。5表示“第几次做某事”,主句用过去时,从句用过去完成时。That was the se
22、cond time that she her grandfather.这是她第二次看见她的祖父了。( 九 ) 将来完成时表示在将来某个时刻前已经完成或一直持续的动作,并对将来产生一定的影响。常与“by+将来的某个时间”或 when/before 引导的时间状语从句连用。其结构为:will/shall have done 。By the time you get home I the house from top to bottom.你到家时我将已把房子彻底打扫一遍了。( 十 ) 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“have/has been 现在分词”构成,其基本用法如下:1 表示从过去某一时间开
23、始,一直持续到现在的动作,并仍在进行。Since the time humankind started gardening, we to make our environmentmore beautiful.(2014湖南高考单选)自从人类开创园艺工作以来,我们一直在努力使我们的环境更加美丽。2表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,在说话时刚刚结束。Where have you been? We for you everywhere.你刚才去哪里了?我们一直在到处找你。3现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行,而是在断断续续地重复。I you several times in
24、two days.这两天内我给你打过几次电话。( 十一 ) 过去完成进行时表示一个动作从过去某个时间开始,一直持续到另一个过去时刻,到那个时刻,这一动作可能刚结束,也可能仍在进行。He here before he went to New York.他去纽约之前一直住在这里。( 十二 ) 过去将来时1 过去将来时的基本构成和用法过去将来时由“ would +动词原形”构成,主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作(尤其用于宾语从句中) ,还可以表示过去的动作习惯或倾向。She said that she that again.她说她再不会这样做了。2表示过去将来时的其他表达法(1) was/w
25、ere going to 动词原形:该结构有两个主要用法,一是表示过去的打算,二是表示在过去看来有迹象表明将要发生某事。I thought it .我认为要下雨了。(2)was/were to 动词原形:主要表示过去按计划或安排要做的事情。She said she married next month.她说她计划在下个月结婚。(3)was/were about to 动词原形:表示在过去看来即将要发生的动作,由于本身已含有“即将”的意味,所以不再与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。I to bed when the phone rang.电话铃响时我正好要上床睡觉。(4)was/were 现在分词:
26、表示在过去看来即将发生的动作,通常可用于该结构中的动词是come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等瞬间动词。Jack said hetomorrow.杰克说他打算明天动身。二、被动语态( 一 ) 被动语态的构成被动语态由“”构成, be 动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化(以动词clean为例)列表如下:, j形态时间进行完成现在am/is/arecleanedam/is/arebeing cleanedhave/has beencleaned过去was/we
27、recleanedwas/werebeing cleanedhad beencleaned将来shall/willbe cleanedshall/willhavebeen cleaned过去将来should/wouldbe cleaned一 I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but backthankfully by the shop window.(2015湖南高考单选)当时我有一种强烈的愿望想要把手伸进去玩那个玩具,但是幸好被橱窗阻隔了。The number of deaths from heart disea
28、se greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruits and vegetables.如果人们被说服了吃更多的水果和蔬菜,那么死于心脏病的人数将大大减少。(二)被动语态的基本用法1 .强调或突出动作的承受者。New Zealand wine is of high q uality and all over the world.新西兰葡萄酒质量很好,行销全世界。2 .不知道或无需说出动作的执行者。- Have you heard about that fire in the market?- Yes, fortunately no one.-
29、你听说市场里发生的火灾了吗?- 听说了,幸运的是,没有人受伤。3.用在科技文献或新闻报道中。Cars of this kind in the 1980s.这种小汽车是二十世纪80年代制造的。【考点突破】考点1 一般现在时与现在进行时的比较1. Hi, let ' s go skating.Sorry , I ' m busy right now.I in an application form for a new job.(2014 北京,22)A. fillC. am filling2 . Around two o' clocksomewhat us.(2013 湖南
30、A. bothersC. would botherB. have filledD. will fillevery night , Sue will24)B. had botheredstart talking in her dream.ItD. bothered【考点归纳】一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的状态;现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,或现 阶段一直进行的动作(说话时未必'正在做)。另外,在时间或条件状语从句中常用一般现在时表示将 来;go, come, leave , start , arrive , take , meet等表示趋向的动词的现在进行时也可表示将 来。T
31、eenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much.You' d better write down her phone number before you forget it.(2014,重庆,4)在你忘记之前最好把她的电话号码写下来。Hurry up! Mark and Carl are expecting us.快点!马克和卡尔正在等我们。考点2 一般现在时与现在完成时的比较1 . I half of the English novel , and I ' ll try
32、to finishit at theweekend.(2016 北京,25)A. readB. have readC. am readingD. will read2 . In the last few years , China great achievements in environmentalprotection.(2015北京,26)A. has madeB. had madeC. was makingD. is making3. Whenever you a present , you should think about it from the receiver ' s
33、pointof view.(2014湖南,34)A. boughtB. have boughtC. will buyD. buy【考点归纳】一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的状态;现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作到现在已完成,或过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。青少年正在损害自己的健康,因为他们玩电脑游戏时间太长了。I do all the cooking for my family, but recently I have been too busy to do it.通常由我给家人做饭,但最近我太忙了,没时间做。考点3 一般过去时与现在完成时的比较1. I wasn ' t abl
34、e to hide my eagerness when I ,“What do you wish me to donow? ”(2015 湖南,25)A. askB. have askedC. am askingD. aske d2. The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody them since.(2014大纲全国,32)1. sees B . saw C . has seen D . had seen【考点归纳】一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或情况,与现在没有联系,常与表示过去的时间状语连 用。而现在完成时表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或情况
35、,常与一段时间连用或表示过去发生的 动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与 already , ever, never , yet , just等词连用。-Have you seen my dictionary?-Yes, I saw it on your bed yesterday.你见过我的词典吗?是的,我昨天看见在你床上。-Have you heard about the recent election?Sure , it has been the only thing on the news for the last three days.你听说最近的选举没有?当然,这是最近三天唯一的新闻事
36、件。考点4 一般过去时与过去完成时的比较2. . When walking down the street , I came across David , whom I for years.(2016 天津,3)A. didn ' t seeB. haven' t seenC. hadn' t seenD. wouldn' t see3. The real reason why prices , and still are , too high is complex , and no short discussion can sati sfactorily ex
37、plain this problem.(2015江苏, 30)A. wereB. will beC. have beenD. had been4. Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she mostB. had seenof the guests before.(2014浙江,11)A. has seenC. sawD. would see【考点归纳】一般过去时表示动作发生在过去;而过去完成时表示在过去某个动作发生之前已经发生或完成 的动作或存在的状态,即“过去的过去”。Tom and I bec
38、ame friends in 2000, although we had actually met several years before.汤姆和我在2000年成为朋友,尽管几年前我们就见过面。I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.我发现演讲很难懂,因为当我到达时已经开始了。考点5 一般过去时与过去进行时的比较1. Is Peter coming?一 No, he his mind after a phone call at the last minute.(2015重庆, 1)A.
39、changesB. changedC. was changingD. had changed2. He must have sensed that I him.He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly , “Why are you staring at me like that ?” (2015 湖南,28)A. would look atB. looked atC. was looking atD. am looking at【考点归纳】一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去,不强调动作的延续性;而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时 间正在进行的动作。另外,正如
40、现在进行时有时可表示一般将来时一样,过去进行时也可表示过去 将来时。After Jack had sent some e-mai ls , he started working on his project.杰克发了一些电子邮件后,就开始做起他的项目。James has just arrived , but I didn ' t know he was coming until yesterday.詹姆斯已经到了,但是直到昨天我才知道他要来。考点6 一般将来时与将来进行时的比较1. Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.-All r
41、ight.I him later .(2015 北京,30)A. will callB. have calledC. callD. will be calling2. Jane can ' t attend the meeting at 3 o ' clock this afternoon because shea class at that time.(2015天津,6)A. will teachB. would teachD. will be teachingC. has taught【考点归纳一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态;而将来进行时强调将来某一时刻或某一段时
42、间 内正在进行的动作。By the time you have finished this book, your meal will get cold.到你看完这本书的时候,饭菜就会凉了。Could I use your car tomorrow morning?Sure.I will be writing a report at home.明天上午我可以用你的汽车吗?当然可以。那时候我将正在家写报告。考点7现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较1. Dashan, who crosstalk , the Chinese comedic tradition , for decades, wantst
43、o mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.(2016-江苏, 29)A.will be learningB.is learningC.had been learningD.has beenlearning2. 一 How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? Well , the media it in a variety of forms.(2014江苏, 23)A. coverB.will coverC.have coveredD.co
44、vered【考点归纳】现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态到现在已经完成,侧重于结果或影响;而现在完 成进行时则表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到现在,并且还在进行或刚刚完成,强调动 作的延续性。-I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me? Sorry , I haven ' t played the piano for years.我记得在大学时你是一个钢琴天才,你能为我弹奏一曲吗?抱歉,我好多年都没有弹钢琴了。 Tony, why are your eye
45、s red?I have been cutting up peppers for the last five minutes.托尼,为什么你的眼睛那么红啊?过去的5分钟我一直都在切辣椒。考点8 be going to 与will表将来的比较一What time is it?I have no idea.But just a minute , I it for you.(2014 北京, 31)A. checkB. checkedC. will checkwithA. rewardedC. will reward2. To my delight , I ceremony.(2015 -福建,26
46、)A. was chosenC. would choose3. - It ' s so cold here!Why not close the door?Sorry.It.I27)A. won' t shutC. doesn' t shutll have it repaired as soon as possible.(2015B. won' t be shutD. isn ' t shut,泰州高三调研4. We won t start the work until all the preparations.(2014 天津,11)A. are bei
47、ng madeB. will be madeC. have been madeD. had been madeD. would check【考点归纳】be going to表示按计划或安排将要发生的事情;而 will不强调行为的计划性,多指临时的决定或安排。-Mary is ill.I am going to visit her. Sorry, I didn ' t know.I will go with you.玛丽病了,我打算去看她。抱歉我不知道,我和你一起去。考点9被动语态1. The students have been working hard on their lesson
48、s and their effortssuccess in the end.(2016北京,30)8. were rewardedD. will be rewarded from hundreds of applicants to attend the openingB. was being chosenD. had chosen5 . In freezing weather , snow turn into ice , which is easy to .(2014 无锡高三期末, 34)A.may;be slippedB.can; slipC. can;slip onD.must; sli
49、pon6. If nothing , the oceans will turn into fish deserts.(2013 湖南, 26)A.doesB.had been doneC.will doD.is done【考点归纳】1 .只有及物动词或短语才有被动语态;不及物动词或短语无被动语态。Many stars appear in the sky at night.晚上天空会出现很多星星。Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the reform and opening.改革开放以来,我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。2 .被
50、动语态的构成为“ be+过去分词”,只要变换 be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态;除 be 外被动语态的构成形式还有:get/become 过去分词。Her car got stolen at the weekend.她的车在周末被人偷了。Tigers become endangered. 老虎濒临灭绝。3感官动词或使役动词使用省略to 的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to ,但变为被动语态时,须加上 to 。如: let , have, see, notice , watch , listen to , hear, observe , feel 等。The boss made them wo
51、rk twelve hours every day.fThey were made to work twelve hours every day.老板让他们每天工作十二小时。4主动形式表示被动含义:(1) 系动词 feel , look , seem, appear , taste , sound, smell , prove , remain 等用主动形式表示被动意义,主语通常是事物。The water feels warm.水摸起来很暖和。The dish smells good.这道菜闻起来很香。(2) 表示开始、结束、运动的词如begin , finish , start , open
52、, close , stop , shut 等。When does the concert begin? 音乐会什么时候开始?The windows wouldn t open. 窗子打不开了。(3) 表示主语的某种属性的词:read , write , act , cut , draw, drive , sell , wash, clean ,wear, open, cook, lock , look , shut 等。The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。Cheese cuts easily. 奶酪很好切。
53、(4)在“主语+ be+形容词+不定式”句型中,有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语,这时应用 主 动 形 式表 示 被动 含 义。 适 合 于此 结 构的 形 容词 比 较 多, 最 常用 的有 hard , dangerous , difficult , easy , important , nice , pleasant 等。That question is difficult to answer.那个问题不容易回答。Chicken s legs are nice to eat. 鸡腿很好吃。(5) 表示“需要”的 need, want, require 以及 be worth 后的动词 -i
54、ng 形式,用主动形式表示被动含义。The shoes need washing. 鞋子需要洗了。The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。【 方法总结】方法 1 通过“时态标志词”解题做时态题时首先要在题干中寻找时间标志词,不同的时间状语代表动作发生的时间点或时间段的不同。常见时态的标志词有:1 一般现在时:always , every time , now and then , occasionally , seldom, sometimes ,often , usually 等。1 现在完成时:up to now , so far , recently , a
55、lready , yet , in the past few years , for时间段,since 时间点以及since 引导的从句等。3 .过去完成时:by +过去时间,by the end of +过去时间,by the time. 等。4 将来进行时:at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1 : 30 to 4 : 30tomorrow/the day after tomorrow 等。5 .将来完成时:by +将来时间,by the end of +将来时间,before. 等。1 More efforts , as reported , in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-sidestructural reform.(2016
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