第七讲 船舶碰撞课件

1、 Chapter 7 Collision of Ships 1. Concept Article 1 of the 1910 Brussels Convention Where a collision occurs between sea-going vessels or between sea-going vessels and vessels of inland navigation, the compensation due for damages caused to the vessels, or to any things or persons on board thereof, s

2、hall be settled in accordance with the following provisions, in whatever waters the collision takes place. 船舶碰撞船舶碰撞是指海船与海船或海船与内河船在任何是指海船与海船或海船与内河船在任何水域发生接触，致使有关船舶或船上人身、财物遭水域发生接触，致使有关船舶或船上人身、财物遭受损害的事故。受损害的事故。 Article 165 of Chinese Maritime Law provides, “Collision of ships means an accident arising

3、from the touching of ships at sea or in other navigable waters adjacent thereto. Ships referred to in the preceding paragraph shall include those non- military or public service ships or craft that collide with the ships mentioned in Article 3 of this Code.” 海商法海商法第第165165条，条，船舶碰撞船舶碰撞，是指船舶在海上，是指船舶在海

4、上或者与海相通的可航水域发生接触造成损害的事故。或者与海相通的可航水域发生接触造成损害的事故。前款所称船舶，包括与本法第三条所指船舶碰撞的前款所称船舶，包括与本法第三条所指船舶碰撞的任何其他非用于军事的或者政府公务的船艇。任何其他非用于军事的或者政府公务的船艇。 Article 170 Where a ship has caused damage to another ship and persons, goods or other property on board that ship, either by the execution or non-execution of a manoeu

5、vre or by the non-observance of navigation regulations, even if no collision has actually occurred, the provisions of this Chapter shall apply. 海商法海商法第第170170条，船舶因操纵不当或者不遵守航行规章，条，船舶因操纵不当或者不遵守航行规章，虽然实际上没有同其他船舶发生碰撞，但是使其他船舶以及船虽然实际上没有同其他船舶发生碰撞，但是使其他船舶以及船上的人员、货物或者其他财产遭受损失的，适用本章的规定。上的人员、货物或者其他财产遭受损失的，适用本章

6、的规定。 最高人民法院最高人民法院关于审理船舶碰撞和触碰案件财产损害赔关于审理船舶碰撞和触碰案件财产损害赔偿的规定偿的规定，“船舶碰撞在海上或者与海相通的可航水域，两船舶碰撞在海上或者与海相通的可航水域，两艘或者两艘以上的船舶之间发生接触或者没有直接接触，造成艘或者两艘以上的船舶之间发生接触或者没有直接接触，造成财产损害的事故。财产损害的事故。” Constitutive requirements： （1）a collision must occurs between vessels and ex parte must be sea-going vessels （2）a collision m

7、ust be arising from the touching of ships at sea or in other navigable waters adjacent thereto （3）a collision must have harmful consequences （4）indirect collision must be caused by negligence2. Three sorts of collision of ships 2.1 Fault of crew collision cause: fault of steering (or: steering fault

8、) ill management (or: misadministration; mismanagement) badness of maintenance The type of the fault: a. collision of unilateral fault b. collision of bilateral fault c. collision of multipartite fault 2.2 No-fault of crew collision 2.2.1 collision due to vis major 2.2.2 collision due to contingency

9、 (or: fortuitous accident; misadventure) 2.2.3 collision due to unclear cause 2.3 Fault of pilot collision 案情简介案情简介 下列碰撞事故皆与船员过失无关，那么究竟因何所致呢？下列碰撞事故皆与船员过失无关，那么究竟因何所致呢？ 设若设若1 A1 A船为避台风而停泊于港内，并加固缆绳及抛锚船为避台风而停泊于港内，并加固缆绳及抛锚以做好一切防御准备，然台风来势太猛，锚链、缆绳均被吹断以做好一切防御准备，然台风来势太猛，锚链、缆绳均被吹断而走锚（即被吹走），后与停泊之而走锚（即被吹走），后与停泊

10、之B B船碰撞。船碰撞。 设若设若2 2 甲船为了避免与乙船相碰而立即倒车，但由于活甲船为了避免与乙船相碰而立即倒车，但由于活塞突然失灵而使倒车未能成功，结果与乙船相撞。后经查明，塞突然失灵而使倒车未能成功，结果与乙船相撞。后经查明，甲船船员已恪尽职责，即对活塞已进行过合理的检查和维修，甲船船员已恪尽职责，即对活塞已进行过合理的检查和维修，但仍未发现任何缺陷。但仍未发现任何缺陷。 设若设若3 3 在一个风平浪静、能见度极好的白日里，两船竟在一个风平浪静、能见度极好的白日里，两船竟莫名其妙地相撞后沉没，船员全部遇难，究系何方之责任亦无莫名其妙地相撞后沉没，船员全部遇难，究系何方之责任亦无从查清。

11、从查清。 法律规定法律规定 1. Article 167 Neither of the parties shall be liable to the other if the collision is caused by force majeure or other causes not attributable to the fault of either party or if the cause thereof is left in doubt. 海商法第海商法第167167条条 船舶发生碰撞，是由于不可抗力或船舶发生碰撞，是由于不可抗力或者其他不能归责于任何一方的原因或者无法查明的原因

12、造成的，者其他不能归责于任何一方的原因或者无法查明的原因造成的，碰撞各方互相不负赔偿责任。碰撞各方互相不负赔偿责任。 2. Article 2 of the 1910 Brussels Convention If the collision is accidental, if it is caused by force majeure, or if the cause of the collision is left in doubt, the damages are borne by those who have suffered them. 如果碰撞的发生是出于意外事故，或者出于不可抗力，

13、或如果碰撞的发生是出于意外事故，或者出于不可抗力，或者出于碰撞原因不明，其损害应由受损方自负。者出于碰撞原因不明，其损害应由受损方自负。 This provision is applicable notwithstanding the fact that the vessels, or any one of them, may be at anchor (or otherwise made fast)at the time of the casualty. 即使在发生碰撞时，有关的船舶或其中之一是处于锚即使在发生碰撞时，有关的船舶或其中之一是处于锚泊（或以其他方式系泊）状态，本条规定亦得适用。

14、泊（或以其他方式系泊）状态，本条规定亦得适用。 3. Principles for liabilities of the colliding vessels 3.1 Principle of self-responsibility for loss Article 2 of the 1910 Brussels Convention If the collision is accidental, if it is caused by force majeure, or if the cause of the collision is left in doubt, the damages are

15、borne by those who have suffered them. This provision is applicable notwithstanding the fact that the vessels, or any one of them, may be at anchor (or otherwise made fast)at the time of the casualty. 如果碰撞的发生是出于意外事故，或者出于不可抗力，或如果碰撞的发生是出于意外事故，或者出于不可抗力，或者出于碰撞原因不明，其损害应由受损方自负。即使在发生者出于碰撞原因不明，其损害应由受损方自负。即使

16、在发生碰撞时，有关的船舶或其中之一是处于锚泊（或以其他方式碰撞时，有关的船舶或其中之一是处于锚泊（或以其他方式系泊）状态，本条规定亦得适用。系泊）状态，本条规定亦得适用。 Article 167 of Chinese Maritime Law provides, “ Neither of the parties shall be liable to the other if the collision is caused by force majeure or other causes not attributable to the fault of either party or if th

17、e cause thereof is left in doubt. ” 船舶发生碰撞，是由于不可抗力或者其他不能归责于任船舶发生碰撞，是由于不可抗力或者其他不能归责于任何一方的原因或者无法查明的原因造成的，碰撞各方互相不何一方的原因或者无法查明的原因造成的，碰撞各方互相不负赔偿责任。负赔偿责任。 3.2 Principle of unilateral liability Article 3 of the 1910 Brussels Convention If the collision is caused by the fault of one of the vessels, liabilit

18、y to make good the damages attaches to the one which has committed the fault. 碰撞公约第碰撞公约第3 3条规定：条规定：“如果碰撞是由于一艘船舶的过如果碰撞是由于一艘船舶的过失所引起，损害赔偿的责任便应由该艘过失船舶承担。失所引起，损害赔偿的责任便应由该艘过失船舶承担。” Article 168 of Chinese Maritime Law provides, “ If the collision is caused by the fault of one of the ships, the one in faul

19、t shall be liable therefor. ” 我国海商法第我国海商法第168168条规定，条规定，“船舶发生碰撞，是由于一船船舶发生碰撞，是由于一船的过失造成的，由有过失的船舶负赔偿责任。的过失造成的，由有过失的船舶负赔偿责任。” 3.3 Principle of proportional fault 所谓所谓“比例过失比例过失”是指对互有过失的船舶碰撞当是指对互有过失的船舶碰撞当事方，按各自所犯的过失程度来分担碰撞损害。但事方，按各自所犯的过失程度来分担碰撞损害。但在各方过失程度相当，或过失程度比例无法判定的在各方过失程度相当，或过失程度比例无法判定的情况下，则平均分担原则仍然

20、适用。情况下，则平均分担原则仍然适用。 Article 169(1) of Chinese Maritime Law provides, “ If the colliding ships are all in fault, each ship shall be liable in proportion to the extent of its fault; if the respective faults are equal in proportion or it is impossible to determine the extent of the proportion of the re

21、spective faults, the liability of the colliding ships shall be apportioned equally.” 我国我国海商法海商法第第169169条第条第1 1款规定：款规定：“船舶发生碰撞，碰船舶发生碰撞，碰撞的船舶互有过失的，各船按照过失程度的比例负赔偿责任；撞的船舶互有过失的，各船按照过失程度的比例负赔偿责任；过失程度相当或者过失程度的比例无法判定的，平均负赔偿责过失程度相当或者过失程度的比例无法判定的，平均负赔偿责任。任。” 3.4 Principle of joint and several liability Articl

22、e 4(2) of the 1910 Brussels Convention The damages caused, either to the vessels or to their cargoes or to the effects or other property of the crews, passengers, or other persons on board, are borne by the vessels in fault in the above proportion, and even to third parties a vessel is not liable fo

23、r mort than such proportion of such damage. Article 169(2) of Chinese Maritime Law provides, “The ships in fault shall be liable for the damage to the ship, the goods and other property on board pursuant to the proportions prescribed in the preceding paragraph. Where damage is caused to the property

24、 of a third party, the liability for compensation of any of the colliding ships shall not exceed the proportion it shall bear.” 互有过失的的船舶，对碰撞造成的船舶以及船上货物和互有过失的的船舶，对碰撞造成的船舶以及船上货物和其他财产的损失，依照前款规定的比例负赔偿责任。碰撞造其他财产的损失，依照前款规定的比例负赔偿责任。碰撞造成第三人财产损失的，各船的赔偿责任均不超过其应当承担成第三人财产损失的，各船的赔偿责任均不超过其应当承担的比例。的比例。 Article 169(3) of Chinese Maritime