新能源技术的发展

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11、摘要：我国石油和天然气资源比较贫乏，是一个以煤炭为主要能源资源的国家，环境保护形势严峻。开发利用太阳能、风能、氢能、生物质能、地热能、海洋能等新型绿色能源和可再生能源，是我国长期的能源发展的战略重点。本文主要介绍了能源和新能源的概述及特点，以及新能源和可再生能源发电的现状和发展，并论述了开发和利用新能源发电技术的途径和我国近期应该注重的发展目标。关键词：能源新能源和可再生能源技术发电发展0引言人类社会的发展离不开能源，能源是人类社会不断向前发展的重要物质基础。能源与新材料、生物技术、信息技术、一起构成了文明社会的四大支柱。能源是推动社会发展和经济进步的主要物质基础，能源技术的每次进步都带动了人

12、类社会的发展。随着煤炭、石油和天然气等化石燃料资源面临不可再生的消耗和生态环境保护的需要，新能源的开发将促进世界能源结构的转变，新能源技术的日臻成熟将带来产业领域的革命性变化。1 .能源与新能源概述能源可简称为含有能量的资源，或者说能够向人们提供能量的自然资源，就叫能源。1.11.1 能源的分类.1 一次能源与二次能源一次能源一次能源是在自然界中现成存在的能源，也就是从自然界直接取得、不改变其基本形态的能源。表 2-12-1 一次能源分类类别RJRJ 再生能源不 nJnJ 再生能源来自地球以外的能源太阳能、风能、水能、海洋能、海流动能、波浪动能、生物燃料（雷电能） （宇宙射能

13、）无烟煤、 烟煤、 褐煤、 泥煤、石煤、原油、天然气、油页岩、油沙来自地球内的能源地热能（火山能）、地震能核燃料来自天体与地球相互作用的能源潮汐能二次能源二次能源是一次能源经过加工、转换成另一种形态的能源，主要有电力、焦炭、煤气、蒸汽、热水，以及汽油、煤油、柴油、重,mHelo!inlierLi_tlIeS.amHelo!inlierLi_tlIeS.ah hineineoffoumuapeoffoumuapenianias s.”,.”- -inineuanayeuanayofIe_netsiofIe_netsi.“! !.meas.meas*onlealofm,cmonlealofm,cm

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23、mpleeteunieneg，-ns-nsptpt-tivel-tivel，oneortwoaoneortwoa如：温差发电、热离子发电和磁流体发电等。.2 太阳能热发电原理太阳能热发电是利用集热器将太阳辐射能转换为热能，再通过热力循环进行发电。热源采用太阳能向蒸发器供热，工质（通常是水）在蒸发器中蒸发为蒸汽并过热，进入透平，通过喷管加速后驱动叶轮旋转，带动发电机实现发电。离开透平的工质成为饱和蒸汽，进入冷凝器后向冷却介质释放潜热，凝结为液体工质并重新回到蒸发器中循环使用。.3 太阳能热发电系统太阳能热发电系统包括：集热系统、热传输系统、蓄热与热交换系统、气轮机

24、发电系统。它的功能是把太阳光反射、集中并能变成热能，再把热能储存和转变成高温水蒸气，实现蓄热和热交换。目前，世界上的太阳能热发电系统主要有四类：塔式电站、碟式电站、槽式电站和太阳能烟囱。在此，就不详细介绍啦了。3 .风能技术风是一种最常见的自然现象，是一种自然资源。也可以说是取之不尽、用之不竭的清洁能源。有人估计过，地球上的风能是个惊人的数字，它相当于目前全世界能源总耗量的 100100 倍，这个数字相当于 1.081.08 万亿吨煤蕴藏的能量。据估计，太阳给地球的辐射热量约有 2 2 啾转换为风能了。3.13.1 风能的特点3优点：风能是可再生能源，取之不尽、用之不竭；一般来说，在偏远山区、

25、海滨、居民分散的无电或少电地区，风能资源比较丰富，值得开发利用；开发利用风能，不污染环境，不影响生态平衡；把风能转换问机械能，办法比较简单，容易实现。缺点：不稳定，风能随季节、昼夜变化，当小风或无风时还想利用它，则涉及能量储存问题，需要储能设备；密度低，风能的密度比较低，空气的密度约为水的 1/800,1/800,要想获得较大的功率，势必把风力机的风轮做的很大；地区差异大，风能受地形地貌的影响大，即使在同一个区域，有利地形处的风力往往是不利地形处的几倍乃至更多。3.23.2 风力发电技术风力发电技术是指：把风能转变为电能的技术。通过风力发电机实现，利用风力带动风车叶片旋转，再透过增速机将旋转的

26、速度提升，来促使发电机发电。.1 风力发电原理风力发电机一般有风轮、发电机（包括装置）、调向器（尾翼）、塔架、限速安全机构和储能装置等构件组成。 风力发电机的工作原理比较简单， 风轮在风力的作用下旋转， 它把风的动能转变为风轮轴的机械能。 发电机在风轮轴的带动下旋转发电。风轮是集风装置，它的作用是把流动空气具有的动能转变为风轮旋转的机械能。一般风力发电机的风轮由 2 2 个或 3 3 个叶片构成。在风力发电机中，已采用的发电机有 3 3 种，即直流发电机、同步交流发电机和异步交流发电机。风力发电机中调向器的功能是使风力发电机的风轮随时都迎着风向，从而能最大限度地获取风能。3.2

27、.23.2.2 风力发电的发展风力发电正在世界上形成一股热潮，因为风力发电没有燃料问题，也,mHelo!inlierLi_tlIeS.,mHelo!inlierLi_tlIeS.、h hineineoffoumuapeoffoumuapenianias s.”,.”- -inineuanayeuanayofIe_netsiofIe_netsi.“! !.meas.meas*onlealofm,cm*onlealofm,cm”, ,-orkftienorkftieni iby,frby,fr-一”.I,I,!ba-ia|ba-ia|.power.aspower.as“partIgeapartIg

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