信贷融资的多个自变量考察

1、 信贷融资的多个自变量考察中国原有银行体制的最大弊端在于：一是银行浓厚的国有背景和政府信用对银行业系统性风险损失的隐含担保，在过去较长时期内助长了银行业的恶性竞争，既高息揽存，又低息放贷，而且产生了各种扭曲行为，银行可以不问资质资信贷款，企业可以不管自己的还款能力借钱，银行涉及信贷业务的违法违规行为、企业恶意逃废债行为一时泛滥。二是所有者主体虚位，银行管理层（代理人）越位或不到位，董事长或行长不对银行经营好坏直接负责，权责严重不对称。“内部人控制”、“一把手加一支笔”、内部风险控制不到位的银行管理现状是产生众多腐败的潜规则和巨额不良资产的根源。Malpractice lies in: the

2、largest Chinese bank system of the original is strong background of state-owned bank and implicit guarantee of government credit loss of banking systemic risk, in the past a long period of time encouraged the malign competition of banking industry, both high-yielding LanCun, low-interest loans, and

3、produced all kinds of distortions, Banks can ask qualification credit loans, companies can borrow money regardless of their ability to repay, the Banks involved in credit business of malicious violation behavior, enterprise widespread enforcement behavior for the moment. A subject in the second is t

4、he owner, the bank management (agent) offside or does not reach the designated position, chairman of the board of directors or President responsible for bank business direct, serious asymmetric accrual. Insider control, head and a pen, the bank management current situation of internal risk control d

5、oes not reach the designated position is to produce many corrupt rules and the root causes of the huge non-performing assets. 可以说，国内银行业在过去很长一段时期内没有真正意义的银行管理，只有套用行政管理体系下的服从。制度不是没有，是没用。据统计，我国银行融资比例长期以来远远高于股权融资比例，股权融资相较于银行融资的比例2002年为12%。2004年不到4%。银行融资比例过高，使得金融风险过于集中于银行，同时在我国银行国有背景浓厚的前提下，更容易滋生各种各样的利益输送和

6、寻租行为。The domestic banking sector, as it were, in the past for a long period of time has no real bank management, only to the administrative management system compliance. System is not without, is useless. According to statistics, Chinas bank financing rate is much higher than equity financing for a

7、long time, and equity financing compared with the proportion of bank funding in 2002 to 12%. Less than 4% in 2004. The ratio of bank financing is too high, making the financial risk concentration in banking, at the same time, state-owned Banks in China under the premise of strong background, are mor

8、e likely to cause the interests of the various transport and rent-seeking behavior. 部分国人不是把制度作为习惯，而是把习惯、人情作为制度和为人处世的“潜规则”。部分国人责任意识与公共意识的缺乏，也在一定程度上解释了为什么银行不敢放贷而民间借贷行为盛行。中国人常常有惊人的容忍错误的毅力，而缺乏追究错误的观念。面对身边不合理的事不敢说，因为说了怕遭排挤、打击和报复。南海华光案件涉案发生额上百亿元，上至总行下至支行、行内行外几百号人涉案，在前后四年多的时间内，居然成铁板一块，外面没人发现，里面没人举报反映，发人深思。

9、这几年，强化监管和社会监督，为什么“事情”反而多了，其实“事情”早就潜伏着，以前没人敢说，现在捂不住了。Some people is not the system as a habit, but the habit, human feelings and human behavior as a system of hidden rules. Some people responsibility consciousness and the lack of public awareness, and to some extent, explain why the Banks do not lend

10、 and folk lending practices. Chinese often has a remarkable tolerance error of perseverance, and the lack of hold wrong ideas. In the face of unreasonable things around dare not say, because said fear overwhelmed by crowding out, and revenge. Nanhai hua guang billions of yuan, for cases involving am

11、ount up to the head office branch, x line several hundred people, involved in the before and after more than four years time, unexpectedly into a piece of iron plate, no one found outside, inside nobody report reflect, thought-provoking. Why in recent years, strengthen supervision and social supervi

12、sion, instead of things, but things have lurking, nobody dare to say before, now the wu. 信贷流程控制是指银行创造性运用信息技术成果，从信贷业务流程再造人手，控制和推动信贷管理再造，以创造良好的控制环境，便于信贷业务各相关部门或人员，以高技术含量的信贷业务流程为载体，通过细化了的信贷管理制度、操作程序和具体的管理手段等对信贷业务活动、信贷信息流和资金流进行组织、督导和约束，为信贷管理的效率效果、流程成本管理、信贷风险防范等目标的达成而提供合理保证的过程。该理论的核心思想是：通过再造，建立一个以流程为中心的信

13、贷管理新体系，所有信贷管理活动通过流程实现“过程控制”。 根据这一定义，结合控制论的一般原理，可以从以下几个方面来理解信贷流程控制论。（1）信息技术及其理念指导是基础和前提。首先，信息技术创新使流程再造成为可能，从而使建立一个以流程为中心的信贷管理新体系成为可能。其次，信息技术成果的创造性运用能够使流程精简管理层次与中间环节、快速反应、系统高效，同时对管理活动具备“硬约束”能力，从而实现满意的“过程控制”。（2）涉及两方面的控制对象：一是控制再造的框架内容和基调，信贷业务流程再造是信贷管理再造的核心使命，信贷管理再造的其他内容基本围绕或配合信贷业务流程再造而展开；二是控制日常管理活动，体现“过

14、程方法”的原则。（3）控制目标主要包括：再造管理和日常管理的效率效果、流程成本管理、信贷风险防范。（4）强调成本效益原则。（5）突出“人”的重要性。所有的控制都是针对“人”而设立和实施的。因此，银行应当充分重视广大员工在控制活动中的重要作用，采取有效措施激励广大员工的工作积极性，尽量降低再造成本和管理运作成本，保证以合理的控制成本达到满意的控制效果。Credit process control is to point to a bank, creative use of information technology results in the credit business process

15、reengineering, control and promote the credit management reengineering, in order to create a good control environment, facilitate credit all relevant departments or personnel, with high technical content of the credit business process as the carrier, through the elaboration of the credit management

16、system, operating procedures and specific management methods on credit business, credit information flow and cash flow in organization, supervision and restriction, to the efficiency of credit management effect, process cost management, credit risk prevention of the achievement of goals and to provi

17、de reasonable assurance process. Thought is the core of this theory: through reengineering, to build a process-centric new credit management system, all credit management activities through the process to achieve process control. According to this definition, combined with the general principles of

18、cybernetics, can from the following several aspects to understand the credit flow control theory. (1) information technology and its philosophy is the foundation and premise. First of all, process reengineering, made possible by information technology innovation, to build a process-centric new credi

19、t management system. Second, results the innovative use of information technology could streamlining management level and the intermediate links, rapid response, system efficiency, at the same time to have the ability to hard constraints and management activities to achieve satisfactory process cont

20、rol. (2) relating to the control object of two aspects: one is to control reproduction content and tone, and the framework of the credit business process reengineering is the core mission of credit management, credit management reengineering of other content basic revolves around or cooperate with c

21、redit business process reengineering; 2 it is to control the daily management activities, embodies the principle of process approach. (3) control objectives include: the efficiency of management and daily management, processes, cost management, credit risk prevention effect. (4) emphasizes the cost-

22、benefit principle. (5) highlights the importance of people. All the control is in view of the people and set up and implement. Therefore, Banks should fully pay more attention to the important role of the staff in the control activities, and take effective measures to motivate the staffs working ent

23、husiasm, try to reduce the engineering cost and management cost, ensure the reasonable cost control to achieve satisfactory control effect. 二、信贷流程控制实施的基本框架Second, the basic framework of credit process control implementation （一）以信贷业务流程再造为抓手，推动信贷管理再造(a) to the credit business process reengineering as

24、the gripper, promote credit management reengineering 首先，对信贷业务流程进行彻底的再设计是实施信贷流程控制最为关键的一步。信贷业务流程再造的目标是：以信息技术为依托，实现业务流程的科学化、电子化和智能化，操作流程的中心化，最终实现信贷管理的集中化、集成化。操作策略是：把信息技术理念贯穿于再造的全过程；多维度认识和构造信贷业务流程；以客户价值为导向，构造增值型业务流程；寻求客户和管理者等利益相关者的利益平衡；创造性应用信息技术，实现信贷管理的规范化、集成化改造。First of all, a thorough redesign of cred

25、it business process is the most key step in the implementation of the credit process control. Credit business process reengineering goal is: relying on information technology, implementation of scientific, digital and intelligent business processes, the operation process of centralized, finally real

26、izes the centralization of the credit management, integration. Operating strategy is: the concept of information technology throughout the course of reconstruction; Multi-dimensional understanding and the structure of credit business process; Customer value oriented, structure of value-added busines

27、s processes; Looking for customers and managers and other stakeholders interests balance; Creative application of information technology, to realize the standardization of the credit management, integration. 其次，围绕或配合信贷业务流程再造，对信贷组织结构再造、成本管理制度转型、定价策略调整、业务外包与战略联盟、重塑银行的信贷文化、人力资源管理吊车再造以及客户关系管理再造等相关领域进行系统

28、研究，推动信贷管理再造的全面完成，为信贷流程控制营造良好的控制环境。Second, around or cooperate with credit business process reengineering, the credit organization structure reengineering, cost management system transformation, the pricing strategy adjustment, outsourcing and strategic alliance, and reshape the banks credit culture,

29、 human resources management reengineering and customer relationship management reengineering system research on the related areas such as, promote complete credit management, to create a good control environment for credit process control. 完成再造后的信贷管理体系，必须具备科学高效的控制政策和程序，具体而言，至少满足以下条件：一是信贷管理信息系统首先应能确保

30、信贷业务活动中每个相关部门或人员均清楚地知道其所承担的特定职责，都必须了解信贷管理制度、塑料土工格栅控制程序的有关方面，这些方面如何生效以及在控制制度中所扮演的角色、所担负的责任以及所负责的活动怎样与其他部门其他人的工作发生关联等。二是针对贷前调查、客户信息录入、客户信用评级、贷款审批、核保、贷后检查等流程作业环节的关键控制点设立良好的控制机制。三是针对银行内外部与信贷业务相关的各种风险，主要包括操作风险、信用风险和市场风险，以及道德风险和逆向选择等，银行在流程作业环节设立了可辨认、分析和管理的机制，并能够适时加以处理。四是当银行内外部环境发生显著变化时，信贷流程控制的风险状况往往容易恶化，银

31、行已制定措施加强对控制环境改变时的流程管理。After completion of reengineering the credit management system, and must have a scientific and effective control policies and procedures, in particular, at least meet the following conditions: first one is the credit management information system should be able to ensure that e

32、very relevant departments or personnel in the credit business activities are clearly know their specific responsibilities, all must understand the relevant aspects of credit management system, control program, how effective these aspects, and in the control system of the responsibilities of role, as

33、 well as how other peoples work with other departments responsible for the activities of the association, etc. 2 it is on loan before the survey, customer information input, the customer credit rating, loan approval, underwriting, post-loan inspection etc. The key control points of process link to s

34、et up good control mechanism. Three is for bank internal and external risks associated with credit business, mainly including operational risk, credit risk and market risk, as well as moral hazard and adverse selection, such as Banks in process link identifiable, analysis, and has set up a managemen

35、t mechanism, and can timely processing. Four is changed significantly when the bank internal and external environment, the risk of the credit process control are often easy to deteriorate, the bank has set measures to strengthen the process management of control environment changes. （二）设计信贷流程控制模型(2)

36、 design credit process control model 信贷流程控制模型设计的基本思路是：依托信息技术，体现“以客户为中心”、精简管理层次与中间环节、快速反应、系统高效同步办理和管理业务的基本原则；以总分行制为例，根据“管一级、监控两级”的原则，总行设立信贷中心，直接隶属于董事会下的风险控制委员会，由风控会授权运作，在全国分片区设立若干信贷分中心，每个分中心根据中心的区别授权负责处理一个或多个分行的信贷业务，信贷（分）中心实行首席信贷评审官负责制，下按客户和业务风险分类设立低风险、中风险、高风险类别流程小组；建立全行联网的客户数据库和信贷管理信息系统，且数据来源惟一，信息资源

37、共享；实行全行统一的客户信用评级系统和客户关系管理系统。该模型以信贷业务流程再设计模型为蓝本。Credit process control model design basic idea is: based on information technology, take the customer as center, streamline management level and the intermediate links, rapid response, efficient synchronous system deals with the basic principles of busi

38、ness and management; ZongFenHang system, for example, according to the principle of tube level, monitoring, two-stage, head office set up credit center, directly affiliated to the risk control committee of the board of directors, authorized by the risk-control will operate, sharding areas across the

39、 country, establish credit sub-center, each branch is authorized by center difference handles one or more branches of credit business, credit (points) center, chief credit adjudicator shall assume overall responsibility for the risk according to the customer and the establishment of low business ris

40、k classification, risk, high risk categories in the process group; He connected to the customer database and build the credit management information system, and the unique data source, information resource sharing; He unified customer credit rating system and implement customer relationship manageme

41、nt (CRM) system. The model in order to redesign the business process model based on credit. （三）加强信贷流程控制的内部监督(3) strengthen the internal supervision of the credit process control 在信贷流程控制的监督过程中，有两项职能发挥着重要作用。（1）内部审计。内部审计应该成为监督信贷流程控制的主要力量。通过审计，不仅要 检查监督银行信贷流程控制的政策和程序是否被执 行，还应该帮助银行进行“软控制”环境的营造，成 为信贷流程控制过程

42、设计的顾问，建议银行管理层 建立一种健康积极的银行文化和信贷文化，使员工 能自觉把办事准确和职业道德放在首位。（2）控制 绩效自我评估。每个银行定期或不定期地对自己的 信贷流程控制系统进行评估，评估信贷流程控制的 有效性及其实施的效率效果，以期能更好地达成流 程控制的目标。自我评估的目的是使信贷业务相关 部门或成员了解信贷流程哪里存有缺陷以及可能引 致的后果，然后自己采取行动改进这种状况，而不是坐等内部审计人员的审核。In the process of the supervision of the credit process control, there are two functions

43、play an important role. (1) internal audit. Internal audit should become the main force of credit supervision and process control. Through the audit, not only to check whether supervise the process of bank credit control policies and procedures is of lines, should also help Banks to build environmen

44、t for soft control, as the credit flow control process design consultant, suggests Banks management to establish a health and positive culture and credit culture, make employees can consciously to do accurate and professional ethics in the first place. (2) control performance self-assessment. Each b

45、ank regularly or not regularly to evaluate their credit process control system, evaluate the validity of the credit process control and its implementation efficiency effect, in order to better to achieve the target of process control. Self assessment is designed to make credit business relevant depa

46、rtments or members know where credit process defect and may lead to consequences, and take action to improve this situation, instead of waiting for internal auditors review. （四）实行控制绩效的自我评估(4) implements the control performance of the self assessment 1.构造控制绩效分析函数。控制绩效分析基于这样的前提，即控制整体收益可以表示为若干绩效评价指标的函数

47、，用p表示控制收益，c表示成本，t 表示流程周转时间，s表示客户满意度，q表示信贷 资产质量（不良率），“”表示其他绩效评价指标，除了前四者为必选指标外，具体分析时其他评价指标由分析人员根据具体情况确定。控制绩效分析函数用公式表示如下：1. The structural analysis function control performance. Control performance analysis based on the premise that control the overall yield can be expressed as a function of number of

48、performance evaluation indicators, expressed in p control gains, said c costs, turnaround time t said process, s for customer satisfaction, q means quality of credit assets (defective rate), . Said other performance evaluation refers to the standard, in addition to will be selected for the first fou

49、r indicators, specific analysis of other evaluation index by analyzing personnel according to the specific circumstances to determine. Control performance analysis function is expressed in formula is as follows: p=f（c，t，s，q）P = f (t, c, s, q.) 建立了绩效分析函数之后，对控制收益的分析 就变成了对c、t、s、q等多个自变量的分析。Performance analysis function is established, after analysis of the control gains becomes the c, t, s, q, etc. The analysis of the multiple independent variables. 2.信贷流程控制绩效分析。（1）单个自变量的 考察。以单独考察成本变量为例。假设信贷流程的目 标成本为c01，控制的实际成本为c1，那么，若c01 c1，则f（c）0，这说明控制是有效的；若c01 c1，则f（c） c1, the f (c) 0, it is given to i