牙体牙髓病学_英文试题..

1、一、选择题牙体牙髓病学英文试题161. 对牙髓最具有破坏性的是A.Nd激光C.红激光E.牙髓活力电测定仪2. 感染根管常见的优势菌不包括A.普氏菌c.gH细菌E.梭形杆菌3. 备洞时易损伤牙髓的因素不包括A.施力大C.持续常时间钻磨A.普氏菌C.G+细菌E.梭形杆菌5. 判断牙髓活力最可靠的检查方法是A.热诊C.牙髓活力电测定E.X线检查6. 诊断残髓炎最准确的依据是A.叩诊C.病史E.探查治疗后根管有痛觉7. 急性根尖周脓肿最佳的排脓途径A.从牙周间隙排脓C.经根管从龋洞排脓E.以上都不对8. 感染侵入牙髓组织的途径A.深龋C.深牙周袋E.以上都有可能9. 根尖周炎疼痛最剧烈的阶段是A.粘膜

2、下脓肿期C.浆液期E.痿管形成期10. 上颌第一磨牙的根管形态特点是:CB.C02激光D.光固化灯CB.放线菌D.真杆菌BB. 用冷却剂D.制备深的窝洞E.不用冷却剂4. 与顽固性根尖周病变和窦道经久不愈可能有关的细菌为BB.放线菌D.真杆菌DB.冷诊D.试验性备洞EB. 牙髓活力测试D.症状CB. 从颊、舌侧粘膜或皮肤排出D.从上颌窦或鼻腔排脓EB. 深牙隐裂D.重度磨耗BB. 骨膜下脓肿期D.根尖脓肿期CA.B.C.D.E.多数是2根管,多数是3根管,多数是4根管,多数是4根管,多数是4根管,即1个颊根管和1个腭根管即1个近颊、即2个近颊、即1个近颊、即1个近颊、1个远颊和1个腭根管1个远

3、颊和1个腭根管2个远颊和1个腭根管1个远颊和2个腭根管11. 15号标准根管锉的锉尖直径和刃部末端直径分别是:A. O.IOmm和0.47mmC. 0.15mm和0.45mmE.以上都不对12. 弯曲根管预备的常见并发症是：A.根管台阶C. 牙周组织坏死E.误戏和误咽13. 根管预备的工作长度是指：A.牙的实际长度C. 从牙冠参照点到解剖根尖孔E.从牙冠参照点到距生理根尖孔0.51mm14. 根管成形的标准是：A. 根管比原来直径至少扩大3个器械号B. 根尖预备到20号标准器械C. 根管内无大量渗出D. 根管冲洗无混浊液体E. 根管内无严重气味15. 下列哪一项不是牙髓切断术的潜在并发症:A.

4、根髓感染C.内吸收B.O.IOmm和0.45mmD. 0.15mm和0.47mmAB.药物性根尖周炎D. 皮下气肿DB.从牙冠参照点到牙本质牙釉质界D. 从牙冠参照点到生理根尖孔AEB.根管钙化D.牙髓坏死E. 髓室穿孔16. 下列哪一项描述不是玻璃离子粘固剂修复术窝洞预备的特点（）A. 玻璃离子粘固剂与牙体组织有化学粘接，对固位形的要求可放宽B. 不必作倒凹、鸠尾等固位形C. 去除龋坏牙本质，必须作预防性扩展D. 窝洞的点、线角圆钝E. 洞缘釉质不作斜面17. 深龋患者激发痛较重，洞底软龋能够彻底去净，治疗方法应选择（）A.双层垫底，一次完成充填治疗B. 局麻下开髓失活，行牙髓治疗C. 先做

5、安抚治疗，待12周复诊时症状消除后，再以双层垫底充填治疗D. 实行活髓切断术E.间接盖髓、双层垫底，一次完成充填治疗18. 临床上不易査出的继发龋可用下列哪些方法帮助诊断（）A.探诊B.温度测验C.X线D.染色法E.麻醉法19. 深龋备洞时，下列哪项措施是错误的（）A.洞底平、侧壁直，两相垂直B.去尽腐质C.保护牙髓D.洞缘线圆钝E. 尽量保留健康牙体组织20. 复合树脂充填后脱落的原因如下，除了（）A.制备了固位形B.牙齿表面未注意清洁C.酸蚀后的牙面接触唾液D.未制备洞斜面E.充填体过薄下列哪项不是窝洞的基本固位形（）A.侧壁固位B.钉道固位C.倒凹固位D.鸠尾固位E.梯形固位制备倒凹是为

6、了：（）A.获得良好的抗力形C.便于垫底B.获得良好的固位形D.便于充填E.便于放置盖髓剂V类洞充填备洞时，要求：（）A.适当的固位形B.严格的抗力形C.必须做鸠尾D.口小底大E.底平壁直右下颌第一恒磨牙颊面龋洞破坏越过边缘嵴至咬合面窝沟是：（）A.I类洞B.II类洞C.III类洞D.IV类洞E.V类洞垫底的部位为：（）A.仅在髓壁C.仅在侧壁B.仅在轴壁D.仅在髓壁和轴壁E.任何壁均可垫下列说法正确的是A. 男性患龋率略高于女性B. 龋病流行率主要随社会经济模式而变化C. 龋病流行模式依靠地理环境而改变D. 遗传因素对龋病的发生和发展产生重要的影响E.环境因素对龋病的发生和发展无影响釉质龋损

7、害的4个区不包括A.坏死区B.透明带C.暗带D.损害体部E.釉质表面层牙本质龋损在光镜下可看到微生物渗透至牙本质小管的区域是A.坏死区B.感染层C.牙本质脱矿区E.修复性牙本质层静止龋属于A.急性龋D.硬化区B.慢性龋C.继发龋D.牙釉质龋E.牙骨质龋病程进展快，多数牙在短期内同时患龋的急性龋称为A.湿性龋B.慢性龋C.干性龋D.继发龋E.猛性龋0.31. WhichisthebestwayofpaincontrolforendodontictreatmentALocalanestheticsBDevitalizationCAnalges

8、icsDOcclusalreductionEIncisinganddrainage32. WhichoneisnotthereasonforuseofrubberdamAProtectaspirationorswallowingofinstrumentsorirrigantsBEliminatethedentalfearofpatientsCImprovevisibilityDReducedriskofcross-contaminationELegalconsiderations33. ThefollowingstatementsarecorrectexceptANearlyallcanals

9、exhibitacertaindegreeofcurvature.BTheremaybemorethanonecanalswithinoneroot.CTheapicalforamenusuallyopensattheanatomicalapex.DApicalconstrictionoccursat0.51mmfromtheapicalforamen.ELateralandaccessorycanalsmightbethecauseoftreatmentfailure.34. WhichoneiswrongregardingtheprincipleofaccesscavityAStraigh

10、t-lineaccessBConservationoftoothstructureCUnroofingofthechamberandexposureofpulphornsD.FacialsurfaceofanteriorteethEOcclusalsurfaceofposteriorteeth35. Theadvantagesofgutta-perchaasafillingmaterialareAItiscompactibleandadaptsexcellentlytotheirregularitiesandcontourofthecanalBItisradiopaqueCItcanbeeas

11、ilyremovedfromthecanalwhennecessaryDItcanbesoftenedandmadeplasticbyheatorbyorganicsolventsEAlloftheabove36. Whichoneisincorrectaboutthecriteriaoftherootcanalisreadytobefilledafterthecompletionofrootcanalcleaningandshaping?AThetoothisasymptomatic.BThecanaliswet.CThereisnosinustract.DThereisnofoulodor

12、.EThetemporaryfillingisintact37. Whichoneisnotthepathwaysofpulpalandperiapicalinfections?ADentinaltubulesBPulpexposureCGingivalDPeriodontalligamentEAnachoresis38. Tug-backisachievedandthecanalisreadyforfillingAWhenthegutta-perchahasextendedbeyondtheapexBWhenthegutta-perchaiseasilyremovedfromtherootc

13、analCWhenthegutta-perchaplacedtoapicalconstrictionexhibitsresistanceonremovalDAftercementationENoneofabove39. MostrootcanalinfectionsinvolveAasingleobligateanaerobicspeciesBmultipleanaerobicspeciesonlyCmixedaerobicandanaerobicmicroorganismsDmultipleaerobicspeciesonlyEnoneofabove40. Anabnormallyshape

14、dtooththatmayappearasanextrawidecrown,anormalcrownwithanextraroot,orothercombinationsresultingfromtheunionoftwoadjacenttoothgermsbydentinduringdevelopmentiscalledAfusedteethBconcresenceofteethCgeminatedteethDdilacerationsoftoothEtaurodontism41. Whichisn'tthe-operativetreatmentofdentalcariesinthe

15、following?AapplicationoffluorideBapplicationofAPFgelCremineralizativetherapyDenameloplastyEpitandfissuresealing42. Whichisnottheaimofoperativetherapyonthedentalcariesmanagement?AToremoveinfecteddentineandprohibitcariesBToprotectthepulpandavoidpainCToenhancethestrengthofthetoothDTofacilitateplaquecon

16、trolETorestoretheappearance(ofteeth)anditsfunction43. WhichisthebeststatementaboutresistanceformAResistanceformisthedesignofacavityinsuchawaythattheremainingtoothsubstanceandtherestorativematerialcanwithstandmasticatorystressBThebulkrequiredwilldependontheflexuralstrengthofrestorativematerial.Inthec

17、aseofamalgamitisestimatedthataminimumof1.5-2mmthicknessoftherestorativematerialisrequiredtowithstandmasticatorystressCIfamarginalridgeisfoundtobetooweakinthecauseofanocclusalcavitypreparation,aClassIIcavitymayhavetobepreparedinstead,soastoeliminatetheweakmarginalridge.Thisisparticularlyindicatedwher

18、etheridgeisonlyofenamelthicknessandunsupportedbysounddentineDThecavityshouldbedesignedthattheocclusalmarginsofthecavityareinareasnotsubjectedtoexcessiveocclusaltrauma,otherwisetheenamelwallofthecavityand/orthemarginsoftherestorativematerialmayfracture.Inpractice,thismaybeachievedbyplacinganocclusalm

19、arginsofacavityaboutone-quarter(1/4)oftheintercuspaldistance.Note,thateffortsshouldalwaysbemadetoconservesoundtoothtissueEAlloftheabove44. Whichisthemostdangerareaoftoothindentalcariesoccurredafteryouhavelearneddentalcaries?APitsandfissuresonocclusalsurfacesofmolarsandpremolarsBApproximalsurfacesofa

20、llteeth.CGingivalthirdsofallteeth,bothonfacialandlingualsurfacesDPitsandfissuresnearthelingualofmaxillaryincisorsandcanines(lingualpits)EPitsandfissuresonthebuccalofmolars45. Whichisnottrueinthefollowingstatementaboutdentalcariesandmicro-organisms?ACariescouldbeinducedbyspecificbacteria,especiallymu

21、tansstreptococci-group(eg.StreptococcusmutansandStrep.sobrinus).BTherearecariesoccurredwhenonlyfedacariogenic(highsucrose)diet.CInthe'60sKeyesinfectedgerm-freeanimalswithknownstrainsofstreptococciandfoundthattheseorganismsweretransferredtouninfectedlittermateswhothenbecamesusceptibletocaries.Het

22、husdemonstratedthatdentalcarieswaspotentiallyinfectiousandtransmissible.DWhentalkingaboutcariogenicmicroorganisms,weoftenrefertoStreptococcusmutans,LactobacillusandActinomyces.EOcclusalcariescouldbepreventedusingpenicillininanimalstudy.46. Theadvantagesglass-ionomercementincludeAhighadhesionproperti

23、esBlowabrasionpropertiesCuseasapermanentrestorationDreductionincariesduetofluoridereleasingpropertiesEalloftheabove47. WhichoneofthestatementsiserrorinretentivepinplacementAbeavoidedbifurcationandtrifurcationareasBparalleltotheexternalsurfaceofthetoothCmanypinholesbebetterplacedindifferentplanesDthe

24、lengthofpinindentineshouldbelongerthanthatofinrestorationEbeinthehardestdentine48. ThereasonsofspontaneouspainaftertoothfillingincludeAmistakenlyjudgetheconditionofpulpBneglectsmallpulpexposureCirritationofmaterialstopulpDresidualcariousdentineEalloftheabove49. Whichofthefollowingisacontra-indicatio

25、ntoendodontictreatmentADiabetesBPregnancyCHIV-infectedpatientsDPatientsufferingfromheartattackwithinpast6monthsECancer50. CentralcuspismostcommoninAmaxillarythesecondpremolarsBmaxillarythefirstpremolarsCmandibularthefirstpremolarsDmandibularthesecondpremolarsEmaxillarythesecondmolars51. Submergeddec

26、iduousteethoccursmostcommoninAprimarymaxillarythesecondmolarsBprimarymaxillarythefirstmolarsCprimarycentralincisorsDprimarymandibularthesecondmolarsEprimarymandibularthefirstmolars52. Inclinicalassessment,whichisnotcorrect?ASpontaneousdiscomfortatnightprovideaclueasthetoothisinflamedBVitalometertest

27、sareveryunreliableCIfthetoothisexcessivelymobile,itmayhaveabnormalrootresorptionDSwellingorwithafistuloustractisindicativeofanecroticpulpENopainhistoryaffirmednoinflammation53. Ifyoumechanicallyexposethemesiobuccalpulphornontheprimarymaxillaryfirstmolar.Thecariouslesiononthemesialanddistalsurfacesis

28、moderate,thetreatmentnowshouldbeAPulpcappingwithCa(OH)2;restorwithsilveramalgamBPulpotomy;restoredwithastainlesssteelcrownCPulpectomy;restoredwithastainlesssteelcrownDPulpcappingwithCa(OH)2;restoredwithastainlesssteelcrownEExtractionandaspacemaintainer54. Thetoothofrootfractureshouldbetreatedwithspl

29、intforA2-3weeksB1-2weeksC3-8weeksD2-3monthsE1-2months55. Inwhichsituationbelowthepulpwouldbeexposed?AEnamelinfractionBEnamelfraciureCEnamel-dentinfractureDComplicatedcrownfractureEUncomplicatedcrown-rootfracture56. WeshouldadvocatearoutinedentalappointmentonorbeforeAtheZERObirthdayBthefirstbirthdayC

30、thesecondbirthdayDthethirdbirthdayEthesixbirthday57. TheorderofsusceptibilityoftheprimaryteethtocariousattackisasfollowsAMandibularprimarymolar>Maxillaryprimaryincisor>Maxillaryprimarymolar>mandibularprimaryanteriorteethBMaxillaryprimaryincisor>Maxillaryprimarymolar>mandibularprimarym

31、olar>mandibularprimaryanteriorteethCMaxillaryprimaryincisor>mandibularprimarymolar>mandibularprimaryanteriorteeth>MaxillaryprimarymolarDMaxillaryprimaryincisor>mandibularprimarymolar>Maxillaryprimarymolar>mandibularprimaryanteriorteethEMaxillaryprimaryincisor>mandibularprimar

32、yanteriorteeth>mandibularprimarymolar>Maxillaryprimarymolar58. A7year'soldboywithbilaterallossofthemandibularprimaryfirstandsecondmolars,whichofthefollowingmaybebestABandandlooprespectivelyBLingualarchCRemovableappliancesDDistalshoeENoneofthem59. Clinicalfeaturesofdentalfluorosisdonotinclu

33、deAThelesionsymmetricallydistributedinthemouth,butnotallteethareequallyaffectedBTheleastaffectedteetharetheincisorsandfirstpermanentmolarsCChangesfromfinewhiteopaquelinesrunningacrossthetoothonallpartsoftheenameltofeatureswherepartsofthechalkywhiteandporousouterenamelbecomedetachedanddiscoloredDThel

34、ossofsurfaceenamelintheseverestcasesresultsinalossofanatomicalformoftheteethEWell-demarcatedborderslesionalongincrementalline60. Forintrusiveluxationofteeth,themostcommoncomplicationisAPulpnecrosisBOsteitisCRootresorptionDAlveolarprocessresorptionEAllofabove二、名词解释1、3、5、acquiredpellicleindirectpulpca

35、pping自发痛和激发痛2、resistanceform4、retrogradepilpitis7、9、SmearlayerInitialapicalfile6、Dentinehypersensitivity8、Pulpotomy10、Dentalplaque6、三、简答题1. 简述影响根管冲洗效果的因素2. 简述深龋的治疗特点3. 简述深龋的治疗特点4. 简述窝洞的基本固位形5. 简述牙隐裂的病因6. Whatisthesequelaeofrootfractures?7. Pleasebrieflydescribethebenefitsofrootcanalirrigation.8. Wha

36、tisthegoalsofpulptherapyinchildren?9. WhatarethepropertiesoftheCariogenicBacteria?四、问答题1、详述窝洞的结构及窝洞预备的基本原则结构2、引起牙髓活力测定误诊的原因是什么？3、根尖周脓肿与急性牙周脓肿的鉴别要点4、PleasediscussthepurposeofrootcanalpreparationandtheproceduresofStep-downtechnique.5、Explaintheindicationsandtypesofpulptreatmentforprimaryandyoungperman

37、entteeth.6、StateThePrinciplesOfCavityPreparationonAmalgamRestoration.答案一、选择:1CCBBD6ECEBC11DADAE16CCCAA21BBAAD26BABBE31BCDEB36CCCAD41DCEAB46EDEDA51DEBDD56BDCEA二、名词解释1、acquiredpellicle:唾液蛋白或糖蛋白吸附至牙面所形成的生物膜称获得性膜。2、resistanceform:修复体和余留牙结构获得足够抗力，在承受合力时不折裂的形状称抗力形。3、indirectpulpcapping(P91)用具有消炎和促进牙髓一牙本质修

38、复反应的制剂覆盖于洞底，促进软化牙本质再矿化和修复性牙本质形成，从而全部生活牙髓的方法叫间接盖髓术。4、retrogradepulpitis逆行性牙髓炎：感染来源于深牙周袋，通过根尖孔或测副根管逆行入牙髓，引起跟部牙髓的慢性炎症。5、自发痛和激发痛自发痛是指患牙在未受到外界刺激而发生的疼痛。激发痛是指患牙受到外界刺激而发生的疼痛。6、DentineHypersensitivityDentinehypersensitivityisaformofhypersensitivitycausedbytheeffectofthermal,tactile,osmoticorchemicalstimulion

39、exposeddentine.7、smearlayerCuttingorabradingthehardtissueswithrotaryandhandinstrumentsproducesalittlechipsorparticleswhichattachedtothetoothsurfaceproducethesmearlayer8、PulpotomyItisindicatedforcariousormechanicalexposuresinprimaryteethandtoinducerootclosuresintheyoungpermanentdentition9.initialapic

40、alfileThefirstfilethatbindsinthecanalatWL.10. dentalplaqueAnadherentdepositsofbacteriaandtheirproducts,whichisnotmineralizedandformsonalltooth,denturerestorationssurfaces.Itisnotanaccidentaccumulationofbacteriabutdevelopsinasequenceofsteps.三、简答题1、简述影响根管冲洗效果的因素a药物种类；b根管的直径；c冲洗的液体量；d病变情况；e根管内玷污层2、简述深龋

41、的治疗特点a停止龋病发展，促进牙髓的防御性反应；b保护牙髓c正确判断牙髓状况；d治疗方法：垫底充填，安抚治疗，间接盖髓术3、简述窝洞的基本固位形a侧壁固位；b到凹固位；c鸠尾固位；d梯形固位4. 简述牙隐裂的病因a牙结构的薄弱环节是隐裂牙发生的易感因素b牙尖斜度愈大，所产生的水平分力愈大c创伤性合力5. Whatisthesequelaeofrootfractures?HealingwithcalcifiedtissueHealingwithinterproximalconnectivetissueHealingwithinterproximalboneandconnectivetissueI

42、nterproximalinflammatorytissuewithouthealing6. Pleasebrieflydescribethebenefitsofrootcanalirrigation.GrossdebridementFrequencyandvolumeofirrigantIntracanalplacementofdeliveryneedleEliminationofmicrobesDissolutionofpulpremnantsRemovalofthesmearlayerLubricatinginstrument7. Whatisthegoalsofpulptherapyi

43、nchildren?AllowingthetoothtoremaininthemouthinanonpathologicstateMaintenanceofarchlengthandtoothspaceRestorationofcomfortwiththeabilitytochewPreventionofspeechabnormalitiesandabnormalhabits8. WhatarethepropertiesoftheCariogenicBacteria?Acidogenic:theyareabletoproduceacidrapidlyfromfermentablecarbohy

44、drates.Aciduric:Theythriveunderacidconditions.Adherent:Abletoadheretothetoothsurfacebecauseoftheirabilitytosynthesizestickyextracelluarpolysaccharidesfromdietarysugars.四、问答题1、详述窝洞的结构及窝洞预备的基本原则结构洞壁：测壁，髓壁（轴壁）洞角：线角，点角，轴髓线角洞缘：洞缘角抗力形：洞深，盒状洞形，阶梯结构，窝洞的外形，去除无基釉和避免形成无基釉，薄壁弱尖的处理固位形：侧壁固位，倒凹固位，鸠尾固位，梯形固位原则去净龋坏组织

45、保护牙髓组织尽量保留健康牙体组织2、引起牙髓活力测定误诊的原因是什么？引起假阳性反应的原因 探头或电极接触了大面积的金属修复体或牙龈，使电流流向了牙周组织； 未充分隔湿或干燥受试牙，以至电流泄漏至牙周； 液化性坏死的牙髓有可能传导电流至根尖周，当电流调节到最大刻度时，患者可能会缓慢抬手示意； 患者过度紧张和焦虑，以致在探头刚接触牙面或被问知感受时即抬手。引起假阴性反应的原因 患者事先用过镇痛剂、麻醉剂或酒精饮料等，使之不能正常地感知电刺激； 探头或电极未能有效地接触釉质，以致妨碍了电流到达牙髓； 根尖尚未发育完全的新萌出牙，其牙髓通常对电刺激无反应； 根管内过度钙化的牙，其牙髓对电刺激通常无反

46、应，常见于一些老年患牙； 刚受到外伤的患牙可能对电刺激无反应。3、根尖周脓肿与急性牙周脓肿的鉴别要点急性根尖周脓肿急性牙周脓肿感染来源感染根管牙周袋病史较长期牙体缺损史牙痛史牙髓治疗史长期牙周炎史牙体情况深龋洞近髓的非龋疾病修复体一般无牙体疾病牙髓活力多无多有牙周袋无深，迂回曲折脓肿部位靠近根尖部中心位于龈颊沟附近较近牙龈炎脓肿范围较弥漫局限于牙周袋壁疼痛程度重相对较轻牙松动度相对轻，病愈后牙恢复稳固明显，消肿后仍很松动叩痛很重相对较轻X片无明显异常表现，若患牙为慢性根尖周炎急性发作者，根尖周牙槽骨显现透射影像牙槽骨脊破坏，可有骨下袋病程相对较长，脓液自根尖周向外排除的时间约需56天相对较短，

47、一般34天可自溃4.PleasediscussthepurposeofrootcanalpreparationandtheproceduresofStep-downtechnique.PurposeofpreparationCleaning:toremoveallcontentsoftherootcanalsystembeforeandduringshapingEntailstheuseofirrigantsandinstrumentsIrrigationservestocleanthecanalShaping:toestablishaspecificcavityformfulfillingf

48、ivemechanicalobjectivesEntailstheuseofinstrumentsInstrumentationservestoshapethecanal2.Proceduresofstep-downtechniqueAccesscavityRadicularaccess根管通路©StraightHorK-filesofsizes15,20,25and30areusedtoadepthwhichis2/3oftheradiographiclengthoftheroot,orwherethefilestartstobindagainstthecanalwall(RALl

49、)AnticurvaturefilingG-Gdrills#2(RAL2)and#3(RAL3)areusedtocontinuethecoronalflaringRAL2=RAL1-2mmRAL3=RAL2-2mmWLdeterminationApicalpreparation©PrecurvedK-filesfromIAFtoMAFaresequentialusedtoWL Step-backfiling RecaptulationwithMAForafilethatisonesizesmallerthanMAFSmoothentherootcanalpreparation5.

50、ExplaintheindicationsandtypesofpulptreatmentforprimaryandyoungpermanentteethDirectpulpcappingItistheplacementofacalciumhydroxidepreparationonasmall,mechanicallyinducedpulpalexposure.ItsuseshouldbelimitedtopermanentteethIndirectpulptherapyItisindicatedwhenadeepcariouslesionisencroachingon,butnotactua

51、llyintothepulp.Itshouldbereservedforpermanentteethonly.PulpotomyItisindicatedforcariousormechanicalexposuresinprimaryteethandtoinducerootclosuresintheyoungpermanentdentitionPulpectomyItisthetreatmentofchoiceforprimaryteethandpermanentdentitionwithnonvitalorinfectedpulps.ApexificationTreatmentofnonvitalpermanentteethwithincompleteapexformationistermedapexification6.StateThePrinciplesOfCavityPreparation.RemovalOfDentalCariesHardstandardStainedstandardProtectpulpUsesharpinstrume