非谓语动词(8)

1、考试和重要考试中占较大分值的比重。非谓语动词是指分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）、不定式、动名词等三种形式,即：doing,done,todo,doing。当然它们有各自不同的变化形式，如：现在分词doing有beingdone（被动式）;havingdone（元成式）;havingbeendone（元成被动式）不定式todo:有tobedone（被动式）;tohavedone（元成式）;tobedoing（进行式）动名词doing:有havingdone（元成式）;beingdone（被动式）;havingbeendone（完成被动式）非谓语动词的特点：三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征，虽然它们

2、没有人称和数的变化，但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。具体来讲：分词在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或补足语等；动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语等；不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语或状语。下面分别对三种非谓语动词进行讲解：、动词不定式先看几个例句，判断不定式在句中的成分。1.TolearnaforeignIanguageisdifficult.作主语2. Hiswishistobeadriver.作表语3. Tomwantedtohaveacupofbeer.作宾语4. Theteachertoldustodomorningexercises.作宾语补足语5. I

3、havenothingtosay.作定语6. Theywenttoseetheiraunt.目的状语7. It'seasytoseetheiraunt.作真正主语，it做形式主语8. Idon'tknowwhattodonext.带有连接代词的动词不定式作宾语9. Iheardthemmakeanoise.不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语掌握动词不定式应注意的几个问题：1. “to”是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to都是介词。agreetoobjecttocloseto,cometo,leadto,referto,equalto,familiarto,pointto,tha

4、nkto,devoteto,nextto,belongto,beusedto,lookforwardto2. 带to还是不带toIhavenochoicebuttogiveinIcannotdoanythingbutgiveinIsawhimentertheclassroom.但是：Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.（被动语态中必须还原to）3. 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for作为标记的。但是有时用of.It'snecessaryforyoutostudyhard。表物的特征It'sfoolishofhimtodoit.表人的特点4后接不定式作宾语的动词有

5、：want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expectetc.需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说Wethinktoobeythelawsisimportant.而说Wethinkitimportanttoobeythelaws.5不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义

6、明确常常省略到to。wantto,wishto,hopeto,liketo,hateto,planto,tryto,loveto,haveto,oughtto,needto,usedto,beableto6.不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：1）动宾关系：Hehasalotofmeetingtoattend.Pleaselendmesomethingtowritewith.HeislookingforaroomtoliveHeislookingforaroomtolivein.Hehasnomoneyandnoplacetolive(in).I thinkthebestwaytotravel(by

7、)isonfoot.Thereisnotimetothink(about).2) 主谓关系：Sheisalwaysthelast(person)tospeakatthemeeting.-I'mgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealettertopost.(逻辑主语是I)-Thankyou.ButIhavenoletterstobepostednow(逻辑主语不是I)7不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：1) 原因Heisluckytogethereontime.这种结构中常用的形容词有：happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eage

8、r,anxious.lucky,fortunate,proud,angrysurprised,frightened,diappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy2) 目的Hecametohelpmewithmymaths.3) 结果Ihurriedtogetthereonlytofindhimout.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.8.不定式作补足语Isawhimplayinthestreetjustnow.能跟不带to的不定式作补足语的动词有：五看：see,lookat,watch,observe,notice两听：hear,listen

9、to三使：let,havemake,一感觉：feelIsawhimentertheclassroom.注：当这些词为被动式时，不定式必须要带to,Hewasseentoentertheclassroom.二动名词LearningEnglishisverydifficult.作主语学英语非常困难。Hisjobisdrivingabus.作表语他的工作是开车。Ienjoydancing.作动词宾语我喜欢跳舞。Ihavegotusedtolivinginthecountry.作介词宾语我已经习惯了住农村。注意以下几种结构：1.There'snotellingwhatwillhappen.2.

10、1 t'snousetalkingwithhim.3.1 t'snogoodspeakingtothemlikethat.4. There'ssomedifficulty(in)doing在此句型中difficulty可以由以下单词替换：trouble,problem,fun,pleasure,agoodtime,ahardtime注意以下几个问题：1下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别,forgettodo忘记要做某事forgetdoing忘记做了某事remembertodo记住要做某事rememberdoing记着做了某事meantodo有意要做某事mean

11、doing意味着做了某事regrettodo对要做的事表示后悔regretdoing对做过去的事后悔can'thelptodo不能帮助做某事can'thelpdoing情不自禁做某事trytodo尽力去做某事trydoing试着做某事learntodo学着去做某事learndoing学会做某事stoptodo停下来去做（另一件事）stopdoing停止做某事goontodo接着做（另外一件事）goondoing继续做某事usedtodo过去做某事beusedtodoing习惯做某事2 动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别动名词作定语表达：n+fordoing的含义的含义wat

12、er,现在分词作定语表达：n+which（who）bedoing女口：asleepingcar=acarforsleepingarunninghorse=ahorsewhichisrunning前者是动名词，后者是现在分词又如：drinkingwater,walkingstickrunningsleepingboy3. 动名词的逻辑主语：动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。例如：Hiscomingmadeusveryhappy.4动名词的语态和时态5动名词主动形式表被动的情况：needdoing,wantdoing,requiredoingThisroomneedspainting.这个

13、房间需要粉刷。6只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit.practise,require,suggest,risk,keep,taketo,lookforwardto,getdownto,feellike,can'thelp,can'tstand,beusedto,insiston,succeedin,setabout,giveup,include,三.分词1 Thes

14、toryisinteresting.I'minterestedinit.这个故事有兴趣，我对这个故事感兴趣。2 .Thisisamovingfilm.这是一部动人的电影。3. Thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,preparingalongspeechforthepresident.秘书工作到深夜，为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。4. Givenmoretime,I'lldoitwell.如果给我多一点时间，我会做的更好。Whenhepassedthebackofthestreet,hesawthethiefstealingsomemoneyfrom

15、thebank.当他后街时，看到小偷正从银行偷钱。应注意的几个问题：1现在分词与过去分词的区别DoyouknowthewomantalkingtoTom?=DoyouknowthewomanwhoistalkingtoTom?Thesoldierwoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.=Thesoldierwhowaswoundedinthewarhasbecomeadoctor.ChinaisadevelopingcountryandAmericaisadevelopedcountry.2分词作表语Thenewssoundsencouraging.Theygotver

16、yexcited.1 ）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：Thenewsisinteresting.Heisinterestedinthenews.doing作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系，即主动关系；done作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系，即被动关系。2 ）表语与被动式的区别：TheblackboardwasbrokenbyXiaoMing.（强调动作）Theblackboardisbroken.You'dbetterhaveitrepaired.（强调状态）3 ）常作表语的过去分词：amusedinjured,covered,known,dressed,lost,broken,gone,

17、delighted,excited,pleased,satisfied,married,worried,surprised,interested,burnt,shut,crowded,wounded,drank,done4）注意的四种结构：havesomethingtodo有某事要做havesomethingdone使某事被做havesomebodydosomething使某人做某事havesomethingdoing让某事一直做着5）.需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词：seat,prepare,hide,dress如:Iseatedmyselfonthechair.Iwasseatedonthec

18、hair.6）分词做状语与不定式的区别：分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式表示目的和结果。Havingfinishedthehomework,Iwenthome.（时间）BeingaPartymember,Ishouldworkhard.（原因）Givenmoretime,Icandomyworkbetter.（条件）Heranoutoftheclassroom,shoutingattheboy.（伴随）Togetmoreknowledge,wemustworkharderandharder.（目的）Heisoldenoughtojointhearmy.（结果）7）分词、动名