翻译学基本概念

1、源语/译出语sourcelanguage(SL),originallanguage译语/译入语targetlanguage(TL),receptorlanguage,receivinglanguage原作者SLauthor,originalauthor译者(笔译者)translator译者(口译者)interpreter读者/接受者reader,receptor,audience文本text原文/原著sourcetext(ST),SLtext,originaltext,originalversion/originalwork译文targettext,translation,targetvers

2、ion,rendering,rendition译本/译著translatedtext/translationalwork源语读者source-languagereader/SLreader源语文化source-languageculture/sourceculture译语读者target-languagereader/TLreader/receivingaudience译语文化target-languageculture/targetculture/receivingculture语境context笔译writtentranslation口译oralinterpretation/oraltra

3、nslation/interpreting同声传译simultaneousinterpreting交替口译consecutiveinterpreting翻译原则translationprinciple标准translationcriterion(复数形式为criteria)翻译过程translationprocess翻译程序/步骤translationprocedures反应/读者翻译response/reader'response对应(部分对应/完全对应"partial/full)correspondence等值/对等equivalence对等物(词语)equivalent

4、形式对等formalequivalence功能对等functionalequivalence动态对等dynamicequivalence等效equivalenteffect充分性adequacy可接受性acceptability(acceptable,unacceptable,unacceptability)可读性readability(readable)可译性translatability(translatable)不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)表层结构surfacestructure深层结构deepstructure理解understanding

5、/comprehension表达expression再现reproduction/representation转换transformation传译/转移transferral/transfer误解misunderstanding误译mis-translation异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/exogenization/source-orientedtranslation归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodatingtranslatio

6、n词汇空缺lexicalgap文化沟(空缺/非对应)culturalgap直译literaltranslation/directtranslation意译freetranslation/liberaltranslation/semantictranslation直译派aliteralist/asourcerer意译派afree-hander/atargeteer重复法repetition增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission词类转移法/词性转换conversion反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation移植法transpl

7、ant(ing)/transplantation音译法transliteration具体化specification概括化generalization抽象化abstracting明析化explicitation译借(语义转借)calque(loantranslation)加注法annotation夹注intratextualnote脚注footnote尾注/文后注endnote注释性翻译annotated/commentedtranslation释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase引申法extension替代法substitution/replacement借用borro

8、wing推演法deduction缀合法combination分译法division逆序法/倒置法reversing合译法combination综合法mixtureofmethods包孕embedding切断/分切cutting拆离splitting-off插入inserting重组recasting回译backtranslation还原法findingtheoriginal原汁原味essenceoftheoriginal,originalflavor词序调整inversion选词diction补偿compensation视点转换shiftofperspective套译/仿译/仿拟imitati

9、on信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness通顺smoothness流畅fluency自然naturalness/idiomaticity雅/优美elegance/gracefulness简洁brevity明析clarity简明conciseness内涵connotation含义implication言外之意allocution本文意义(文本固有之意)inherentmeaning(ofthetext)译者隐形translator'sinvisibility透明(度)transparency宁信而不顺(鲁迅语

10、)rahtertobefaithfulthansmooth(“I'dratherbefaithfulthansmooth”)神似(傅雷语)spiritualresemblance化境(钱钟书语)sublimation信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness,expressivenessandcloseness(totheoriginalstyle)三美：音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)thethreebeauties:beautyinsound,beautyinformandbeautyinmeaning东方语言Orientallanguages西方语言Occidentallangu

11、ages佛经BuddhistScriptures/sutra梵语Sanskrit鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva泰特勒(AlexanderFraser)Tytler奈达(EugeneA.)Nida机器翻译machinetranslation(MT)人工智能artificialintelligence(AI)翻译translate,render,rephrase,reword,transmit,re-express,transmute,transmogrify,interpret,convert,transform,transpose,express,transfer,turn翻译学translatology/TranslationStudies翻译体/翻译腔translationese死译/硬译mechanicaltranslation逐字译