语言学第二章chapter2

1、Chapter 2 Phonetics and Phonology 1. Introduction2. Phonetics3. Phonology4. Discussion questions5. Assignments1. Introduction (p. 25) Ding-Dong Theory Sing-Song Theory Pooh-Pooh Theory Yo-He-Ho Theory 在在圣经圣经中有这样一个故事。很久以前，地球中有这样一个故事。很久以前，地球上的人只讲一种语言，他们沟通没有障碍，彼此之间上的人只讲一种语言，他们沟通没有障碍，彼此之间没有隔阂。他们集体决定要修建一

2、座通天塔，从地面没有隔阂。他们集体决定要修建一座通天塔，从地面直通天堂。工程进展得十分顺利，通天塔越建越高，直通天堂。工程进展得十分顺利，通天塔越建越高，高耸入云。上帝在天上看到了，他为人类的强大和统高耸入云。上帝在天上看到了，他为人类的强大和统一感到惊恐，人都能够把塔建到天上，他们还有什么一感到惊恐，人都能够把塔建到天上，他们还有什么做不到的呢？于是上帝来到人间，变乱了人们的语言。做不到的呢？于是上帝来到人间，变乱了人们的语言。人们各自操起不同的语言，感情无法交流，思想很难人们各自操起不同的语言，感情无法交流，思想很难统一，出现互相猜疑，各执己见，争吵斗殴。这就是统一，出现互相猜疑，各执己见

3、，争吵斗殴。这就是人类之间误解的开始，修造工程因语言纷争而停止了，人类之间误解的开始，修造工程因语言纷争而停止了，通天塔终于半途而废。人们分裂了，按照不同的语言通天塔终于半途而废。人们分裂了，按照不同的语言形成许多部族，又分散到世界各地。形成许多部族，又分散到世界各地。2. Phonetics (p. 25) -A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and trans

4、cription。 言语的产生，言语的声音，语音的描写和言语的产生，言语的声音，语音的描写和分类，词语和话语连接。分类，词语和话语连接。 1Articulatory Phonetics 发音语音学发音语音学Phonetics： 2Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学声学语音学 3Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学听觉语音学2.1 Three branches of phonetics (p. 26) Articulatory phonetics-from the speakers point of view, “how speakers produce speech

5、sounds” Auditory phonetics-from the hearers point of view, “how sounds are perceived” Acoustic phonetics-from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. Language Number of speakers1. Chinese/Mandarin 1,300,000,0002. English 322,000,0003. Spanish 266,000,0004. Beng

6、ali(孟加拉语) 189,000,0005. Hindi(印度语) 182,000,0006. Portuguese(葡萄牙语) 170,000,0006. Russian 170,000,0008. Arabic (all forms) 161,000,0009. Japanese 125,000,00010. German 98,000,0002.2 Three Articulators/Speech organs (p. 26-29) Pharyngeal cavity (咽腔咽腔)- the throat The oral cavity (口腔口腔)- the mouth Nasal

7、 cavity (鼻腔鼻腔)- the nose l lipsl teethl teeth ridge (alveolar)l hard palatel soft palate (velum)l uvulal tip of tonguel blade of tonguel back of tonguel vocal cordsl pharyngeal cavityl nasal cavity A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription (orthographic representat

8、ion of sounds) is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound. Broad transcription - used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics Narrow transcription - used by phonetician for careful study, w

9、ith diacriticsInternational Phonetic Alphabet2.3 Major articulatory variables (p.29-31) Voicing: voiced & voiceless（清、浊）（清、浊） Nasality： nasal & non-nasal（鼻音）（鼻音） Aspiration： aspirated & unaspirated（送气）（送气）2.4 Classification of English speech sounds - English speech sounds are generally c

10、lassified into two large categories: Vowels 元音元音 Consonants 辅音辅音 Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstru

11、cted.The Table of Phonetic Transcription in EnglishClassification of consonants 辅音分类辅音分类 English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions: The manner of articulation 发音方式发音方式 The place of articulation 发音部位发音部位The manner of articulation： Stops/plosives 爆破音爆破音: p b t d k g Fricatives 摩

12、擦音摩擦音:f v s z h Affricates 破擦音破擦音:t d Liquids流音流音: l r Nasals鼻音鼻音: m n glides/semivowels半元音半元音: j wThe place of articulation： bilabial: p, b, w labiodental :f v dental: alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, l, r palatal: t d j velar: k, g glottal: h placemannervoic-ingbilabial双唇双唇labio-dentaldental齿齿alveolar齿龈齿龈

13、palatal上腭上腭velar软腭软腭 glottal喉喉 Stops or plosives爆破音爆破音VL p b t d k gVD f v s z hFricatives摩擦音摩擦音VL t dVD m n Affricates破擦音破擦音VL I rVD w jNasals鼻音鼻音VD p b t d k gLiquids流音流音VD f v s z hClassification of vowels 元音分类元音分类 English vowels can be divided into two large categories: Monophthongs or pure/sing

14、le vowels front vowels，central vowels，back vowels close，semi-close，semi-open，open rounded，unrounded long，short Diphthongs or gliding vowels 双元音双元音Exercises A bilabial consonant: mad sad bad cad pad had lad A velar consonant: nod god cod pod rod Labiodental consonant: rat fat sat mat chat vat pat An

15、alveolar consonant: nick lick sick tick kick quick A palato-alveolar consonant: sip ship tip chip lip zip A dental consonant: lie buy thigh thy tie rye A glide: one war yolk rush A fricative： pay horse tough rice breath push sing wreathe hang cave message A nasal： train bang leaf limb A stop： drill

16、pipe fit crab fog ride laugh rack through An affricate: rack such ridge booze A central vowel: mad lot but boot word A front vowel: reed pad load fate bit bed cook A rounded vowel: who he bus her hit true boss bar walk A back vowel: paid reap fool top good fatherDescribe the underlined consonants ac

17、cording to three dimensions: vd/vl place manner LetterBrotherSunnyHopperItchingLodgerCallingSingingRobbereither3. PhonologyWarming UpWhy vowels in English are not classified as consonants?How English vowels are classified? Or What possible ways do we have to divide the English vowels into different

18、classes?Describe u: by means of the different ways of classification. If a vowel is described as back, rounded, open and short, what sound is it?1.What is liaison, elision and assimilation? Illustrate them with examples.Phonetic: studies how speech sounds are made/produced, transmitted, and received

19、/ perceived. （描写实际的语音）描写实际的语音）Phonology: is the study of the sound systems of languages. (imagined abstract sound systems)（研究语音系统）（研究语音系统）Phoneme (音位音位): the smallest phonological unit that distinguish meaning.1. Form and meaning: signifier vs signified2. Identifying the sounds: sip zip alveolar/fri

20、cative/+-voicing fine vine labiodental/fricative/+voicing Phonemes involved: /s/ /z/，/f/ /v/3. Testing: substitution (pen/ben; pen/pin)Minimal pair（最小对立体）（最小对立体）: a pair of words identical in every way except for one sound segment (音段音段) in the same position.Chunk BanBetFanFineSinkSiteSeedJunkbinbat

21、vanvinezincSide soupMinimal set: a group of words differentiated by one sound segment in the same position.vowelFeat; fit; fate; fat; fought; footconsonantBig; pig; rig; fig; dig; wigFree variation (自由变体自由变体): When the substitution of two or more sounds in the same position does not result in any ch

22、ange of meaning, theyre said to be in free variation. (economics) You say ither and I say aither, You say ni:ther and I say naither, i:ther ai ther ni:ther naither Lets call the whole thing off.Distinctive features (区别性特征区别性特征): features that distinguish one phoneme with another. seal/zeal bdgStop+V

23、oiced+Bilabial+-Alveolar-+-velar-+Suprasegmental features (超音段特征超音段特征): distinctive features above the level of individual segments over a sequence of two or more phonemic (音位的音位的) segments such as syllable, word, phrase and sentence which may also distinguish meaning.Syllable (音节音节): longer than one sound and smaller than a word.Phonetically: a unit consisting of a center which has little or no airflow and sounds comparatively loud. (sonority scale 响音阶响音阶)Structurally: syllable (节首节首) onset rhyme (韵基韵基) (节核节核) nucleu