经济学原理(双语)-教学大纲

1、经济学原理 （双语）教学大纲Principles of Economics （ Class Syllabus ）课程编号： 032023A课程类型：口通识教育必修课口通识教育选修课专业必修课专业选修课? 学科基础课总学时： 48 讲课学时： 48 实验（上机）学时： 0学 分： 3适用对象：经济类本科生先修课程：高等数学一、课程的教学目标经济学原理包括微观经济学和宏观经济学两部分。经济学是研究稀缺资源在各种可供选择的用途中， 如何进行最有效的配置， 以使得人类的无限欲望得到最大满足的一门理论经济学。 经济学作为理论经济学， 是许多经济学科如管理经济学、公共财政学、市场学、国际经济学、货币银行学

2、、财政学、国际贸易学、国际金融学等的理论基础。微观经济学是以个体经济单位例如单个家庭、 单个企业、 单个市场为研究对象的一门理论经济学。 它试图通过对个体经济单位经济行为的研究， 来说明现代社会中市场机制的运行和作用以及如何改善这种运行的途径。 宏观经济学是以社会总体的经济行为即宏观经济运行作为研究对象的一门理论经济学。它试图通过对社会总体经济行为的研究，来说明市场经济条件下宏观经济的运行以及如何改 善这种运行的途径。目标1:系统理解和掌握经济学基本理论和基础知识目标2:熟悉经济学中基本概念和基本原理的英文表述目标3:能够运用所学原理分析实际经济问题和现象目标4:为进一步学习其他经济类课程打下

3、坚实的理论基础。二、教学基本要求教学内容：第二章的消费理论、第三章的生产理论、第五章的市场理论、第 六章的生产要素市场和收入分配理论、第七章一般均衡、第九章国民收入核算、 第十一章产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡、第十三章财政政策和货币政策、第十 五章通货膨胀与失业应精讲、细讲。对各章重点内容，教师应阐述清楚基本原理， 并在此基础上以一些浅显易懂的案例增进学生的理解， 启发学生的求知欲与好奇 心。教学方法：为实现教学目标，本课程主要采取教师讲授的方式授课， 任课教 师应以多媒体教学为基本授课方式，教师也可以所采取的其他教学手段如课堂讨 论、案例教学等。课程要求：任课教师应要求学生在课前预习， 课后

4、应布置一些较深入的问题 供学生探讨，学生须做课后习题。课程的考核方式：本课程采用闭卷考试的形式，平时成绩占30%,期末考试成绩占70%。教学过程中应注意理论与现实相结合。三、各教学环节学时分配Table： Distribution of Teaching HoursNo.ContentsLecturesExperimentsOthersTotal1Chapter 1 Basic Elements ofSupply and Demand222Chapter 2 ConsumerBehavior223Chapter 3 Production Theory224Chapter 4 Analysis

5、of Costs225Chapter 5 Markets Theory226Chapter 6 Productive FactorMarkets and IncomeDistribution227Chapter7GeneralEquilibrium and EconomicEfficiency228Chapter 8 Market Failure and the Role of Government229Chapter 9 MeasuringEconomic Activity2210Chapter 10 Determination ofNational Income2211Chapter 11

6、 IS-LM Analysis2212Chapter 12 Open-EconomyMacroeconomics2213Chapter 13 Monetary andFiscal Policies2214Chapter 14 AD- AS Model2215Chapter 15 Inflation andUnemployment2216Chapter16EconomicGrowthand BusinessFluctuations22Total3232四、教学内容Chapter 1 Basic Elements of Supply and DemandA. The Demand Schedule

7、1. The Demand Curve2. Factors Affecting Demand3. Demand Function4. Shifts in Demand5. The Market Demand CurveB. The Supply Schedule1. The Supply Curve2. Factors Affecting Supply3. Supply Function4. Shifts in SupplyC. Equilibrium of Supply and Demand1. Equilibrium of Supply and Demand Curve2. The Inv

8、isible Hand3. Some ExamplesD. Elasticity of Demand and Supply1. The Price Elasticity of Demand2. Calculating Elasticities3. Elasticity and Revenue4. The Paradox of the Bumper Harvest5. Price Elasticity of SupplyE. Applications to Current Economic Issues1. The Economics of Agriculture2. Long-Run Rela

9、tive Decline of Farming3. Impact of a Tax on Price and Quantity4. Minimum Floors and Maximum Ceilings教学重点、难点：The Demand Curve; Factors Affecting Demand; Shifts in Demand; The SupplyCurve; Factors Affecting Supply; Shifts in Supply; Equilibrium of Supply andDemand Curve; The Price Elasticity of Deman

10、d; Price Elasticity of Supply 课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，使学生理解微观经济运行中需求与需求量、供给和供给量的区别、影响需求和供给的因素、均衡价格和供求定律、市场的作用、需求的价 格、收入、交叉弹性和供给弹性的概念。复习思考题：1. What are the factors that affect the equilibrium price changes?2. Peter took a vacation trip to Hainan Province last week. He thought his air travel was free becauset

11、he airline ticket was bought using his frequent-flyer miles. Did Peter enjoy a free flight? What' s the consequence of his belief on travel decisions?Explain.3. Please find the equilibrium in the following market and show your result graphically.(a) Demand Qd = 5-2P and supply Qs = 3P.(b) Demand

12、 Qd = 2-P and supply Qs = 1.(c) Inverse demand P = 2 and supply Q= 4P.(d) Demand Qd = 16 = P and supply Q = 2P2.4. Below is a demand schedule for goods A and B. Please derive the aggregate demand. Show your results graphically.Price A B0961652434215005. What are the factors that affect the price ela

13、sticity of demand changes?6. What are the factors that affect the price elasticity of supply changes?7. For the following functions, find the point elasticities at the points Q=5 andQ=15 respectively. Is demand elastic, inelastic, or unitary elastic at these points?(a) Q = 100 - 3P(b) Q = 100 - 8P(c

14、) Q = 100 - P8. Point Elasticities: suppose that the demand function for iPhone 6 is described byQ = 4 - 2P + 2Y + 3PaIn this form Q is quantity, P is iPhone price, Y is income and Pa is Android phone price.Assume that P = 5; Y = 100; Pa = 4. Please answer the following questions.(a) Trivial: What i

15、s the quantity demanded for iPhone 6?(b) Please derive the price, income and cross-price elasticities.(c) Please derive three elasticities under new parameters: P = 4; Y = 200a; =P 5Chapter 2 Consumer BehaviorA. Choice and Utility Theory1. Cardinal Utility (基数效用)2. Ordinal Utility (序数效用)B. Marginal

16、Utility and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility1. Why demand curves slope downward?2. Substitution Effect VS. Income effectC. From Individual to Market Demand1. Demand Shifts2. Substitutes and Complements3. Empirical Estimates of Price and Income ElasticitiesD. The Economics of Addiction1. The P

17、aradox of Value2. Consumer SurplusE. Analysis of Consumer Equilibrium1. The Indifference Curve2. Budget Line or Budget Constraint3. The Equilibrium Position of Tangency4. Changes in income and Price5. Deriving the Demand Curve教学重点、难点：Utility; Marginal Utility; The Indifference Curve; budget line; Ge

18、ometrical Analysis of Consumer Equilibrium; The effect of changes in income and price;课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习， 学生应掌握消费者行为理论的基本内容， 用理论分析消费者均衡即消费者效用最大化的基本条件、 价格变化与收入变化对消费者均衡的影响、 能够用消费者均衡理论推导需求曲线和恩格尔曲线； 熟练掌握价格变动的替 代效应与收入效应。复习思考题：1 How to derive a demand curve using ordinal utility theory?2 Pizza-beer trade-off

19、(a) A slice of pizza costs $2 and a bottle of beer costs $1. Peter has a budget of $20. Please write down his budget line and show your result graphically. What is the slope of the budget line?(b) Peter s utility function is described byu(x1; x2) = 0.4 ln x1 + 0.6 ln x2;where x1 is the amount of piz

20、za and x 2 is the amount of beer. Please derive his marginal utility for pizza and beer respectively. What is the marginal rate of substitution? Show graphically the relationship between marginal utility (y-axis) and quantity of the good (x-axis).(c) Using the information in the above two questions,

21、 can you derive the optimal choice for Peter? Hint: the optimal demand bundle is where the marginal rate of substitution equals the price ratio.Chapter 3 Production TheoryA. Theory of Production and Marginal Products1. Basic ConceptsThe Production FunctionTotal, Average, and Marginal ProductThe Law

22、of Diminishing Returns2. Returns to scale3. Short Run and Long Run4. Technological Change5. Productivity and the Aggregate Production FunctionB. Business Organizations1. The Nature of the Firm2. Big, Small and Infinitesimal Business教学重点、难点：The production function; productive factors; The Law of dimi

23、nishing returns; total, average, and marginal product; production with two variable inputs ； equal-product curve; CRS, IRS, DRS课程的考核要求：通过本章的教学， 旨在使学生熟练掌握一种可变生产要素的生产函数、 两种可变生产要素的生产函数， 即厂商作为经济人为实现利润最大化， 应如何选择生 产的合理投入区和最优的生产要素投入组合，掌握规模收益和生产扩张的途径。复习思考题：1. In the case of only one variable factor of produ

24、ction, how to determine optimal utilization of the factors of production, when achieve a reasonable investment in the production area?2. Explain the reasons for increasing returns to scale and decreasing returns to scale.3. Please derive marginal product of labor, marginal product of capital, margin

25、al rate of technical substitution, and returns to scale for the following production functions:(a) Q = 2L + 8K(b) Q = 3L + 5K + 1(c) Q = 5LK(d) Q = 2L0.3K0.7(e) Q = 7L0.2K0.5(f) Q = 4L0.4K0.8Chapter 4 Analysis of CostsA. Economic Analysis of Costs1. Total Cost: Fixed Cos(t FC) and Variable Cos(t VC

26、)2. Marginal Cost ( MC)3. Average Cost4. The Link between Production and Costs5. Choice of Inputs by the FirmB. Economic Costs and Business Accounting1. The Income Statement (收益表),or Statement of Profit and Loss (损益 表)2. The Balance SheetC. Opportunity CostD. Production, Cost Theory, and Decisions o

27、f the Firm1. The Law of Diminishing Marginal Product2. Least-Cost Factor Combination for a Given Output教学重点、难点：Opportunity Cost; The Link between Production and Costs; total revenue, average revenue and marginal revenue; Equal-cost line; Least-Cost conditions课程的考核要求：通过本章的教学，旨在使学生熟练掌握厂商的生产成本与产量之间的关系，

28、短期成本曲线、长期成本曲线，三种收益的关系、收益曲线，利润最大化均衡的条件，企业的行为。复习思考题：1. A firm ' s sh-ortn cost function is given by TC = 20 + 5Q + 2Q 2, please derive the firm ' short-run marginal cost, average total cost, average fixed cost, average variable cost. Show your results graphically.(a) Over what region(s) does t

29、he firm experience increasing returns to scale?(b) Over what region(s) does the firm experience constant returns to scale?(c) Over what region(s) does the firm experience decreasing returns to scale?(d) What is the firm ' s minimum efficient scale?Chapter 5 Markets TheoryA. Supply Behavior of th

30、e Competitive Firm1. Factors determine the market type2. Key Points for Perfectly Competition3. Supply Decision of Competitive Firm4. Shutdown PointB. Supply Behavior in Competitive Industries1. Summing All Firms Supply Curves to Get Market Supply2. Short-run and Long-run Equilibrium3. The Long-run

31、Equilibrium in A competitive IndustryC. Efficiency and Equity of Competitive Markets1. Evaluating the Market Mechanism2. Efficiency of Competitive Equilibrium3. Equilibrium with Many Consumers and Markets4. The Central Role of Marginal-Cost PricingD. Patterns of Imperfect competition1. Definition of

32、 Imperfect competition2. Varieties of Imperfect Competitors3. Sources of Imperfect CompetitorsE. Marginal Revenue and Monopoly1. The Concept of Marginal Revenue2. Profit Maximizing Conditions3. The Marginal Principle: Let Bygones Be BygonesF. Behavior of Imperfect Competitors1. Four Kinds of Market

33、Structures2. Theories of Imperfect Competition3. Price Discrimination教学重点、难点：Behavior of a Competitive Firm ； Competitive Supply where Marginal Cost equals Price; Total Cost and Shutdown Condition; The Long-run Equilibrium in A competitive Industry; Efficiency and Equity of Competitive Markets; Defi

34、nition of Imperfect competition ； Varieties of Imperfect Competitors; Profit Maximizing Conditions; Monopoly Equilibrium in graphs; Oligopoly; Cournot Model; Game Theory课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习， 使学生熟练掌握厂商实现利润最大化的条件， 三种不同市场上的厂商的长期、 短期均衡、 完全竞争厂商的供给曲线的获得， 不同市场结构不同市场的均衡以及不同的市场结构对经济效率的影响， 寡头市场上的复习思考题：1 Please des

35、cribe the short-term and long-term equilibrium balance of perfectly competitive market.2 In a perfectly competitive market, the demand function is Qd = 3-P and the supply function is Q s = 2P. Answer the following questions. Show your results both numerically and graphically.(a) What is the competit

36、ive equilibrium?(b) What is the consumer surplus?(c) What is the producer surplus?(d) If the government imposes a tax of $0.5 per unit, what are the new equilibrium quantity and price?(e) What are the consumer surplus and producer surplus with the above tax?(f) What is the deadweight loss caused by

37、the above tax?3 Determine the consumer surplus and the producer surplus for the following perfectly competitive market:(a) Qd = 17-2P and Qs = 4P-1(b) Qd = 15-5P and Qs = 5P-5(c) Qd = 10-4P and Qs = 2P-24 Please draw a graph to explain monopolist's short-run equilibrium and long-run equilibrium.

38、5 In a pure monopoly market, the demand function is Q = 2-2P and the monopolist csost function is C = Q2. Answer the following questions both numerically and graphically.(a) What is the marginal cost and marginal revenue?(b) What is the supply function?(c) What is the equilibrium quantity and price

39、under monopoly?(d) What is the maximum profit for the monopolist?(e) What are the consumer surplus and producer surplus?(f) What is the deadweight loss?6 Please briefly describe the main contents and conclusions of the Cournot model.Chapter 6 Productive Factor Markets and Income DistributionA. Incom

40、e and WealthB. Input Pricing by Marginal Productivity1. The nature of factor demands2. Distribution Theory and Marginal Revenue Product3. The Demand for Factors of Production4. The Supply for Factors of Production5. An Invisible Hand for Income?C. Fundamentals of Wage Determination1. The General Wag

41、e Level2. Demand for labor3. The Supply of labor4. Wage DifferentialsD. Land and Rent1. Rent as Return to Fixed Factors2. Taxing LandE. Capital and Interest1. Basic concepts2. Present Value for Assets3. Profits4. The Theory of Capital and Interest5. Applications of Classical Capital Theory6. Empiric

42、al Findings7. Valedictory Thoughts on Factor Prices, Efficiency, and Distribution教学重点、难点：Input Pricing by Marginal Productivity; Fundamentals of Wage Determination;Land and Rent; Capital and Interest; Lorenz Curve; Gini Coefficient; Inequality课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习， 学生应熟练掌握要素供给原则、 买方和卖方垄断不同情况下的厂商对要素的需求， 劳动

43、供给曲线的特征、 均衡工资的决定、 土地的供给曲线、经济租金的决定、资本的供给曲线，掌握洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数，了解库兹涅茨的倒“ U”字形假说复习思考题：1 Briefly explain the principles how the perfectly competitive firms use the productive factors.2 Briefly describe the characteristics of the labor supply curve.3 Briefly describe the determinants of equilibrium wages.4 Bri

44、efly describe the characteristics of the land supply curve and the determinants of rent.5 Briefly describe the characteristics of the capital supply curve and the determinants of equilibrium interest.Chapter 7 General Equilibrium and Welfare EconomicsA. The Efficiency of Perfect Competition1. Partia

45、l Equilibrium2. General Equilibrium3. Positive Economics vs. Normative Economics4. Judging Economic Efficiency5. Pareto Criterion and Pareto EfficiencyB. Inequality1. Gini coefficient2. The Sources of Inequality教学重点、难点：partial equilibrium; general equilibrium; Pareto efficiency; perfect competitiona

46、nd Pareto Optimal; The Efficiency of Perfect Competition课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习， 旨在使学生熟练掌握局部均衡和一般均衡、 经济效率、 帕 累托最优的概念，帕累托最优、帕累托最优条件的交换、生产以及交换与生产，掌握完全竞争与帕累托最优、经济效率与公平的关系。复习思考题：1 What is the difference of partial equilibrium and general equilibrium? What is the condition of general equilibrium?2 In an economy,

47、 what are the necessary conditions to achieve Pareto optimal state?Chapter 8 Market Failure and Microeconomic PolicyA. Definition of Market FailureB. Causes of Market Failure1. Monopoly2. Externality3. Public Goods and Common Resources4. Asymmetric InformationC. The Role of Government教学重点、难点：Definit

48、ion of Market Failure; Causes of Market Failure; externalities; public goods; asymmetric information and moral hazard; government failure课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，旨在使学生熟练掌握市场失灵以及导致市场失灵的原因，熟练掌握垄断、外部性、公共物品、信息不对称对经济效率的影响。复习思考题：1. Explain the reasons for the existence of market failure.2. What are the reasons tha

49、t market failure will lead to inefficient allocation of resources?Chapter 9 Measuring Economic ActivityA. Gross Domestic Product1. Two Measures of National Income2. The Problem of “ Double Counting ”3. Value AddedB. Details of the National Accounts1. Real vs. Nominal GDP2. GDP, NDP and GNP3. Composi

50、tion of GDPC. Beyond the National Accounts教学重点、难点：GDP; Two Measures of National Income; Real GDP; Nominal GDP; Inflation Rate; Full Employment、课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习， 旨在使学生掌握宏观经济学的研究对象、 宏观经济模型和宏观经济学的研究方法。 学生应熟练掌握国民收入核算的基本方法， 国民收入的基本公式即投资储蓄恒等式，掌握名义GDP 与实际 GDP 的区别。复习思考题：1. Why invest equals savings is the ma

51、croeconomic equilibrium condition?2. In the short term, explain why increase consumption, investment, government spending and exports can increase national income? And increase savings, income taxes and import will reduce income?3. How to understand the complementary relationship between private sav

52、ings, investment, government budget and foreign trade between?4. How to understand the difference between nominal GDP and real GDP?Chapter 10 Determination of National IncomeA. Consumption and Saving1. Consumption, Income and Saving2. The Marginal Propensity to Consume3. The Marginal Propensity to S

53、ave4. National Consumption BehaviorB. Investment1. Determinants of Investment2. The Investment Demand CurveC. The Basic Multiplier Model1. Output Determination with Saving and Investment2. Output Determined by Total Expenditures3. The Multiplier教学重点、难点：Simple income determination theory; equilibrium

54、 output; Keynesian consumption theory; the determination of national income in two sectors economy; the multiplier theory; a variety of multipliers.课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握总需求、总产出、消费函数、乘数、两部门经济中的均衡产出决定模型、乘数发挥作用的条件。复习思考题：1. Using the changes in inventories mechanism to describe why actual output alway

55、s tends to parallel equilibrium output in an economy?2. How to understand the basic principles of national income determination and AD in the short term?3. How to use investment equals savings identity to explain the determination of national income?4. What is the role of the multiplier? What are th

56、e conditions for the multiplier effect of economic expansion?Chapter 11 IS-LM AnalysisA. The IS Curve and Fiscal Policy1. Fiscal Policy: The Transmission Mechanism2. Crowding Out EffectB. The LM Curve and Monetary Policy1. Liquidity Trap2. The Classical Case教学重点、难点：Investment function; IS Curve; the Demand for Money; Money Demand Function; LM Curve; Money Supply; Money Supply Function; IS-LM Model; effective Demand; MEC课程的考核要求：通过本章的学习，学生应熟练掌握产品市场上怎样推导出 IS 曲线、货币需求、货币供给、货币市场下怎样推导出的 LM 曲