前2章欧洲文化入门课后习题答案

1、欧洲文化入门课后习题答案:Divisionone:GreekcultureandRomanculture希腊、罗马文化.Greekculture希腊文化1. WhatarethemajorelementsinEuropeanculture?TherearetwomainelementstheGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement.2. WhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksociety?InGreeksociety,onlyadultmalecitizenhadrealpowerandthecitize

2、nshipwasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather.TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor.Slavesworkedfortheirmasters.Theexploitationwasaserioussocialproblem.TheGreekslovedsports.TheyoftentookpartinthecontestsofsportsinOlympusMount,thusOlympicGamescameintobeing.3. WhatdidHomerdo?Whyi

3、sheimportantinthehistoryofEuropeanliterature?HedepictedthegreatGreekmenwholivedintheperiod1200-1100B.C.andwarshappeningatthattime.Asanauthorofepics,heemployedfineliterarylanguagetodescribewarsandmen,eventhoughtheyweredull.HestoodinthepeekofGreekliteratureandexertedagreatinfluenceonhisfollowers.4. Wh

4、oweretheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece?Whatimportantplaysdideachofthemwrite?Aeschylus,SophoclesandEuripideswerethreeoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece.Aeschylus:PrometheusBound,Persians,AgamemnonSophocles:OedipustheKing,Electra,AntigoneEuripides:Andromache,Medea,TrojanWomen5. Weretherehistor

5、iansthen?Whowerethey?Whatdideachofthemwriteabout?Yes,thereare.TheywereHerodotusandThucydides.HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.ThucydideswroteaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse.6. Wouldyousaythatphilosophywashighlydevelopedthen?Whowerethemajormetaphysics.So

6、crates,PlatoandAristotlewerethemajorphilosophersatthattime.philosophers?No,Iwouldnt.Becatuhsoesephilosophicalideaswereonlyidealismorsimplematerialismor7. DidSocrateswriteanybook?Howthendoweknowabouthim?Whatdistinguishedhisphilosophy?No,hedidn'WeknowSocrateschieflythroughwhatPlatorecordedofhimint

7、hefamousDialogueswrittenbyPlato.Heconsideredthatphilosophyrestedwiththedissectofoneselfandvirtuewashighworthoflife.Hismethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers,wasknownasthedialecticalmethod.8. TellsomeofPlato'sideas.Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist?(1) Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingen

8、eral“ideas”,likebeauandgoodness.(2)Weshouldnotlookatthethingswhicharenotseen:forthethingswhicharenotseeneternal.Becauseheemphasizedtheimportanceof“ideas"andbelievedthathadcreatedtheworld,peoplecallhimanidealist.9. InwhatimportantwayswasAristotledifferentfromPlato?WhataresomeofAristotle'swor

9、ksthatarestillinfluentialtoday?(1) Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato'srelianceonsubjectiveth2niHgthoughtthat“idea”andmattertogethermadeconcreteindividualrealitiesinwhichhedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadhigherrealitytha

10、nthepoliticalworld.Hissignificantworksincludes:Ethics,PoliticsandRhetoric.10. Whoweresomeoftheotherphilosophersactiveinthatperiod?Doestheword“Epicurean"initsmodernsenseconveythetruemeaningofthephilosophyoftheancientEpicureans?Whatweretheirviewsonpleasure?(1) TheywereHeracleitue,Democritus,Dioge

11、nes,Pyrrhon,EpicurusandZeno.(2)No,itdoesn't.TheancientEpicureansbelievedpleasuretobethehighestworthoflife,butbypleasuretheymeant,notsensualenjoymentbutthatattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.Butthisideawasmisledbymodernpeople,intheirsense,thewod“Epicurean“hascometomeanindulgenceinluxuriousliving.11. S

12、aysomethingaboutGreeksculpture,potteryandarchitecture.WhatwasthemostfamousGreektemple?Isitstillthere?(1)AlongwiththeformationofGreekcivilization,Greeksculpture,potteryandarchitecturegotmanygreatachievements.Greeksputintoworksofartthethingstheyadmiredandworshiped,thescientificrulestheydiscovered.Gree

13、kartevolvedfromthearchaicperiodtotheclassicalperiodwhichmarkeditsmaturity.(2)themostfamoustemplewastheAcropolisatAthens.(3)Yes,itisstillthere.12. GivesomeexamplestoshowtheenormousinfluenceofGreekcultureonEnglishliterature.Someexamples:(1) AFreudianterm“OedipuComplex”of19thcenturyoriginatingfromaGree

14、ktragedyinwhichkingOedipusunknowinglykilledhisfatherandmarriedhismother.(2)Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics:Byron'sIsleofGreecethShelleyHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeatsOdeonaGreci

15、anUrn.(3)Inthe20century,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce'modernistmasterpieceUlysses.URomanculture罗马文化1. WhatdidtheRomanhaveincommonwiththeGreeks?Andwhatwasthechiefdifferencebetweenthem?(1)TheRomanshadalotincommonwiththeGreeks.Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-as

16、sembly,hostiletomonarchyandtoservility.TheirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentifiedGreekZeuswithRomanJupiter,GreekAphroditewithRomanVenus,andsoonandtheirmythstobefused.Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarwaysandwereultimatelyrelated,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamil

17、ywhichstretchesfromBangladeshtoIceland.(2) Therewasonebigdifference.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire.TheGreeksdidnt,exceptedforthebriefmomentofAlexander'vshjdnquertslisintegrated.2. ExplainPaxRomana.Intheyear27B.C.,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustus.Twocenturieslater,theRomanempi

18、rereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.TheemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmythefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.ThustheRomansenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknownasPaxRomana.3. WhatcontributionsdidtheRomansmaketotherule

19、oflaw?InRomansearlieststage,onlyanumberofpatriciansknewthecustomarylegalprocedure.WhentheruleswereputintowritinginthemiddleofthethirdcenturyB.C.itmarkedavictoryfortheplebeians.Therewasfurtherdevelopmentoflawundertheemperorsuntilitwascodified,eventuallytobecomethecoreofmoderncivilandcommerciallawinma

20、nyWesterncountries.4. WhoweretheimportantprosewritersinancientRome?Whatdoes“Ciceronian”mean?DidCicerowritethatkindofrhetoricalproseallthetime?<1>MarcusTulliusCiceroandJuliusCaesarweretwoimportantprosewriters.<2>CiceronianmeansCicero'seloquentoratoricalmannerofwriting,Whichhashadaneno

21、rmousinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.<3>No,hedidn'BecauseCiceroappearsasadifferentmanwithadifferentstyle,farlessrhetorical,butcolloquialandintimate.5. GivetheexampleofthetersestyleofJuliusCaesar'sprose.Anexample:Icame,Isaw,Iconquered(modelsofsuccinctLatin).6. WhowasLucretius?W

22、hatdidhedo?(1)LucretiuswasapoetofancientRome.(2)HewrotethephilosophicalpoemOntheNatureofThingtoexpoundtheideasofEpicurustheGreekatomist.7. WhatisthebookforwhichVirgilhasbeenfamousthroughoutthecountries?InwhatwaysisthebooklinkedwiththeGreekpast?(1)ThebookwasAeneid.(2)ThestorywasaboutAeneas,oneofthepr

23、incesofTroy,whoescapedfromthatburningcitywhenitfelltotheGreeks,tocarryontheTrojancauseinanewplace,Rome.Hedidn'tgoalone,but,carryinghisfatheronhisshouldersandleadinghislittlesonbythehand,afamilygroupofthreegenerationsmovedtogether.ThusinthiswaythebookislinkedwiththeGreekpast.8. WhydowesayAeneusis

24、atrulytragichero?BecauseAeneashadtobetraythegreatpassionofhislife,hisloveforDido,queenofCarthage,sothathecouldfulfillhishistoricmission.9. WhatisthechiefRomanachievementinarchitecture?Givesomeexamples.(1) TheRomansweregreatengineers.Theycoveredtheirworldfromoneendtotheotherwithroads,bridges,aqueduct

25、s,theatresandarenas.(2) Someexamples:A. ThePantheon:thegreatestthebestpreservedRomantemplebuiltin27B.C.B. PontduGard:itisanexceptionallywell-preservedaqueductthatspansawidevalleyinsouthernFrance.10. Whyarethewall-paintingsoftheancientRomansstillsignificanttoustoday?Romanpaintingwasstronglyinfluenced

26、bytheartofGreece.Anditalsohadpecularitiesofitsown.Unfortunatelymuchofthepaintingnolongerexists.Thereare,however,somewall-paintingsfromPompeiiandothertownsnearNaples.Thesewall-paintingsincludestilllives,landscapepaintingsandfigurepaintings.AmongthemwereLadyMusicianandYoungGirl,theMaidenGatheringFlowe

27、rsandtheLandscape.Divisiontwo:theBibleandChristianity基督教及其圣经1. WhatwastheHebrew'smajorcontributiontoworldcivilization?ThehistoryoftheHebrewswashandeddownorallyfromonegenerationtoanotherintheformoffolktalesandstories,whichwererecordedlaterintheOldTestament,whichstilllaterbecamethefirstpartoftheCh

28、ristianBible.ThustheHebrewsmadeoneofthegreatestcontributionstotheworldcivilization.2. WhydowesayJudaismandChristianityarecloselyrelated?JudaismandChristianityarecloselyrelated:(l)itwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianity;bothoriginatedinPalestinethehubofmigrationandtraderoute,whichledtoexc

29、hangeideasoverwideareas.3. Whendidthegreatexodustakeplace?Around1300B.C.,Moses,thefamousHebrewleader,wenttoseethepharaohofEgypt,tellinghimthatYahwehwantedthepharaohtoendHebrewslaveryandlettheHebrewleaveEgypt.WiththisbegantheExodus,whichlastedfortyyears.4. WhowasMoses?WhatdidhedofortheHebrews?Moseswa

30、safamousHebrewleader.Around1300B.C.,MosesledtheHebrewstoleaveEgyptforthePromisedLand.ThiswascalledtheExoduswhichlastedfortyyears.WhenthewanderingHebrewsleftthedesertandenteredthemountainousSinai,Mosesclimbedtothetopofthemountaintoreceiveformgodmessage,whichcametobeknownastheTenCommandments.Hediedsho

31、rtlybeforetheHebrewsarrivedattheirhomeland.5. WhataretheTenCommandmentsabout?TheTenCommandmentareasetofrulesMosescommandsallIsraeltoobeyinthenameofGod:(l)YahwehistheonlyGodallIsraelshouldworship;Donotcarveandserveanyidoltoworship;(3)DonottakethenameofGodinvain;(4)KeeptheSabbathdayandlaborintheothers

32、ixdays;(5)Honorandrespectone'sparents;notkill;(7)Donotcommitadultery;(8)Donotsteal;(9)Donotbearfalsewitnessagainstpeople(;o)Donotdesireone'sneighbor'swife,norhishouse,norhisfield,norhisservants,norhislivestock,noranythingelse.6. WhatwritingsmakeuptheNewTestament?TheNewTestamentconsistsof

33、14books.Thefouraccounts,whichwerebelievedtohavebeenwrittenbyMatthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn,fourofJesus'earlyfollowers,arethefirstpartoNewTestamentandtellofthebirth,teaching,deathandResurrectionofJesus.Thencome:theActsoftheApostles,ahistoryoftheearlyChristianmovement:theEpistles,orletterstothechurchgr

34、oupsaroundtheMediterranean;andlastlythebookofRevelation,avisionaryaccountofthefinaltriumphofGod'spurpose.7. HowdidtherelationsbetweenChristiansandtheRomangovernmentchange?TheearlyChristianweresubjecttopersecutionsbytheRomangovernment.JesusChristwascrucifiedbytheRomangovernment.AfterJesusdied,his

35、disciplinesSt.PeterandSt.PaulsufferedmartyrdomundertheRomanEmperorNeroabout65A.D.NeroevenburnedChristiansinhisgardenin64A.D.For240yearsafterthemartyrdomsofPeterandPaul,persecutionsofChristianscontinued.ThechiefpersecutionswereunderNero,Domitian,Trajan,ValerianandDiocletian.Despitethesepersecutions,C

36、hristianscontinuedtospreadsteadilyovertheMediterraneanregion.ItbegantodrawmenandwomenfromallclassesandtheattitudeoftheRomangovernmenttowardChristianitybegantochange.By305Diocletiangaveuphisefforttodestroytheyoungreligion.WhenConstantineIwonthethronefromhisrivals,hebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhim,andin31

37、3heissuedtheEdictofMilanwhichgrantedreligiousfreedomtoallandmadeChristianitylegal.UnderConstantineChristianitymadegreatcontributionoftheempire.TheemperorswhofollowedConstantineIcontinuedpro-Christianpolicies.In392A.D.,EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallother

38、religions.NowChristianityhadchangedfromanobjectofoppressiontoaweaponinthehandsoftherulingclasstocrushtheiropponents.8. HowdidChristianmonkshelpWesterncivilizationsurvive?TheChristianmonkshelpedwesterncivilizationsurviveinmanyways:(l)TheChristianmonksspreadChristianitytotheMediterraneanregionandsomeo

39、fthemevensufferedmartyrdom;(2)SomemonkstranslatedtheOldTestamentintoGreekandSt.JerometranslatedthewholeBibleintoLatin.LatersomesuchasJohnWycliffeandWilliamTyndaletranslatedtheBibleintothevernacular;(3)IntheMiddleAges,peopleinWesternEuropeweremainlydividedintothreeclasses:clergy,lordsandpeasants.Ofthesethreeclasses,theonlyliteratesectionwastheclergy.TheChristianmonksdidalottohelppreserveandtran