英语课堂教学的有效预设与生成

1、英语课堂教学的有效预设与生成黄晓娣预设与生成是精彩课堂教学不可缺少的两个方面。 预设精彩且能按期实施的课， 算是成 功的； 预设精彩且能不断生成的课， 才算是精彩的。因此，教师必须处理好预设与生成的关 系，在精心预设的基础上，针对教学实际进行灵活调适， 追求动态生长，从而让课堂在预设 与生成的融合中精彩。一、英语课堂教学的预设 预设指的是师生课堂教学活动按照课前的设计和安排展开， 体现了教学的计划性与封闭 性。通俗来讲，就指教师的备课。它是课堂教学的蓝图，是落实教育理念的方案。要让英语 课堂焕发出生命的活力， 就必须做好教学的预设。 这就要求教学预设必须充分考虑到学生主 动发展的需要，为生命潜

2、能的开发、学生个性的发展、课堂的动态生成提供条件。（一）教学目标的预设 在英语课堂教学的实际进程中， 充分给学生创设自主探索与合作交流的机会， 实际上它也 是教师捕捉和接纳学生的经验与创造、 把握教学过程的生成性目标、 促进或实现课堂价值动 态生成的良机。 一堂课的教学目标不应该是凝固的、 僵化的和不变的， 课堂会发生什么事件 是不可预设的， 如果不容纳课堂即时生成的目标， 不把握课堂教学的动态生成， 就不可能有 学生充分的发展。这种信念必须在新世纪课程教学改革的实践中确立起来。如在备七年级 Go for it! 教 材 Going shopping 词 汇 部 分 教 学 时 ， 课 文 提

3、 及 众 多 商 店 如 clothes shop, electrical shop, bookshop,toy shop 等。在不同的商店，我们可以购买到不同的商 品。尽管书中未曾提及这些单词， 但预设到学生的好奇心及求知欲， 肯定会对图片中商品对 应的英文感兴趣。 因此， 我在备课的时候详细地备了每种商店出现的商品英文， 课上衍生。（二）教学过程的预设 因此，我们所面对的问题是在课堂教学中如何认识和处理预设和生成的关系以及如何预 设与生成的问题。 教师在设计教学方案时既要遵循课程和学科发展要求， 又要尊重学生的身 心和认识发展规律， 关注学生的个性特点； 教师在与学生一起展开课堂教学过程时

4、， 要参照 教学方案组织教学， 同时要及时了解和把握学生的活动情况与生活情形， 关注学生在课堂中 的生命状态； 教师在组织教学时既要适度考虑教学方案， 也要关注学生在课堂中的发展需求， 注重与学生一起互动， 重视在互动中与学生一起生成新的教学过程以及新的课程资源和教学 资源；教师既要关注教学方案， 也要根据互动变化的新情况， 及时调整原有的方案组织教学， 开发和利用互动中形成的新资源， 并把这些新资源转化为学生的新知识和新能力。 这就要求 教师必须用系统观、辩证观和建立在复杂科学基础上的新的哲学观来认识和处理这些问题。二、英语课堂教学的生成 教学不是完全根据教师的事先预设按部就班地进行， 而是

5、更加需要充分发挥师生双方的 积极性， 随着教学活动的展开， 教师、学生的思想和教学文本不断碰撞， 创造火花不断迸发， 新的学习需求、 方向不断产生， 学生在这个过程中兴趣盎然， 认识和体验不断加深，这就是 生成的课堂教学。 在这样的课堂上， 学生获得了多方面的满足和发展， 教师的劳动也闪耀着 创造的光辉， 师生都能感觉到生命活力的涌动。 这种生成的英语课堂教学， 是英语教学的理 想境界。因此，英语课堂要根据学生多角度、多层次的需要，促进课堂教学的动态生成。（一）倡导动态生成的英语课堂课堂学习是学生生命活动的组成部分。 学生是一个个鲜活的生命体， 课堂教学是他们生 命历程的组成部分， 理应充满勃

6、发的生命活力。 学生作为一种活生生的力量， 带着自己的经 验、知识、思考、灵感、兴致参与课堂教学，并成为课堂教学不可分割的一部分，从而使课堂教学呈现出丰富性、 复杂性和多变性。 如果只是按照预先设定的过程教学， 课堂好像一部 经过编排、 有着固定剧情的戏剧， 教学活动失去了生命活动所应有的复杂性、 偶然性和不确 定性， 学生所能感受的只是知识的结论， 对教学过程和内容却失去了应有的好奇心， 学生厌 学和教师厌教的情况自然就会产生。英语课堂教学同样需要讲究效率，但这种效率应当是体现英语教学目标的，不能简单地 理解为 “花最少的时间教最多的内容 ”。那种置学生的需求、 困惑和情绪于不顾的效率，不是

7、 真正的效率；那种只有少数好学生达成了目标，而多数学生只是当了一回 “观众 ”的课，更不 是真正的效率。在一些生成的课堂教学中， 由于学生的积极性很高， 课堂教学的过程展开得很充分， 出 现了 “节外生枝 ”的现象，以至课堂教学预定的任务不能完成，预定的教学目标也没有实现。 怎么看待这种现象？首先，在这样的课堂里，没有达成的往往是预期的认知目标，而过程、 方法、 情感态度目标已经有所超越， 所以这样的课应该得到肯定； 其次，课堂教学目标是为 教学目的服务的， 如果这一节课教学任务的完成与否并不影响学生的整体发展， 未达成的认 知目标完全可以在后续的课中继续达成， 而不必死扣在这一节课内； 最后

8、， 教学目标本身也 不是预设了就不能变更， 应该随着学生的课堂里学习状况而及时调整。 当然， 一个具有厚实 底蕴和丰富经验的教师， 会在生成的课堂中运用实践智慧， 较好地调整教学目标和过程， 从 而完成教学任务。所以，说到底，课堂教学的生成最终取决于教师的专业化发展程度。（二）把握课堂教学动态生成的点1. 在尝试和探究的活动中 “生成 ”。基础教育课程改革的目标之一是转变学生的学习方 式，我们要把自主、 合作、 探究和有意义的接受性学习结合起来。在课堂教学中根据需要组 织探究性学习， 对于英语教学目标有着明显的作用。 在探究性学习中， 由于结论不是现成的， 学生会有多种思路、多种方法，往往也会

9、产生不同的结果。如在教学An English friend 时，在教学完词组 speak loudly, sit quietly, run fast, jump high, walk carefully, dance beautifully 后， 学生很容易混淆，这时教师可帮助学生概括动词后面要跟副词而不是形容词来修饰。2. 在对话中 “生成 ”。教师与学生、 学生与学生之间关于文本的对话应当是平等、互动的过程。 在课堂 “对话 ”中，教师要真心实意地倾听每一个学生的发言，发现他们思想和语 言的闪光点。如在教学 Hobbies 时，教师可以通过谈话的形式引导学生用学过的词组 draw pict

10、ures, listen to music, play basketball, play the guitar 等表达出自己真正的业余爱好。 如 果自己的爱好不会用英文表达， 可以用中文来说， 恰巧有一个学生说到拍照， 顺便引出要教 的词组 take photos。3. 在适度拓展中 “生成 ”。英语课程应当是开放的和充满活力的， 这就要求教师拓宽英语 学习和运用的领域， 使学生在不同内容和不同方法的相互交叉、 渗透和整合中开阔视野。 如 在教学七年级（下） Go for it! Unit 1 Where are you from? 说到国家的名称时，有些学生在下 面按捺不住，用中文说： I

11、mfrom 韩国/朝鲜. 我顺势就把这些单词教给学生，并且把这些国 家的国旗的意义也介绍给学生听，学生们都听得很认真， 觉得很有意思，也很有意义。 并且 课后要求学生收集感兴趣的国家名称和国旗意义。过去我们往往把这样的随机拓展看成是不 “紧扣教材 ”而加以否定， 而在新课程的理念下 应当得到肯定。因为在自主学习中， “旁枝逸出 ”是完全正常的。现在，我们认识到了英语学 习不是简单的线性过程，而是日积月累从量变到质变的过程。九年级英语模拟试卷、听力理解（ 20 小题，每小题 1 分，共 20 分）A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选第一节听下面 5 段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的 项，并

12、填写在题前括号内。每段对话读两遍。() 1 Where are the two speakers?A They are at homeB They are in a shopC They are in the street () 2 Why does the girl like elephants?A Because they can run very fast B Because they are strong and intelligent C Because they are shy and lovely() 3 Who has watered the flowers?A Nobody

13、B SamC Sam s father() 4 Where did Maria begin to learn English?A In her primary school B At an English club C In her middle school () 5 What did David do last weekend?AHe taught children to swim B He read stories to old peopleC He fixed up bicycles for others 第二节 听下面几段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C

14、 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并填写在题前括号内，每段对话或独白读两遍。 听下面一段对话，回答第 67 小题。() 6 How many children are there in the boy s family?A Only one B TwoC Three() 7 Where does the girl come from?A ChinaB America C Canada听下面一段对话，回答第 89 小题。() 8 Where is the man going ?A Zhengzhou B Shanghai CNanjing () 9 When will the man leave?A N

15、ext Monday B This Saturday C This Sunday 听下面一段独白，回答第 1012 小题。()10 How long does Carol s holiday last every summer?A Two weeks B Two months C Almost one week ()11 How many countries did she visit last August?A Only one B FourC Three()12 How is she going to feel after the holiday this year?A Tired B H

16、appy C Bored听下面一段对话，回答第 1315 小题。()13 What is Jane?AA teacherBA worker CA student()14 What is Jack not good at?A English B Japanese C Chinese()15 When will they go to see the show?A On Monday evening B On Saturday evening C On Sunday morning 第三节听下面一段短文，根据短文内容选择文中各人物的交通方式，并将字母标号填入相 应图片下的空格内。短文读两遍。横线上。

17、短文读两遍。A. Ya Bin B. Tina C. Ben D. Getty E. Albert16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 二、单项选择(15小题，每小题1分，共 15分)从 A 、 B、 C、 D 四个选项中选出一个最佳答案 , 将其标号填入题前括号内。 ()21.-Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.-Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.A. my, an B. mine, the C. my, a D. mine, a()22- Excuse me, could I

18、 use your card?I have to call my parents for help.-Sure. Here you are.A. post B. phone C. name D.ID()23.- How nice the music sounds!- It !. The peaceful music will make you feel .A .did; relaxed B. does; relaxingC. did; relaxing D. does; relaxed( ) 24. - ! The traffic is moving fast.-Thanks, I will.

19、A .Hurry B. Watch C. Don t move D. Look out()25. -Mum, where is salt? I need it for the soup.-Here it is. But just .A. much B. many C. a little D. a few( )26. - What are we supposed to do for the snow -hit area( 雪灾区 )in southern China?- I think we should some money to themA. put away B. give away C.

20、 take away D. give up()27.- Your picture is wonderful!- I worked for 8 hours I finished it.A. when B. while C. before D. after()28.-Have you finished your report?-Not yet. It in another ten minutes.A. has finished B. will finishedC. has been finishedD. will be finished( )29. It be Mrs. Smith. She to

21、 the market.A. can t; has been B. can t; has goneC. mustn t; has been D. won t; had been ()30.-Do you mind my taking this seat?-. It s for Miss Yang, our English teacher.A. Better not B. Yes, please C. No, of course not D. Not at all ()31.-What do you think of the new movie?- Its good. But the one w

22、e saw last month is even than it.A. good B. better C. best D. well( )32. - I don t know I should with myrboken computer.A. how, doB. how, to deal C. what, do D. which, deal()33. - Do you know the personhair is long and straight ？- Sorry, I don t know.A. whose B. which C. who D. his ( )34. - Jack did

23、n t go to school yesterday, did he?- . Though he didn t feel very well.A. Yes, he did. B. No. he didn tC. Yes, he didnDt. No, he did()35.- Could you tell me ?- He hasn t decided yet. But at least a week.A. when will Mr. Wang comeB. where Mr. Wang had beenC. how long Mr. Wang will stayD. how will Mr.

24、 Wang get here三、完形填空(10小题，每小题1分，共 10分)I ll com先通读短文，掌握其大意，然后从 A 、 B、 C、 D 四个选项中选出一个可以填入相应空白处 的最佳答案，将其标号填入题前括号内。Peggy Cardona parked her blue Nissan at a supermarket one day in February 1997. open the door for you, ” she told-yhear rf-ouldr grandson, Ryan Eshleman, in the back seat. Before Cardona co

25、uld even 36 her door, the car moved ahead.“ Nana, the car is37 ! ”Ryan cried. Cardona jumped into the driver s seat and reached for the handbrake(手I闸),her left leg stepping outside, trying to stop the car. She couldn t find the brake, and she 38 the car as it moved down the steep slope( 陡坡 ) toward

26、a pond 20 feet away. 39 Ryan cried “ Nana!” as the car fell into the pond and the water began pouring in.“Help! ” Cardona cried as the car moved 40 the bank. “My grandson is inside!”A supermarket clerk, Clint Fountain, 24, jumped down the slope and dived into the cold water. Reaching the car, Founta

27、in saw Ryan s terrified face just inches(英寸)41 the water. “ Uniockthe door!” Fountain shouted. The boy s fingers fumbled( 未触到 ) with the lock.Fountain hit on the back 42 , but the glass wouldn t break. Another man Dick McClung dived in and handed him a hammer( 锤子 ). Grabbing it, Fountain told the bo

28、y to move aside, and broke the glass. His hands went 43 the broken window in the black water and pulled the boy44. At that moment the last flash of the blue car 45 under the water.()36. A. closeB. openC. touch()37. A. drivingB. missingC. moving()38. A. got out of B. got intoC. pulledD. washD. stoppi

29、ngD. drove()39. A. Excited()40. A. to()41. A. below()42. A. window()43. A. across()44. A. out of()45. A. seemedB. TiredB. fromB. underB. doorB. throughB. awayB. happenedC. SurprisedC. withC. aroundC. carC. intoC. outC. disappearedD. FrightenedD. ofD. aboveD. seatD. fromD. safeD. appeared四、阅读理解（ 20小题

30、，每小题 2 分，共 40分） 阅读下面四篇语言材料，然后按文后要求做题。AThere was once a mother and a daughter who lived in a small village. The mother always locked the door with three big locks each night before going to sleep to prevent thieves from stealing their things.One night, the daughter decided to run away to a nearby cit

31、y. That was a big city and the daughter heard that it was easy to make money there. And so she opened the locks, left her sleeping mother and didn t look back.But things did not go w ell for her in the city. She didn t get money. And she was afraid tokeep in touch with her mother. Ten years later, h

32、urt and disappointed with what she had in the city, she went back home to her mother.When she got home in the midnight, she noticed that the door was unlocked. She went in to find her mother and was surprised to find there was a glass of milk and a piece of bread on her table near her mother s bed.S

33、he woke up her mother. Her mother, overjoyed( 狂喜的 )to see her, hugged her daughter with happy tears in her eyes. Daughter asked her mother why she didn t lock the door and why she didn t finish the milk and the bread.Mother answered. “ My daughter, after you left home ten years ago, I didn t dare to

34、 lock the door, fearing (害怕 ) that you couldn t get in if you return home. Every night, I would prepare a glass of milk and a piece of bread for you just in case ( 万一 ) you came home hungry. ” 根据材料内容选择正确答案，并将其标号填入题前括号里。( ) 46. Why did the daughter leave for the city?A. Because she wanted to make mor

35、e money.B. Because her mother was too strict with her.C. Because she liked to live in a big city.D. Because her mother was not kind to her at all. ( ) 47. How long was she away from her mother?A. Five months.B. Half a year.C. About eight years D. Ten years( ) 48. What made the daughter surprised whe

36、n she got home?A. Her mother was dead and her father was ill.B. Her mother ate less milk and bread than before.C. Her mother put milk and bread to the table near the bed.D. Her mother had changed another three locks.( ) 49. Why didn t her mother lock the door?A. Because she wasn t afraid to be stole

37、n more.B. Because she d like her daughter to enter the house at any time.C. Because she hoped the fresh air could get in while she was sleeping.D. Because she couldn t fall asleep. She needn t lock the door.( ) 50. The best title of this passage is .A. The Meanest( 最严厉的 ) Mother s Love.B. The Most P

38、riceless( 最无价的 ) Mother s Love.C. The Most Persistent(最执著的)Mother s Love.D. The Most Complete Mother s LoveBSome people think only school children do not agree with their parents,however, it is not true.Communication is a problem for parents and children of all ages. If it s hard for you to communic

39、ate with your parents, don t worry about it. Here are some advice for you to bridge the generation gap (消除代沟 ).Don targue with your parents. Don tget to your parents when you are angry. Your parents probably won t consider your ideas if you are shouting at them. And you can t express yourswell if yo

40、u are angry. Go someplace to cool off. Make sure you understand why you are unhappy.Then think about what you want to sa y to your parents. If you don t think you can speak to themat the moment, try writing a letter.Try to reach a compromise ( 和解 ). Perhaps you and your parents disagree on something

41、. You can keep your disagreement and try your best to accept each other. Michael s mother didn t agree with him about buying a motorcycle. They argued over it. But they finally came to a compromise. Michael bought the motorcycle, but only drove it on certain days.Of course, your parents might refuse

42、 to compromise on something. In these situations, it is especially important to show love and respect (尊敬 ) to them. Showing respect will keep your relationship strong.Talk about your values. The values of your parents are probably different from those of your own. Tell your parents what you care ab

43、out, and why. Understanding your values might help them see your purposes in life.having a try!()51. The passage tells us A. parents and other peopleC. teachers and their students ()52. Your parents probably wonA. don t get to them oftenC. don t speak to them politely ()53. The underlined phraseA. t

44、o make yourself happyC. to have a good rest quicklyA good relationship with your parents can make you a better and happier person. It is worthhave a communication problem.B. school kids and their parentsD. parents and children of all ages t consider your ideas if you .B. write a letter to themD. exp

45、ress yourself well cool off ” in the passage means “ B. to get you quiet and relaxed D. to hide yourself()54. If there resally a generation gap between you and your parents, you dbetterA. have a talk with them ofte nB. keep away from themC. agree with them all the timeD. know about their values)55.

46、From the passage we lear n that.A. pare nts and childre n should not have a gen erati on gapB. pare nts should show love and respect to their childre nC. there are some good ways to bridge the gen eratio n gapD. there are so many serious problems in families today CSCHOOL REPORTName: Ann ie HillGrad

47、e: 8Term Ending:25 JuneTerm marks ( maximum marks 100 ):En glish :96_Math:85Geography: History: Con duct :7495fairGerma n :7965Abse nces:Scie nee:Position (位置)in class: 5(缺席)9Annie_has_the_ability_to_do_a_lot_better._More_effort (努力)isexpected n ext termClass teacher: M. L Marti nRemarks:Principal:(

48、校长)V.F GreenSchool reope ns: 8 SeptemberSubject: En glishName: Macy Grade: 9Stude nt profile comme nts:（个人评价）Works very hardGood worker A good student who works wellInconsistent （反复无常的）workerPoor workerHas achieved all skillsHas achieved most skillsHas achieved some skills Excelle nt progressGood pr

49、ogressAverage progressPoor progress More work is needed here There has bee n good progress 根据材料内容选择最佳答案，将其标号填入题前括号内。()66. Annie does best in.A. mathB. historyC. scie neeD. En glish()67. Annie new term beg ins on.A. September 1st B. June 25thC. September 8th D. April 14 th()68. How many of Annie clas

50、smates do better than her in her class?A. Thirty-sixB. Twen ty-sixC. Ni neD. Four()69. What do you think of Macy English Ianguage skills?A. She has achieved all skills.B. There has bee n good progress.C. More work is n eeded.D. She works very hard.()70. If Macy wants to make excelle nt progress in E

51、n glish, she.A. must be an incon siste nt workerB. has to work harder tha n beforeC. has made good progressD. has the ability to do a lot betterDIn the past, many people used horses for traveling , farming and other kinds of work . A lot of people still like to ride horses . And horse racing is also

52、 popular . So it is not surprising that America ns use this an imal whe n they talk .Long ago , rich or important people rode horses which were very tall . Today, if a girl acts like she is better tha n every one else, you might say she should get off her high horse .Yesterday my childre n wan ted m

53、e to take them to the playgro und . But I had to fin ish my work, so I said . Hold your horses . Wait until I finish what I am doing. ” My two boys like to compete against each other and play in a noisy and not very careful way . I always tell them to stop hors ing around or some one could get hurt.

54、Last ni ght, I got a teleph one call while I Was watch ing my favourite TV show . I decided not to answer it because wild horses could not drag (拖，拽)me away from the television . There was nothing that could stop me from doing what I wan ted to do .Sometimes you get information straight from th e ho

55、rse s moutlLet us say your teacher tells you there is going to be a test tomorrow . You could say you got the information straight from the horse s mouthYou can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him drink . That mea ns you can give some one advice but you cannot force him to do someth ing h

56、e does n ot want to do .根据材料内容，从下面方框中选出恰当的短语或句子完成第61-65五个小题，使句子通顺、意思完整，将其标号填入题前括号内。每个短语或句子限用一次。A horse aroundB straight from the horse s mouthC get off her high horse . D wild horses could not drag her awayE You can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him drink()61 Mike , don t with your brother . You ll break my mirror!( )62- I can t stand Mary any more! She always says she