第三章词汇翻译(2)

1、L/O/G/O 第三章第三章 词汇翻译（词汇翻译（2 2）L/O/G/O主要内内容词类转译法增词法- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. From The Gettysburg Address 民有、民治、民享的政府Abraham Lincoln 词类转译法词类转译法转译成动词转译成动词 转译成名词转译成名

2、词 转译成形容词转译成形容词 其它词类转译其它词类转译 1. 转译成动词转译成动词（1）名词转译成动词 由动词派生的名词转译成动词His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。2) Shortness of time has required the omission of some states.由于时间短暂，未能访问某些国家。 含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词 1) A sight and sound of our jet planes fille

3、d me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。2) As the week drew to a close, the enemy rout was complete.一周快结束时，敌人彻底溃退了。 英语中有些加后缀-er的名词,有时含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词 1) I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我未必会教你游泳。我想我弟弟比我教得好。2) Ta

4、lking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。 作为习语主体的名词往往可转译成动词 1) They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.他们最后看了铁麦克一眼-它依然安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。2）The next new bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstr

5、ation.下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。 （2）介词转译成动词1) Are you for or against the plan?你赞成还是反对这项计划？2)“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过阳台，进了门廊。 （3）形容词转译成动词1) Doctors have said that they are not sure they can s

6、ave his life.医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。2) The fact that he was able to send a message was a hint，but I had to be cautious.他能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示，但是我必须小心谨慎。 （4）副词转译成动词 1) As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。2) That day he was up before sunrise.那天他在日出以前就起来了。3) She opened the window to let fr

7、esh air in.她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。 2转译成名词转译成名词由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，可将其转译成汉语名词 1) Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。2) To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。 3) In the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouetted against the sky.黎

8、明时，天空映出了瞭望塔的轮廓。 （2）有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成“受（遭）到+名词”、“予（加）以+名词”这类结构。 Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom during this period, victimized for his views.在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待，由于他的观点，他受到了迫害。（3）形容词转译成名词 有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词 1) They did their best to help the sick and the

9、 wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。2) Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨富人，热爱并保护穷人。 根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词1) Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。2) The Wilde family were religious.王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。3) They were considered insincere.他们被人认为是伪君子

10、。3. 转译成形容词转译成形容词(1) 形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词1) The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。2) The security and warmth of the destroyers sick bay were wonderful.驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。 (2) 有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以译成形容词。1) The blockade was a success.封锁很成功。2) As he is a

11、 perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。3) Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。 4其它词类转译其它词类转译 (1) 形容词与副词的互相转译 英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。1) Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes

12、of lightning made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero.偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们不时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。2) We took brief, restless naps, struggled to understand the intermittent broadcasting of Radio Prague.我们短短地、不安地打了几个盹，竭力想听懂布拉格电台断断续续的广播 英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。1) He routinely radioed another agent on t

13、he ground.他跟另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无限电联络。2) The President had prepared meticulously for his journey.总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。 由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同，还有一些英语形容词可译为汉语副词。1) This is sheer nonsense.这完全是胡说。2) Buckley was in a clear minority.巴克利显然属于少数。(2) 名词与副词的互相转译 名词转译成副词1) When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his

14、instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。2) The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。 副词转译成名词1) They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的

15、组织工作做得好。2) He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。 增词词法12 (1) 增补简略回答中的省略成份1)-Are you sure? -Absolutely.-你能肯定吗？-绝对没错。2)-Is John coming to the party? -Im afraid not. -约翰会来参加晚会吗？ -我想他不会来。 1. 增补英语原文中省略的词语增补英语原文中省略的词语(2) 增补并列句中的省略成份1) The fox may grow old, but never good. 狐狸会变老，但决不会变好。2) Th

16、e letter I stands for the current in amperes, E the electromotive force in volts, and R the resistance in ohms.字母I代表电流的安培数，E代表电动势的伏特数，R代表电阻的欧姆数。3) A grass eating animal cannot exist without grass, a predator without prey, a plant without certain basic chemicals or certain kinds of soil. 食草动物没有草不能生存，

17、食肉动物没有猎物无法生活，植物缺乏基本的化学物质或某些种类的土壤无法生长。 (3) 增补复合句中的省略成分Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 (4) 增补表示逻辑关系或者平衡结构的词语1) Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected?如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？2) Suppose the preparatory work should

18、 not be completed.假设准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办？3) Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。4) Students should learn from teachers and vice versa.学生应该想老师学习，老师也应该向学生学习。 2增补原文的内涵语义或汉语语法增补原文的内涵语义或汉语语法修辞上需要的词语修辞上需要的词语 (1) 在名词或动名词前后增补汉语动词1) A black hole is a t

19、heorized celestial body.黑洞是一种在理论上推测出的天体。2) Their activities and habits afford a lifetimes study.它们的活动习性需要人们进行毕生的研究。3) The molecules get closer and closer with the pressure.随着压力增加，分子越来越接近。4) Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.进行测试是一个复杂的问题，需要长期的经验才能掌握。 (2)

20、 增补名词 形容词或不及物动词前增补名词1) He was weak and looked pale from his long illness.他因长期生病而身体虚弱，脸色苍白。2) This bike is indeed cheap and fine.这辆自行车真是物美价廉。3) He paled with rage.他气得脸色刷白。 英语汉语innovation 革新措施 evolution 进化过程 solution 解决方法 derivation 推导过程 persuasion 说服工作 preparation 准备工作 backwardness 落后状态 tension 紧张局势

21、arrogance 自满情绪 madness 疯狂行为 antagonism 敌对态度 redundancy 多余信息 在抽象名词后增补汉语名词 After all preparations were made, our meeting will begin.一切准备工作就绪以后，会议就开始。2) They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East.他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。3) Martin Luther King became a black leader of national importance.马丁路德金成了具有全国性重要影响的黑

22、人领袖。4) The next year the bill became law and ended inequality in buses, hotels and other public accommodations.第二年，该项决议成为法律，从而结束了公共汽车上、旅馆里以及其它公共住宿场所中的不平等现象。5) We have found a solution of the problem.我们已经找到解决问题的办法。6) From the evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases under cer

23、tain conditions.根据水的蒸发现象，人们知道液体在一定条件下能变成气体。 在某些不及物动词后增补汉语名词1) After getting up, he dresses, brushes and washes. 他起床后穿衣、刷牙、洗脸。2) Day after day he came to his work sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.他每天来干活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。3) He never drinks before driving.他开车前从不喝酒。4) Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly.哈丽特阿

24、姨时常慷慨地款待客人。 (3) 增加表示名词复数的词 增加重迭词表示复数1) Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。 2) Newsmen went flying off to Mexico. 记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。 3) There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。 增加数词或其他词表示复数1) The lion is the king of animals.狮是百兽之王。2) We have to face different pro

25、blems.我们得面对各种不同的问题。3)Mr. Hobbs didnt talk over my suggestions with his brother until yesterday afternoon.直到昨天下午，霍布斯先生才跟他兄弟讨论了我的各项建议。 (4)增加表达时态的词 对某种时间概念作强调时，往往要加一些词。I had experienced two great social systems.在那之前，我就经历过两大社会制度。2) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.那位老人已经教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。 强调时间上的对比时，往往需要加一些词Man，was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.人们过去，现在，将来一直会为提高生活水平