自考英语本科《0095、0834经贸知识》课文_问答_搭配_填空_翻译 全册22课完整版

1、Lesson 1 International BusinessInternational business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.Internation business in

2、volves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The followings are some major differences between the two:1. The countries involved oftenand one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2. Different countriesusually and the

3、 parties will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use ofa foreign currency.language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for peopl

4、e engaged in international business.4. Countries and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international

5、 business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exportingand importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form

6、 of trade is also referred to as visible trade. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, they constitute over 60% of th

7、eir gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade. Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investment. Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kind

8、 of investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country. The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of investor is located is called the

9、home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificate of deposit. Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a

10、government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars.Besides trade an

11、d investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrightsor tec

12、hnology. Firms choose licensing is because they dont have to make cash payment to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from location advantages of foreign operation without any obligation in ownership or management. The use of licensing is p

13、articularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing agreement in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.Franchising can

14、be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between

15、 the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with

16、established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business.Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other

17、 specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat (fixed) payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonuses based on profitability or sales growth are also specialized (specified) in management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in ce

18、rtain industries itconsiders to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choices enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part

19、in the value chain, e. g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host counties. However, loss of control over the pro

20、ducing process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such p

21、rojects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at a fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser.BOT is a popular varia

22、nt of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major differ

23、ence between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.What does international business refer to? Please tell the difference between international business and domestic business.1. Internati

24、onal business refers to transactions between parties from different countries.There are four major differences between international business and domestic business:1) differences in legal system2) differences in currencies3) differences in cultural background4) differences in natural and economic co

25、nditionsPlease explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming more and more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade?2. Commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption

26、or resale in another. This kind of trade is also referred to visible trade. Invisible trade is in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. Invisible trade is becoming more and more important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international

27、 trade.Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differences in international business?3. Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.Please elaborate on the two categories of international investment. What is their major difference?4. Foreign

28、direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as means of e

29、ntering a foreign market?5. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country.Firms choose licensing because they do not want to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit fro

30、m locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management.What is franchising? How is it different from licensing?6. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former wit

31、h trademarks, brand name, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee. What is a management contract? Under what conditions is it most applicable?7

32、. Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic import

33、ance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets.What is an international turnkey project? In what way is its variant BOT differentfrom it?8. For an international turnkey project

34、, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a fore

35、ign company.Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Franchise: an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in certain area.

36、Royalty: money paid to the owner of a copy-right for permission to publish copy right material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design, usu. at an agreed percentage of the selling price of the product. Patent: a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make

37、and sell, or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.Non-tariff barrier: all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc. Portfolio: the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds

38、,or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling. Turnkey project: one in which one of the parties agrees to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.Budget: an account of probable future income and expenditure during a st

39、ated, period, usu, a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.Return: the gain from an investment, either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment. Expertise: expert knowledge or skill, esp. in a particular field; know-howLicensor: a person or company granting a lic

40、ense 3. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word: (Some words are given the first letter or letters)One of the fastest growing areas of interest. Within the College of Business and Public Administration is the major in International Business. The business arena in which the Coll

41、eges graduates will be working is no longer local, regional or national in nature. It is global and requires an understanding of, and sensitivity to, different cultures and business environment. This major permits students to develop a somewhat personal course of study in internationalbusiness. Besi

42、des international business courses, the students are able to focus on a particular region of the world. These regions are Europe, East Asia and Latin America, and the particular regional emphasis carried with it a series of geography, history and political science courses which relate to that partic

43、ular region as well as to the global community. The major also carries a requirement of competency in a foreign language spoken in the region of chosen emphasis. Students choosing this major also have many interesting study abroad opportunities which they are expected to participate in for a summer,

44、 a semester or even a year. It is also possible for students selecting this major to minor in a functional specialization in business to enhance their attractiveness to potential employers. This is an exciting and challenging major which offers students excellent career opportunities. 4. Translate t

45、he following passage into Chinese:In the second half of the twentieth century, international business has become an important economic force. Today few, if any, countries are economically self-sufficient. Even China, with its vast human and natural resources, has not been able to remain aloof from t

46、he world economy. In the United States, international business touch peoples lives daily. Common goods and services such as Shell gasoline stations, etc. , often identified with the United States, are, in fact, foreign owned.International business is business conducted in more than one country, incl

47、uding buying and selling goods and services. Other international business activities include marketing, manufacturing, mining, and farming. In sum,international business is all the practices a business in a single country does, but at the international level.International business does not function

48、in a vacuum. It operates within the context of international and, sometimes, regional rules and regulations set by appropriate organizations. Although each organization is distinct, some of their common characteristics are fostering trade among member countries, establishing common rules and regulat

49、ions, promoting fair trade practices among members, and protecting members from competition from non-member countries. Other organizations exist to facilitate financial transactions among nations or the particular interest of members, such as trade in a specific commodity.20世纪的后半叶，国际商务成了推动经济发展的重要力量当

50、今，世擤，极少有什么国家能够在经济上实现自给自足。即使是像中国这样有着丰富人力和自然资源的国家，也不能孤立于世界经 济之外。在美国，国际商务与人们的日常生活休戚相关。一些常见 货物和服务，例如壳牌加油站，通常认为是美国的，实际上为外国所拥有。国际商务是两国或更多国家问进行的商务活动，包括买卖货物 和服务。其他国际商务形式还包括：营销，制造，采矿和农业。总之，国际商务包括一个国家内进行的所有的商务活动；只不过这些 活动是在国际间进行的。国际商务不是在真空，进行的，而是在有关组织制定的国际性 或区域，陶彦规的条件下进行的。尽管这些组织不嗣，但是他们有一 些共同的特征：发展成员国之间的贸易，建立共同

51、的法律法规，促 进成员国之间进行公平贸易，保护成员国免受来自非成员国的竞争。有些组织的存在是为了方便国家问的金融往来或是为了成员国 的特别利益，比如在某一特定商品上的贸易。 5. Translate the following sentences into English:1.国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries, it involves more factors and th

52、us is more complicated than domestic business. 2随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。 With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away form international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both

53、for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3.其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing and turnkey project. 4.国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。International business first took the f

54、orm of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. 5.除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。Besides trade and investment, licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. Lesson 2

55、Income level and the Word MarketIn assessing (evaluate) the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues (ideas) about the purchasing power of its residents. The concepts national income and national product have roughly the same value and can be used intercha

56、ngeably if our interest is in their sum total which is measured as the market value of the total output of goods and services of an economy in a given period, usually a year. The difference is only in their emphasis. The former stresses the income generated (produced) by turning out the products whi

57、le the latter, the value of the products themselves. GNP (Gross National Product) and GDP (Gross Domestic Product) are two important concepts used to indicate a countrys total income. GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an

58、 economy. This term was used by most government before the 1990s. GDP measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. It has been preferred by most countries since the 1990s. The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on owner

59、ship of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place. For example, the dividend returned by the subsidiary of Microsoft in China is included in the US GNP but not in its GDP. And the productionof the same subsidiary is included in Chinas GDP but not in its GNP. The difference betwee