启航考研英语冲刺

1、 黄涛博客：启航考研英语冲刺模拟题（一）Model Test OneSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Whether the eyes are the “windows of the soul” is debatable; that they are 1 important in interpersonal com

2、munication is a fact. During the first two months of a babys life, the 2 that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be 3 : a mask with two dots will produce a smile. 4 , a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is

3、 presented 5 . This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75% of them drew people with mouth, but 99% of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, 6 , where babies are carried on their mothe

4、rs back, infants dont acquire as much attachment 7 eyes as they do in other cultures. 8 , Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle, reveals that the “proper place to 9 ones gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of ones conversation

5、partner.”The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well 10 : speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then 11 away as they talk; in a few moments they reestablish eye contact with the listener or 12 themselves that their audience

6、 is still attentive, then 13 their gaze away once more. Listeners, 14 , keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only 15 . It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablish eye contact: if they are not looking

7、, the speaker 16 that they are disinterested and 17 will pause until eye contact is resumed or will 18 the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the 19 of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words

8、caused by interruption, false starts, and 20 pauses.1. A intensely B intensivelyC intentionallyD identically2. A substituteB stimulusC sympathyD strategy3. A trueB genuineC actualD real4. A SimultaneouslyB SpontaneouslyC SignificantlyD Subsequently 5. A in principleB in privateC in profileD in progr

9、ess6. A howeverB thereforeC moreoverD in addition7. A toB withC forD from8. A FurthermoreB In particularC For exampleD As a result9. A divertB meetC distributeD focus10. A definedB defiedC degeneratedD deleted11. A stare B glimpseC glanceD peek12. A assureB reassureC insureD secure13. A shiftB varyC

10、 rangeD transform14. A in conclusionB on the contraryC meanwhileD by contrast15. A vaguelyB permanentlyC distinctly D briefly16. A assumesB resumesC presumesD consumes17. A bothB eitherC neitherD other18. A transferB continueC transcendD terminate19. A magnitudeB multitudeC maintenance D manifestati

11、on20. A unbelievableB unsuitableC unpredictableD undesirable （参见附录1，做巩固练习） Section II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1. (40 points) Text 1As Samuel Goldwyn so wide

12、ly advised, never make predictions-especially about the future. But here is one: the analogy between 20th-century physics and 21st century biology will continue, for both good and ill.Physics gave two things to the 20th century. The most obvious gift was power over nature. That power was not always

13、benign, as the atomic bomb showed. Physics also gave the 20th century a more subtle boon than mere power. It also brought an understanding of the vastness of the universe and humanitys insignificant place in it. But if the 20th century was distinguished by anything from its predecessors, that distin

14、ctive feature was physical technology, from motor cars and aero-planes to computers and the internet.It is too early to be sure if the distinguishing feature of the 21st century will be biological technology, but there is a good chance that it will be. Simple genetic engineering is now routine; inde

15、ed, the first patent application for an artificial living organism has recently been filed. Both the idea of such an organism and the idea that someone might own the rights to it would have been science fiction even a decade ago. And it is not merely that such things are now possible. The other driv

16、ing force of technological change-necessity-is also there. Many of the big problems facing humanity are biological, or are susceptible to biological intervention. The question of how to deal with an aging population is one example. Climate change, too, is intimately bound up with biology since it is

17、 the result of carbon dioxide going into the air faster than plants can remove it. And the risk of a new, lethal infection suddenly becoming pandemic as a result of modern transport links is as biological as it gets. Even the fact that such an infection might itself be the result of synthetic biolog

18、y only emphasizes the biological nature of future risks.At the moment, policymakers have inadequate technological tools to deal with these questions. But it is not hard to imagine such tools. Aging is directly biological. It probably cannot be stopped, but knowing how cells work-really knowing-will

19、allow the process to be transformed for the better. At least part of the answer to climate change is fuel that grows, rather than fuel that is dug up. Only biotechnology can create that. And infections, pandemic or otherwise, are best dealt with by vaccines, which take a long time to develop. If cel

20、ls were truly understood, that process might speed up to the point where the vaccine was ready in time to do something useful.21. The word “benign” (Line 2, Paragraph 2) most probably means A harmful B beneficial C powerful D frightening 22. According to the author, what distinguishes the 21st centu

21、ry from the 20th century? A biological technology B physical technology C computers and the internet D modern transport links23. According to the author, biological technology in the 21st century will A speed up the aging population. B aggravate the climate change. C keep new fatal infections in che

22、ck. D understand the vast universe.24. It can be inferred from the ending paragraph that A Biotechnology will find fuel that is dug up from underground.B Understanding of cells succeeded in preventing humans from aging.C The vaccines have been developed to curb pandemic infections. D There still lac

23、ks adequate technology to handle climate change.25. What is the authors attitude towards the 21st century? A carefree B detached C optimistic D dubiousText 2The winner takes all, as is widely supposed in computing circles. Indeed, geeks have coined a word, “Google-archy（霸权）”, for the way in which se

24、arch engines encourage web traffic towards the most popular sites. The belief that search engines make popular websites even more fashionable, at the expense of other pages, is now being challenged by research. The apparently magical ability of search engines such as Google to return relevant websit

25、es even when given the sketchiest of clues by the person entering a question relies on the use of mathematical recipes or algorithms（计算程序）. Google works by analyzing the structure of the web itself. Each of its billions of pages can link to other pages and can also, in turn, be linked to by others.

26、If a page is linked to many other pages, it is flagged up as being important. Furthermore, if the pages that link to this page are also important, then that page is even more likely to be important. The algorithm has been made increasingly complex over the years, to deter those who would manipulate

27、their pages to appear higher in their rankings, but it remains at the heart of Googles success.Google is not alone in this. Many search engines take account of the number of links to a website when they return the results of a search. Because of this, there is a widespread belief among computer, soc

28、ial, and political scientists that search engines create a vicious circle that amplifies the dominance of established and already popular websites. Page returned by research engines are more likely to be discovered and consequently linked to by others.Not so, according to a controversial new paper t

29、hat has recently appeared on ArViv, an online collection of physics and related papers. In it, Santo Fortunato and his colleagues at Indiana University in America and Bielefeld University in Germany claim that search engines actually have an egalitarian effect that increases traffic to less popular

30、sites. The researchers developed a model that described two extreme cases. In the first, people browsed the web only by surfing random links. In the second, people only visited pages that were returned by search engines. The researchers then turned to the real world. To their amazement, they found t

31、hat the relationship between the two did not lie between the extremes suggested by their model but somewhere completely different. It appears to show that the supposed bias in favor of popular pages is actually alleviated by the combination of search engines and people following random links.26. Wha

32、t can we infer from the first three paragraphs? A Mathematical methods help search engines become more popular. B The web information seems to be dominated by Google alone. C Sociologists argue that search engines alleviate the inequality of websites. D The ability of search engines is dependent on

33、using algorithms.27. According to the text, the importance of a page is determined by A controlling other pages. B the number of its links to other pages. C using mathematical methods. D the structure of the web itself.28. The foremost reason why Google is successful is no other than A its magical a

34、bility. B its higher page rankings. C complexity of its algorithms.D its heavy web traffic.29. Santo Fortunato and his colleagues seem to suggest that A fair effect is created by increasing traffic to less well known sites. B popular websites are made more fashionable by search engines. C the situat

35、ion in favor of popular pages has become more serious. D Popular pages are more likely to be discovered by random links.30. The author seems to be mainly concerned with A prejudice against less popular websites. B equality of search engines. C key to Googles success. D negative effects of search eng

36、ines. Text 3IT is a starling claim, but one that Congresswoman Deborah Pryce uses to good effect: the equivalent of two classrooms full of children are diagnosed with cancer every day. Mrs. Pryce lost her own 9-year-old daughter to cancer in 1999. Pediatric cancer remains a little-understood issue i

37、n America, where the health-care debate is consumed with the ills, pills and medical bills of the elderly. Cancer kills more children than any other diseases in America. Although there have been tremendous gains in cancer survival rates in recent decades, the proportion of children and teens diagnos

38、ed with different forms of the disease increased by almost a third between 1975 and 2001.Horrible though these statistics are, they are still tiny when set aside the number of adult lives lost to breast cancer and lung cancer. Advocates for more money for child cancer prefer to look at life-years lo

39、st. Robert Arceci, a pediatric cancer expert at Johns Hopkins, points out that in terms of total life-years saved, the benefit from curing pediatric cancer victims is roughly the same as curing adults with breast cancer.All the same, breast cancer has attracted the attention of publicity, private fu

40、nd-raising and money from government. Childhood cancer has received less attention and cash. Pediatric cancer, a term which covers people up to 20 years old, receives one-twentieth of the federal research money doled out by the National Cancer Institute. Funding, moan pediatric researchers, has not

41、kept pace with rising costs in the field, and NCI money for collaborative research will actually be cut by 3% this year.There is no national pediatric cancer registry that would let researchers track child and teenage patients through their lives as they can do in the case of adult sufferers. A pilo

42、t childhood-cancer registry is in the works. Groups like Mr. Reamans now get cash directly from Congress. But it is plainly a problem most politicians dont know much about.The biggest problem could lie with 15-19-year-olds. Those diagnosed with cancer have not seen the same improvement in their chan

43、ces as younger children and older adults have done. There are some physical explanations for this: teenagers who have passed adolescence are more vulnerable to different sorts of cancer. But Archie Bleyer, a pediatric oncologist at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Texas, has produced some data imp

44、lying that lack of health insurance plays a role. Older teenagers and young adults are less likely to be covered and checked regularly.31. The case of Mrs. Pryce is mentioned to demonstrate that A children need more concern and care than the elderly. B more children are suffering from cancer nowaday

45、s.C students are more inclined to be diagnosed with cancer. D she is so unfortunate as to lose her daughter.32. According to Robert Arceci, child cancer patients A can also survive long like adult cancer patients. B suffer from a bigger probability of death after being cured. C need more money to be

46、 cured than breast cancer patients. D can have higher survival rates than lung cancer patients.33. Which of the following is Not true according to the text? A The government should allocate more capital to child cancer. B Children cancer should gain more attention from the public. C A child cancer s

47、ufferer should be registered for researchers to track.D Statesmen dont support a national pilot child cancer registry.34. The text seems to suggest that those 15-19-year-olds diagnosed with cancer A have a higher rate to be cured than older adults. B are less likely to suffer different forms of canc

48、er. C fall short of necessary medical care. D are more prone to be examined regularly. 35. This passage is written mainly to A show the indignation against the government. B pay much attention to the well-being of children. C explore the possible causes of child cancer. D arouse the publics greater

49、attention to child cancer.Text 4Environmental and public health activists have clashed with scholars and risk-analysis professionals for decades over the appropriate regulation of various risks, including those from consumer products and manufacturing processes. Underlying the controversies about va

50、rious specific issues-such as pesticides, gene-spliced foods, and hormones in beef-has been a fundamental, almost philosophical question: how should regulators, acting as societys surrogate（代理者）, approach risk in the absence of certainty about the likelihood or magnitude of potential harm?Proponents

51、 of a more risk-averse approach have advocated a “precautionary principle” to reduce risks and make our lives safer. There is no widely accepted definition of the principle, but in its most common formulation, governments should implement regulatory measures to prevent or restrict actions that raise

52、 even conjectural threats of harm to human health or the environment, even though there may be incomplete scientific evidence as to the potential significance of these dangers. Use of the precautionary principle is sometimes represented as “erring on the side of safety,” or “better safe than sorry”-

53、the idea being that the failure to regulate risky activities sufficiently could result in severe harm to human health or the environment, and that “over-regulation” causes little or no harm. Brandishing the precautionary principle, environmental groups have prevailed upon governments in recent decad

54、es to assail the chemical industry and, more recently, the food industry.Potential risks should, of course, be taken into consideration before proceeding with any new activity or product, whether it is the siting of a power plant or the introduction of a new drug into the pharmacy. But the precautio

55、nary principle focuses solely on the possibility that technologies could pose unique, extreme, or unmanageable risks, even after considerable testing has already been conducted. What is missing from precautionary calculus is an acknowledgement that even when technologies introduce new risks, most co

56、nfer net benefits-that is, their use reduces many other, often far more serious, hazards. Examples include blood transfusions and automobile air bags, all of which offer immense benefits and only minimal risk.Several subjective factors can cloud thinking about risks and influence how nonexistent view them. Studies of risk perception have shown that people tend to overestimate risks that are unfamiliar, hard to understand, invisible, involuntary, and potentially catastrophic-and vice versa. Thus, the