新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料全解

1、ChapteroneIntroduction一、定义1 .语言学LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2 .普通语言学GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.3 .语言languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4 .识别特征Design

2、FeaturesItreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意TProductivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化传递Thedesignfeaturesmentionedinthecoursebookincludearbitrariness,productivityorcreat

3、ivity,duality,displacementandculturaltransmission.Byarbitrarinessitismeantthatthesymbolsusedinhumanlanguagearearbitrary,i.e.thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenthesymbolsandwhattheystandfor.Thefeatureofproductivitymeansthatlanguageisproductiveorcreative,i.e.itispossibleforitsuserstoconstructandundersta

4、ndanunlimitednumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Dualityisafeatureofthestructureofthehumanlanguagesystem,whichconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevelthereexistalimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaningless,whileatthehigherlevelthesemeaninglesssoundscanbearrangedandrearrangedinvarious

5、waystoformmeaningfullanguageunits,unlimitedinnumber.Thefeatureofdisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorunreal,inthepast,present,orfuture.Culturaltransmission,incontrasttogenetictransmission,referstothefactthathumanbabies,thoughbornwiththeabilitytoacqui

6、realanguage,mustbetaughttouseit.5 .语言能力CompetenceCompetenceistheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.6 .语言运用performancePerformanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。7 .历时语言学DiachroniclinguisticsThestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachroni

7、cstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.8 .共时语言学synchroniclinguisticsThestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.9 .语言langueTheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.10 .言语paroleTherealizationoflangueinactualuse.11 .规定性Prescri

8、ptiveItaimstolaydownrulesfor"correctbehavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.12 .描述性DescriptiveAlinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.二、知识点1. Languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it'associalactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.语言

9、不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。2. 几种观点和现象的提出者：瑞士语言学家F.deSaussureF.deSaussure:LangueF口parole的区另UU.S.AlinguistN.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomskyin1950针对SaussureJslangue&parole提出Competence和performance3. thewordlanguage"precededbythezero-article,itimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage.L

10、anguage一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。三、问答题1. Whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachstudy?Phonetics-it'sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it'sconcernedwithallsoundsthatoccurintheworldslanguages.Phonology-thestudyofsoundssystemstheinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguagea

11、ndthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.Morphology-It'asbranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Syntaxit'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.Semantics-It'ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstction.Pragmatics-thestudyo

12、fmeaningincontextofwords.Sociolinguisticsthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguistics-thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.Appliedlinguistics-theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.2. Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtradition

13、algrammar?Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Itisbasedonhigh“writtenlanguage.传统语法是规定性的，研究高级”书面语。3. Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?Modernlinguisticsisma

14、inlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage,unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。ChapterTwoPhonology一、定义1 .宽式音标BroadtranscriptionThetranscriptionofspeechs

15、oundswithlettersymbolsonly.2 .窄式音标NarrowtranscriptionThetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.3 .清音VoicelessWhenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.4 .浊音VoicingSoundsproducedwhileth

16、evocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.5 .元音VowelThesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.6 .辅音ConsonantsThesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltra

17、ctarecalledconsonants.7 .音位PhonemeThebasicunitinphonology,it'sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.8 .音位变体AllophonesDifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.9 .音素phoneAphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.It

18、9;saspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.10 .最小对立对MinimalpairWhentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.11 .超切分特征SuprasegmentalThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmen

19、talfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.12 .互补分布complementarydistributionP35Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.13 .语言的语音媒介PhonicmediumoflanguageThelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguistics

20、tudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。14 .爆破音stopsWhenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.theyarebptdkg二、知识点1.statisticsresultingfromcarefulinvestigatio

21、nsshowthattherehavebeenover5,000languagesintheworld,abouttwothirdsofwhichhavenothadwrittenform.2. Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.3. Phonetics组成及研究对象详见教材Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学Acousticphonetics声学语音学4. ArticulatoryApparatus/OrgansofSpeechPharyngealcavity一

22、咽月空Oral.-口月空greatestsourceofmodificationofairstreamfoundhereNasal-鼻腔5. Thetongueisthemostflexible,responsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother,theextremebackofthetonguecanberaisedtowardstheuvulaandaspeechsoundcanbethusproducedasisusedinArabicandFrench.6. Obstructionbetweenthebackofthetongue

23、andthevelararearesultsinthepronunciationofkandg,thenarrowingofspacebetweenthehardpalateandthefrontofthetongueleadstothesoundj;theobstructioncreatedbetweenthetipofthetongueandthealveolarridgeresultsinthesoundstandd.7. nasalconsonants:m/n/刀8. APhoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.9. Englishhasfourbasictypeso

24、fintonation:Fallingtone;Risingtone;Fall-risetone;Rise-falltone三、问答题1. HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?Byplaceofarticulationand.Bymannerofarticulation根据发音位置，发音方式，归纳各辅音的特征。2. Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Phoneticsdescriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirdifferences.Phonologydesc

25、riptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.3. What'saphone?howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Phoneaspeechsound,aphoneticunit.Phonemeacollectionofabstractsoundfeatures,aphonologicalunit.Allophonesactualrealizationofaphonemeindif

26、ferentphoneticcontexts.4. Whatisaminimalpairandaminimalset?Whyisitimportanttoidentifytheminimalsetinalanguage?为什么区分最小对立组在一种语言中非常重要？Minimalpairtwosoundcombinationsidenticalineverywayexceptinonesoundelementthatoccursinthesameposition.除了出现在同一位置的一个语音成分不同外，其他部分都一样的两个语音组合.Minimalsetagroupofsoundcombinatio

27、nswiththeabovefeature.一组具有上述特征的语音组合.Byidentifyingtheminimalpairortheminimalsetofalanguage,aphilologistcanidentifyitsphonemes.通过分析一种语言的最小对立对或最小对立组，音位学家能辨别出它的音位.5. Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowonetranscriptiondiffer?Broadtranscriptiononelettersymbolforonesound.Narrowtranscriptiondi

28、acriticsareaddedtotheone-lettersymbolstoshowthefinerdifferencesbetweensounds.ChapterThreeMorphology一、定义1 .词素MorphemeThebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.2 .自由词素FreeMorphemeFreemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.3 .黏着词素Boundmorph

29、emesBoundmorphemesarethesemorphemesthatcannotbeusedbythemselves,mustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsthatcanbeusedindependently.4 .词根RootRootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.5 .词缀AffixThecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoan

30、othermorpheme.6 .曲折词缀inflectionalaffixesThemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.7 .派生词缀DerivationalaffixesThemanifestationofrelationbetweenstemsandaffixesthroughtheadditionofderivationalaffixes.8 .词干StemAstemistheexistingform

31、towhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.9 .形态学规则MorphologicalrulesTheyarerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.10 .前缀PrefixPrefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,exception

32、saretheprefixes-'and'en（re）11 .后缀SuffixSuffixesareaddedtotheendofstems,theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.3.Inusingthemorphologicalrules,wemustguardagainstOver-generalization.二、知识点1 .somewordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.2 .Compoundfeatures:(1) orthog

33、raphically,acompoundcanbewrittenasoneword,twoseparatewordswithorwithoutahypheninbetween.(2) Syntactically,thepartofspeechofacompoundisdeterminedbythelastelement.(3) semantically,themeaningofacompoundisidiomatic,notcalculablefromthemeaningsofallitscomponentChapterFourSyntax一、定义1 .句子sentenceAstructura

34、llyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.2 .语言运用LinguisticcompetenceThesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeaker.3 .谓语PredicateThepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammatic

35、allycalledpredicate.4 .层次Z构HierarchicalstructureThesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoriesofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.5 .语法关系GrammaticalrelationsThestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsbetweeneverynounphraseandsentence.6 .表层结构S-structu

36、reAlevelofsyntacticrepresentationaftertheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.7 .深层结构D-structureAlevelofsyntacticrepresentationbeforetheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.8 .转换原贝UTransformationrulesSyntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychange

37、thesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.二、知识点1.syntax这个单词源于Greek,本义是arrangement.2 .我们把syntax的学习看作asystemofrulesthatgoverntheformationofgrammaticalsentence.3 .Amajorgoaloflinguisticsistoshowwithaconsistentandexplicitgrammaticaltheoryhowsyntacticrulesaccountforthisgrammaticalknowledge.4 .句子的分类simplesent

38、enceTypesofsentencescoordinateorcompoundsentenceComplexsentence简单句-Itconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.并歹U句合成句-Itcontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"but","and”.ect.复合句Itcontainstwoormoreclause

39、s,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.5.Inadditiontotheuseofstructuraltreediagrams,linguistsmayshowthehierarchicalstructureofsentencesbyusingbracketsandsubscriptlabels.6.短语类型NounPhraseNPPhrasalVerbPhraseVPCategoriesPrepositionPhrasePPAdjectivePhraseAP三、问答题1.Usetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodr

40、awalabeledconstituentstructuretreediagramforeachofthefollowingsentences.Forexample:Thewomanhitthemanwithanumbrella.Chapter5Semantics一、定义1 .命名论ThenamingtheoryThenamingtheory,oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,andalsoaveryprimitiveonewasproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory,t

41、helinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor,sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.2 .意念论TheconceptualistviewItholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemed

42、iationofconceptsinthemind.3 .语境论ConceptualismIt'basedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.Therearetwokindsofcontext:thesituationalandthelinguisticcontext.4 .行为主义论BehaviorismItreferstotheattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe"situationinwhis

43、peakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer"Thistheorysomewhatclosetoconceptualismemphasizesonthepsychologicalresponse.5 .意义SenseIt'csncernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It'thecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it'sabstractancodtextualized.6 .所指意义Refe

44、renceItmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.7 .同义词SynonymyItreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningorwecansaythatwordsarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.8 .多义词PolysemyItreferstodiffere

45、ntwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.9 .同音（形）异义HomonymyItreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavedifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.10 .同音异义HomophonesItreferstotwowordsareidenticalinsound.e.g.rain/reign.11 .同形异

46、义HomographsItreferstotwowordsareidenticalinform.e.g.tearv./tearn.12 .上下义关系Hyponymy13 .反义词AntonymyIt'sthetermusedforoppositenessofmeaningondifferentdimension.具体的分类及例子详见教材14 .成分分析法ComponentialAnalysis-分析词汇抽象意义It'sawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.thisapproachisbasedup

47、onthebeliefthatmeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.15 .述谓结卞分析PredicationAnalysis由BritishLinguistG.Leech提出It'sanewapproachforsententialmeaninganalysis.Predicationisusuallyconsideredanimportantcommoncategorysharedbypropositions,questions,commandsetc.通过对论元argume

48、nt和谓语predicate的分析，达到对句子意义进行分析的许多模式中的一种。16 .先设前提PresuppositionIt'sasemanticrelationshiporlogicalconnection.ApresupposesB.17 .蕴71EntailmentEntailmentcanbeillustratedbythefollowingtwosentencesinwhichsentenceAentailssentenceB.A: Markmarriedablondeheiress.B: Markmarriedablonde.二、知识点1. Majorviewsofmea

49、ningstudy:ThenamingTheory希腊ScholarPlatoTheconceptualism观点代表人是JohnFirth,但Bloomfield阐述更有说服力TheConceptualistview-Ogden和Richards用classicsemantictriangleofsignificanceTheBehaviorism英国Bloomfield提出，使用了Jack和Jill故事阐明Thenamingtheory的局限性：It'sonlyapplicabletoNounsonly.Withinthecategoryofnouns,therearenounsw

50、hichdenotethingsthatdon'texistintherealworld.sense2. Homophoneswhentwowordsareidenticalinsoundrain/reign;night/knight;piece/peace;leak/leekHomographswhentwowordsareidenticalinspellingbowv./bown.tearv./tearnleadv./leadn.Completehomonymswhentwowordsareidenticalinbothspellingandsound.例子Fastadj./fas

51、tv.scalen./scalev.3. Antonym分类:(1)Gradableantonyms分级反义词(amatterofdegree)例子Oldmiddle-agedyoung;hot-warm-cold(2) Complementaryantonyms互补反义词amatterofdegreebetweentwoextremes例子Alivedead;malefemale;(3) Relationalopposites关系反义词(中间可以加成分，如上、中、下)father-son;teacher-pupil;doctor-patient;buy-sell;above-below13

52、.句子间的意义关系senserelationbetweensentencesXissynonymouswithY.XentailsY.XpresupposesY.Xisacontradiction.Xissemanticallyanomalous.14 .Analysisofmeaning意义的分析(l)Componentialanalysisawaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning对词汇成分的分析2 2)Predicationanalysisawaytoanalyzesentencemeaning对句子意义的分析15 .Accordingtothenumberofargumen

53、tscontainedinapredication,weclassifythepredicationsintotwo-placepredication(hastwoarguments),one-placepredication(hasoneargument),andno-placepredication(hasnoargument).Chapter6Pragmatics一、定义1 .语境ContextThenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage,it'sgenerallyconsiasconstitutedbyth

54、eknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.2 .言语行为理论SpeechacttheoryIt'sanimportantthryointhepragmaticstudyoflanguage.It;saphilosophicalexplanationofthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.Itaimstoanswerthequestionwhatdowedowhenusinglanguage?"Theconceptofcausativesperformatives,thelocutionaryact,th

55、eillocutionaryact,theperlocutionaryactandthe5categoriesofillocutionaryactsuggestedandformulatedbyJ.R.Searleconstitutethespeechacttheory.3 .叙述句ConstativesConstativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andarethusverifiableanditbearingthetruth-value.;4 .行为句PerformativesPerformativesaresentencesthatd

56、idnotstateafactordescribeastate,andarenotverifiable.5 .言内行为LocutionaryActAlocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.it'theactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.6 .言外行为IllcotionaryActAnillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker'intentionit'theactperformedinsayingsomething.7 .言后行为PerlocutionaryActPerlocutionaryActistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.itthseconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutte