研究生英语词汇学单词

1、1. Word List A 1. advocate /ædvket/ v. to speak in favor of; to support vt.提倡；拥护；主张；鼓吹；为辩护：n.提倡者，倡导者；拥护者；鼓吹者(of);辩护者，辩护士;(辩护)律师，专门律师devil's advocate 故意持相反意见的人；故意唱反调的人The group does not advocate the use of violence. Many experts advocate rewarding your child for good behavior. 许多专家提倡奖励孩

2、子的良好行为。The report advocated that all buildings be fitted with smoke detectors. 该报告主张，所有建筑物必须配有烟雾探测器。Advocate can also be a noun, which means a person who pleads anothers cause. She is a staunch advocate of free speech. 她是言论自由的坚定拥护者。2. arrogant /æ rnt/ adj. full of pride and self-importance, esp

3、ecially in a way that shows no respect for other people adj. 傲慢的；骄傲自大的，妄自尊大的I found him arrogant and rude. The noun form of arrogant is arrogance. He has a self-confidence that is sometimes seen as arrogance. 3. contempt /kntempt/ adj. a lack of respect; the act of despising · l n.轻蔑，鄙视;耻辱

4、，不名誉，不光彩;【法律】藐视法庭(或国会等)· 短语:1. bring contempt upon oneself 自取其辱，自讨没趣2. bring into contempt 使受辱，使丢脸3. hold (或 have) someone in contempt 鄙视某人，看不起某人4. in contempt of 蔑视，看不起She looked at him with contempt. They had shown a contempt for the values she thought important. The adjective form of contemp

5、t is contemptuous. He was contemptuous of everything I did. 4. skeptical /skeptkl/ adj. having doubts; distrustful · adj. 怀疑的；怀疑论的，不可知论的I am skeptical about his chances of winning. Many experts remain skeptical of his claims. A skeptic is a person who habitually doubts, questions, or disagrees.

6、 To be skeptical about something is to have skepticism疑问 about something. Such claims should be regarded with a certain amount of skepticism. 5. innovate /nvet/ v. to introduce new things, ideas, or ways of doing something · l vi.o 革新，改革，创新 (常与in， on连用)：to innovate on the old ways革新旧方法· vt

7、.1. 创立，创始：to innovate a new technique创立新技术· 短语:o innovate or die 不创新即灭亡We must constantly adapt and innovate to ensure success in a growing market. 我们必须不断调整和创新，以确保在不断增长的市场上取得成功。The fashion industry is always desperate不顾一切的 to innovate. is the action or process of innovating. We are living in an

8、 age of innovation. He is knowledgeable about the latest innovations in computer technology. The adjective of innovate is innovative. She was an imaginative and innovative manager. 她是一个富有想象力的和创新的经理。6. profound /prfand/ adj. deep (in several senses) · adj.1. 很深的；深深的2.(兴趣等)深厚的；深切的；深刻的3.深奥的；渊博的；造诣

9、深的4.意味深长的；意义深远的5.(注意等)充分的；来自心底的；彻底的6.完全的，十分的7.谦恭的，低下的· n.1. 诗歌用语(时间、空间等的)深邃；(灵魂等的)深处1.古语海，深海；海洋2.古语深奥的事物· 短语:1. make a profound curtesy (或reverence) 恭恭敬敬地打招呼(或行礼)2. take a profound interest 感到很大兴趣；十分关切Profound understanding is deep understanding. To say something profound is to say somethi

10、ng deeply intelligent or discerning眼光敏锐的. Profound respect is deep respect. Profound horror is deep horror. The noun form of profound is profundity. 7. digress /dares/ v. to stray from the main subject · vi.1. 离题，(谈话或写作中)暂时离开主题：偏离，撇开，漫笔，漫谈，闲聊(from)：to digress from the point at issue从论点上岔开Let me

11、 digress for a moment and tell you a short story.请允许我暂时离开话题一会儿，我给你讲个小故事。2. 背离，离开；转向，转到一边：to digress to a new field转向另一领域Speaking metaphorically 隐喻地, 用比喻 to digress is to leave the main highway in order to travel aimlessly on back roads. When a speaker digresses, he departs from the main topic and te

12、lls a story only distantly远离地related to it. Such a story is called a digression漫谈，离题. Sometimes a writers or speakers digressions are more interesting than his or her man points. After a lengthy digression, the lecturer returned to this speech and brought it to a conclusion. 8. denounce /dnans/ v. t

13、o strongly criticize somebody/something that you think is wrong, illegal, etc l vt.1. 谴责，痛斥，指责，公然抨击：She denounced his drinking.她指责他饮酒。to denounce a politician as morally corrupt指责一政客道德败坏The council denounced the new law.该委员会谴责新法律。2. (如向警方或法庭)揭发，告发，控告，控诉：She was denounced as a thief.她被告发为贼。to denounc

14、e a person to the authorities向当局告发某人3. 正式通知废除(协定、契约、条约等)，声明无效：to denounce a treaty, pact, agreement, or the like通知废止条约、契约、协议等4. 古语宣布，宣称(尤指某事不详、邪恶)：She denounced vengeance against him.她扬言要向他报仇。She publicly denounced the government's handling of the crisis. l她公开谴责政府对危机的处理。We must denounce injustic

15、e and oppression. 我们必须谴责不公正和压迫。The act denouncing is denunciation. l该法案声讨谴责As the title of the article clearly indicates, this is an angry denunciation of the governments economic policy. 文章的标题清楚地表明，这是对政府的经济政策的愤怒谴责。 9. rigorous /rrs/ adj. strict; harsh; severe · adj. 严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的To be rigoro

16、us is to have rigor. Our exercise program was rigorous but effective; after just a few months, our eighteen hours of daily exercise had begun to pay off. While no one doubts the need for more rigorous border controls now, there are critics who say the federal government is doing a poor job of distin

17、guishing between potential terrorists and legitimate travelers. 毫无疑问，我们现在需要更严格的边境控制，但有评论家说，联邦政府在区分潜在的恐怖分子和合法的旅客这方面的工作做得很不好。The professor was popular largely because he wasnt rigorous; there were no tests in his course and only one paper, which was optional. 这位教授很受欢迎，主要是因为他不严厉;而且，他的课没有考试，只有一篇论文，该论文是可

18、选的。10. inevitable /nevtbl/ adj. unavoidable; bound to happen · l adj. 必然的，不可避免的· 短语· Inevitable trend 必然趋势· Inevitable Accident 不可避免的事故 ; · the inevitable 社会发展的必然结果 ; 不可避免的事 ; 不可避免的 ; 必然A rise in the interest rates seems inevitable. l利率上升似乎是不可避免的。It was an ine

19、vitable consequence of the decision. Inevitability is the quality of being unavoidable. l 必然性是不可避免的本质When we observe nature, we see the inevitability of change. l We are all bound by the inevitability of death. 11. superficial /sjupfl/ adj. on the surface only; shallow; not thorough · adj. 表面的；

20、肤浅的 ；表面文章的；外表的；（人）浅薄的Tom had indeed been shot, but the wound was superficial; the bullet had merely creased the tip of his nose. 汤姆的确是被枪杀，但伤口是在表面的;子弹只是皱了他的鼻尖。The mechanic, who was in a hurry, gave my car what appeared to be a superficial tune-up. 机械师很着急，给我的车似乎只做了一个表面的发动机的调整。In fact, if he checked th

21、e oil, he did it without opening the hood. 事实上，如果他检查了油，就无需打开引擎盖。A person who is superficial can be accused of指责superficiality. The superficiality of the editors comments made us think that he hadnt really read the manuscript. 主编的肤浅评论使我们认为他并没有真正地阅读过稿子。12. aesthetic /esetk/ adj. having to do with arti

22、stic beauty; artistic · adj.1. (有关)美学原理的，美学的；美感的2.美的；给人以美感的3.审美的；显示审美力强的；具有审美趣味的4.艺术的;爱好艺术的 亦作esthetic, esthetical· n.1. 美学；美感；审美观；美学标准；美学原理2.审美家3.唯美主义者Our art professor had a highly developed aesthetic sense; he found things to admire in paintings that, to us, looked like garbage垃圾. Someo

23、ne who admires beautiful things greatly can be called aesthete审美家 /esit/. Aesthetics is the study of beauty or principles of beauty. 13. disparage /dspæ rd/ v. to belittle轻视；贬低; to say uncomplimentary难听的; 贬低的 things about, usually in a somewhat indirect way 1. 贬低，贬抑，轻视，小看，轻蔑地议论(或对待)：2. 污蔑，诋毁，毁谤

24、，说的坏话，降低的评价；损害的名声，丧失的信誉；使丢脸The mayor disparaged our efforts to beautify the town square when he said that the flower bed we had planted looked somewhat worse than the bed of weeds it had replaced. 市长贬低我们美化城市广场的努力， 他说，我们亲手种植的花坛看起来比已取代的杂草的床还差。My guidance counselor disparaged my high school record by t

25、elling me that not everybody belongs in college. 我的辅导员贬低我的高学历。告诉我说，不是每个人都属于大学。14. elaborate /læ brt/ adj. very complicated and detailed; carefully prepared and organized · l adj.1. 精心设计(或计划、制作、装饰)的2.(结构)复杂的；精巧的，精密的，精致的3.详尽的，详述的，(详尽)阐述的4.(煞费)苦心的，费力的，刻苦的，艰苦的；辛勤的· vt.1. 尽心竭力地做；详细搞出；用心作成，

26、精心制作，苦心经营：to elaborate his plans for a new engine精心设计一种新机器2. 详述，详尽阐述；推敲；发挥；发展：The expert elaborates his theory from his own reason.这位专家详尽阐述他的学说。3. 【生理学】加工；从简单成分合成(复杂有机物)；使(体内食物或简单成分)转变成(能吸收、能排泄的)复杂有机物· vi.1. 详述，详细说明(计划、观点、理论等)，(详尽)阐述；详尽计划(常与 on或upon 连用)：to elaborate upon a theme or an idea对某一主题

27、或想法作详细说明2. 变得复杂· 变形：vt. elaborated . elaboratingThey're making the most elaborate preparations for the wedding. l He came out with such an elaborate excuse that I didn't quite believe him. To elaborate is to state something in detail. l Just give us the facts. You can ela

28、borate on them later. 15. ambivalent /æmbvlnt/ adj. undecided; having opposed feelings simultaneously 同时地· adj.1. (心理、态度)矛盾的；有矛盾情绪的2. 非规范用语含糊不清的，模棱两可的，不明确的· n.【病理学】两性人Susan felt ambivalent about Alec as a boyfriend. Her frequent desire to break up with him reflected this ambivalence.

29、苏珊对于亚历克作为一个男朋友觉得模棱两可。她频繁的想和他分手的愿望反映了这一矛盾。16. subtle /stl/ adj. not obvious; able to make fine distinctions; ingenious; crafty · adj. 微妙的；精细的；敏感的；狡猾的；稀薄的The alien beings had created a shrewd replica of Mr. Jenson, but his wife did notice a few subtle difference, including the fact that the Mr. J

30、enson had no pulse. 外星人创造了简森先生的精明的副本， 但他的妻子也注意到一些细微的差别，其中包括了简森先生有没有脉搏的事实。The burglar was subtle; he had come up with a plan that would enable him to steal all the money in the world without arousing the suspicions of the authorities. 窃贼是狡猾的;他想出了一个计划，该计划将使他偷走世界上所有的钱，却不会引起当局的怀疑。Something subtle i

31、s a subtlety. 17. indifferent /ndfrnt/ adj. having or showing no interest in somebody/something · adj. 漠不关心的；无关紧要的；中性的，中立的Pedro was indifferent about politics; he didnt care who was elected to office so long as no one passed a law against Monday Night Football. 佩德罗关于政治是无动于衷的;他不关心谁当选官员，只要没有人通过法律

32、，反对周一足球之夜Henrys indifference was extremely annoying to Melissa, who loved to argue but found it difficult to do so with people who had no opinions. 亨利的冷漠让爱争辩的梅丽莎非常恼火，她发现很难与没有意见的人争论。18. resignation /reznen/ n. patient willingness to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation that you cannot change &#

33、183; l n.1. 辞职；放弃 2.辞呈，辞职书 3.顺从；屈从；忍受They accepted their defeat with resignation. If you resign yourself to something, you accept something unpleasant that cannot be changed or avoided. l如果你顺从自己接受不愉快的事情，而且这些事情是不能改变或避免的。She resigned herself to her fate 命运 19. negligence /neldns/ n. the failure to giv

34、e somebody/something enough care or attention · l n.1. 疏忽，玩忽；玩忽行为 2随便，不修边幅；杂乱无章3 (文艺作品等风格的)自由奔放· adj.o 【法律】过失的· 短语· gross negligence 重大过失 ; 严重过失 ; 严重疏忽 ; 重大疏忽· criminal negligence 过失犯罪 ; 犯罪过失 ; 构成罪行的过失 ; 疏忽罪· careless negligence 疏忽大意的过失negligence tort

35、0;过失侵权 The accident was caused by negligence on the part of the driver. l The school had been negligent in not informing the child's parents about the incident. 学校在没有通知孩子的父母得知这个事故的事情上疏忽了。20. disdain /dsden/ n. arrogant scorn; contempt · n. 蔑视vt. 鄙弃Bertram viewed the hot dog with distain, be

36、lieving that to eat such a disgusting food was beneath him不和身份的.伯特伦对于热狗很不屑，认为吃这样的恶心的食物是不和身份的。The millionaire looked upon the poor workers with evident disdain. Disdain can also be a verb. The millionaire in previous example could be said to have disdained those workers. To be filled with disdain is

37、to be disdainful. 21. reticent /retsnt/ adj. quiet; restrained; reluctant to speak, especially about oneself 1. adj. 沉默的；有保留的；谨慎的; 犹豫的；勉强的Kaynard was reticent on the subject of his accomplishments; he didnt like to talk about himself. To be reticent is to be characterized by reticence. Luthers natur

38、al reticence make him an ideal理想的 speaker: His speeches never lasted more than a few minutes. 22. mitigate /mtet/ v. to moderate减轻the effect of something· vt. 使缓和，使减轻 vi. 减轻，缓和下来The sense of imminent即将来临disaster was mitigated by guides calm behavior and easy smile. The effects of the disease we

39、re mitigated by the experimental drug treatment实验性药物治疗. Nothing Joel said could mitigate the enormity艰巨 of forgetting his mother-in-laws birthday. Unmitigated means absolute, unmoderated未经协调, not made less intense or severe激烈或严重. 23. refute /rfjut/ v. to prove that something is wrong · vt. 反驳，驳

40、斥；驳倒His expensive suit and imported shoes clearly refuted his claim that he was poor. I refuted Billys mathematical proof数学证明 by showing him that it depended on two and two adding up to five. An act of refuting is called a refutation辩驳. The audience enjoyed the panelists小组成员 humorous refutation of t

41、he main speakers theory about the possibility of building an antigravity反重力 airplane. Something that is indubitable, something that cannot be disproven, is irrefutable. 不容置疑的，不能被反驳的东西，是无可辩驳的。Claudias experiments with jelly beans and pencil erasers offered irrefutable proof that jelly beans taste bet

42、ter than pencil erasers 克劳迪娅关于糖豆和铅笔橡皮的实验提供了确凿的证据，证明糖豆味道比铅笔橡皮擦更好24. brevity /brevti/ n. briefness · n. 简洁，简短；短暂，短促The audience was deeply grateful for the brevity of the after-dinner speakers 25. benign /bnan/ adj. gentle; not harmful; kind; mild 1. l adj. 良性的；和蔼的，亲切的；吉利的; (土壤)松软的，宜于耕种的Karla has

43、 a benign personality; she is not at all unpleasant to be with. l The threat of revolution革命的威胁 turned out to be benign; nothing much came of it. l Charlie was worried that he had cancer, but the lump瘤 on his leg turned out to be benign. The difference between a benign person and a benevolent仁慈 one

44、is that the benevolent one is actively kind and generous while the benign one is more passive. Benevolence is usually active generosity or kindness, while benignancy tends to mean simply not causing harm. The opposite of a benign tumor瘤is a malignant恶性one. This is a tumor that can kill you. A malign

45、ant personality is one you wish a surgeon外科医生would remove. Malignant means nasty, evil, full of ill will. The word malignant also conveys a sense that evil is spreading, as with a cancer. An adjective that means the same thing is malign. As a verb, malign has a different meaning. To malign someone i

46、s to say unfairly bad things about that person, to injure that person by telling evil lies about him or her. Slander and malign are synonyms. 作为动词，恶性有着不同的含义。中伤别人是不公平的说坏话的人，通过讲述他或她的邪恶谎言来伤害那个人。诽谤和邪恶是同义词。26. apathy /æpi/ n. lack of interest; lack of feeling · l n. 冷漠，无兴趣，漠不关心；无感情The members o

47、f the student council accused the senior class of apathy because none of the seniors had bothered to sign up for the big annual bake sale. l学生会的成员指责冷漠的高级班，因为没有学长费心去报名参加一年一度的大烘烤销售。Jill didnt care one bit about current events; she was entirely apathetic. 27. revere /rv(r)/ v. to respect highly; to hon

48、or · l vt. 敬畏；尊敬；崇敬Einstein was a preeminent scientist who was revered by everyone, even his rivals. 爱因斯坦是杰出的科学家，收到每个人的尊敬，甚至是他的对手。Einstein enjoyed nearly universal reverence. 爱因斯坦享受几乎普遍的崇敬To be irreverent不敬的，无礼的 is to be mildly disrespectful. l Peter made jokes about his younger sisters paintin

49、g. She was perturbed 烦躁不安的 at his irreverence and began to cry. 28. diverse /davs/ adj. different or including many different types · l adj. 不同的；多种多样的；变化多的My interests are very diverse. l New York is a very culturally/ethnically民族上diverse city. l Does television adequately电视充分地reflect the

50、ethnic and cultural diversity of the country? 29. lucid /lusd/ adj. clear; easy to understand · l adj. 明晰的；透明的；易懂的；头脑清楚的The professors explanation of the theory of relativity相对论was so astonishingly 惊人lucid that even I could understand it. l Huberts remarks were few but lucid: He explained the c

51、omplicated issue with just a handful of well-chosen words. l休伯特的言论很少，但清晰的：他用少数精心挑选的话解释了复杂的问题。The extremely old man was lucid right up until直到 the moment he died; his body had given out but his mind was still going strong. To elucidate阐明something is to make it clear, to explain it. 30. redundant /rdn

52、dnt/ adj. unnecessarily repetitive重复的; excessive; excessively wordy过于冗长1. l adj. 多余的，过剩的；被解雇的，失业的；冗长的，累赘的; (信息等)重复的Eric had already bought paper plates纸板, so our purchase of paper plates was redundant. l Shawns article was redundanthe kept saying the same thing over and over again. An act of being r

53、edundant is a redundancy. 31. alleviate /liviet/ v. to relieve, usually temporarily or in completely; to make bearable; to lessen · l vt. 减轻，缓和Visiting the charming pet cemetery alleviated the womans grief over the death of her canary. l参观迷人的宠物墓地缓解了女人的悲痛，关于她的金丝雀的死亡。Aspirin alleviates headache p

54、ain. When your headache comes back, take some more aspirin. 阿司匹林缓解头痛 32. ironic /arnk/ adj. meaning the opposite of what you seem to say; using words to mean something other than what they seem to mean adj. 讽刺的；反话的; 巧合的，未预料到的Eddie was being ironic when he said he loved Peter like a brother; in truth

55、, he hated him. l Credulous George never realized that the speaker was being ironic as he discussed what he called his plan to put a nuclear-missile silo in every backyard in America. 他称他的计划，把核导弹发射井在美国的每一个后院。33. belligerent /bldrnt/ adj. combative  好战的; quarrelsome好争论的; waging进行war · l adj

56、. 交战的；好战的；交战国的 n. 交战国；参加斗殴的人或集团Al was so belligerent that the convention had the feel of a boxing match. A bully is belligerent. To be belligerent is to push other people around, to be noisy and argumentative, to threaten other people, and generally to make a nuisance of oneself. Opposing armies in a war are referred to as belligerents. Sometimes one bel