【高级英语】unitculture-student-version_第1页
【高级英语】unitculture-student-version_第2页
【高级英语】unitculture-student-version_第3页
【高级英语】unitculture-student-version_第4页
【高级英语】unitculture-student-version_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩5页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

1、culturecivilizationNeolithicBronzeAgeMesopotamia1.2WordExpansion1.2.1Wordfamilyn.v.adj.adv.dominaterevolutionregulateadministrativepurifybureaucracy1.2.2DerivativerootsDerivativesliquhabitvivehere2.LetsreadCivilizationBetween4000and3000B.C.,significanttechnologicaldevelopmentsbegantotransformtheNeol

2、ithictowns.Theinventionofwritingenabledrecordstobekept,andtheuseofmetalsmarkedanewlevelofhumancontrolovertheenvironmentanditsresources.Alreadybefore4000B.C.,craftspeoplehaddiscoveredthatmetal-bearingrockscouldbeheatedtoliquefymetals,whichcouldthenbecastinmoldstoproducetoolsandweaponsthatweremoreusef

3、ulthanstoneinstruments.Althoughcopperwasthefirstmetaltobeutilizedinproducingtools,after4000B.C.craftspeopleinwesternAsiadiscoveredthatacombinationofcopperandtinproducedbronze,amuchharderandmoredurablemetalthancopper.ItswidespreadusedhasledhistorianstocalltheperiodtheBronzeAge;thereafter,fromaround30

4、00to1200B.C.,bronzewasiUnitThreeCulture1.Whatcanyoudo?1.1BackgroundinformationTermsDefinitionsncreasinglyreplacedbyiron.Atfirst,Neolithicsettlementswerehardlymorethanvillages.Butastheirinhabitantsmasteredtheartoffarming,morecomplexhumansocietiesemerged.Aswealthincreased,thesesocietiesbegantodevelopa

5、rmiesandtobuildwalledcities.BythebeginningoftheBronzeAge,theconcentrationoflargernumberofpeopleintherivervalleysofSouthwestAsiaandEgyptwasleadingtoawholenewpatternforhumanlife.Aswehaveseen,earlyhumanbeingsformedsmallgroupsthatdevelopedasimpleculturethatenabledthemtosurvive.Ashumansocietiesgrewanddev

6、elopedgreatercomplexity,anewformofhumanexistence-calledcivilization-cameintobeing.Acivilizationisacomplexcultureinwhichlargenumbersofhumanbeingsshareanumberofcommonelements.Historianshaveidentifiedanumberofbasiccharacteristicsofcivilization,mostofwhichareevidentintheSouthwestAsianandEgyptianciviliza

7、tions.Theseinclude(1)anurbanfocus:citiesbecamethecentersofpolitical,economic,social,culturalandreligiousdevelopment;(2)adistinctreligiousstructure:thegodsweredeemedcrucial_tothecommunityssuccess,andprofessionalpriestlyclasses,asstewardsofthegodsproperty,regulatedrelationswiththegods;(3)newpoliticala

8、ndmilitarystructures;anorganizedgovernmentbureaucracyarosetomeettheadministrativedemandsofthegrowingpopulationwhilearmieswereorganizedtogainlandandpower;(4)anewsocialstructurebasedoneconomicpower;whilekingsandanupperclassofpriests,politicalleaders,andwarriorsdominated,therealsoexistedlargegroupsoffr

9、eepeople(farmers,artisans,craftspeople)andattheverybottom,socially,aclassofslaves;(5)thedevelopmentofwriting;kings,priests,merchants,andartisansusedwritingtokeeprecords;and(6)newformsofsignificantartisticandintellectualactivity,suchasmonumentalarchitecturalstructures,usuallyreligious,occupiedapromin

10、entplaceinurbanenvironments.Whyearlycivilizationsdevelopedremainsdifficulttoexplain.CASincecivilizationsdevelopedindependentlyinIndia,China,Mesopotamia,andEgypt,cangeneralcausesbeidentifiedthatwouldexplainwhyallofthesecivilizationsemerged?SAnumberofpossibleexplanationsofthebeginningofcivilizationhav

11、ebeensuggested.Atheoryofchallengeandresponsemaintainsthatchallengesforcedhumanbeingstomakeeffortsthatresultedintheriseofcivilization.Somescholarshaveadheredtoamaterialexplanation.Materialforces,suchasthegrowthoffoodsurpluses,madepossiblethespecializationoflaboranddevelopmentoflargecommunitieswithbur

12、eaucraticorganization.RButtheareaoftheFertileCrescent,inwhichMesopotamiancivilizationemerged,wasnotnaturallyconducivetoagriculture.Abundantfoodcouldonlybeproducedwithamassivehumanefforttocarefullymanagethewater,aneffortthatcreatedtheneedfororganizationandbureaucraticcontrolandledtocivilizedcities.So

13、mehistorianshavearguedthatnonmaterialforces,primarilyreligious,providedthesenseofunityandpurposethatmadesuchorganizedactivitiespossible.Finally,somescholarsdoubtthatwearecapableofeverdiscoveringtheactualcausesofearlycivilization.2.1 ExercisesA. Whichofthefollowingisthebestdefinitionofacivilization?A

14、.NeolithictownsandcitiesB.TypesofcomplexculturesC.AnagriculturalcommunityD.Largepopulationcenters2.Thewordits_inthepassagereferstoA.copperB.bronzeC.metalD.irona) Accordingtoparagraph2,whathappenedassocietiesbecomemoreprosperous?a) Moregoodsareproduced.b) Walledcitiesarebuilt.c) Lawsareinstituted.d)

15、Thesizeoffamiliesincreased.b) ThewordhardlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.frequentlyB.likelyC.barelyD.obviouslyc) WhydoestheauthormentionNeolithicsettlementsinparagraph2?a) Togiveanexampleofacivilizationb) Toexplaintheinventionofwritingsystemsc) Toarguethattheyshouldbeclassifiedasvillagesd) Tocon

16、trastthemwiththecivilizationthatevolvedd) Accordingtoparagraph3,howwastheclasssystemstructured?3Anupperclassandalowerclass4Slaves,freepeopleandarulingclass5Aking,anarmy,andslaves6Intellectualsanduneducatedfarmersandworkerse) Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheinformationinthehighlightedstatemen

17、tinthepassage?Theotherchoiceschangethemeaningorleaveoutimportantinformation.1.%2SouthwestAsianandEgyptiancivilizationsexhibitthemajorityofthecharacteristicsidentifiedbyhistorians.2.%2ThecharacteristicsthathistorianshaveidentifiedarenotfoundintheEgyptianandSouthwestAsiancultures.3.%2CivilizationsinSo

18、uthwestAsiaandEgyptwereidentifiedbyhistorianswhowerestudyingthecharacteristicsofearlycultures4.%2TheidentificationofmosthistoricalcivilizationsincludeseitherEgyptorSouthwestAsiaonthelistf) ThewordcrucialjnthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.fundamentalB.arbitraryC.disruptiveD.suitableg) Thewordprominent

19、jnthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.weakB.importantC.smallD.newh)Accordingtoparagraph4,howcantheindependentdevelopmentofcivilizationindifferentgeographicregionsbeexplained?1. Scholarsagreethatfoodsurplusesencouragedpopulationstobeconcentratedincertainarea.2. Thereareseveraltheoriesthatexplaintheriseof

20、civilizationintheancientworld.3. Themodelofcivilizationwasprobablycarriedfromoneregiontoanotheralongtraderoutes.4. Historiansattributetheemergenceofearlycitiesataboutthesametimeasacoincidence.i)AllofthefollowingarecitedasreasonswhycivilizationsdevelopedEXCEPTA. Religiouspracticesunifiedthepopulation

21、.B. Themanagementofwaterrequiredorganization.C. Amajorclimatechangemadelivingingroupsnecessary.D. Extrafoodresultedintheexpansionofpopulationcenters.j)Lookatthefoursquaresthatshowwherethefollowingsentencecouldbeinsertedinthepassage.Somehistoriansbelievetheycanbeestablished.Wherecouldthesentencebestb

22、eadded?Clickonasquaretoinsertthesentenceinthepassage.k)Directions:Anintroductionforashortsummaryofthepassageappearsbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatmentionthemostimportantpointsinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthepassageortheyareminorpointsfromthepassage.Thisquestion

23、isworth2points.Certainqualitiesappeartodefineacivilization.AnswerChoices囚 .FreecitizenswhoworkinprofessionsforpayB.BureaucraciesforthegovernmentandarmiesC.LibrariestohouseartandwrittenrecordsD.AstrategiclocationnearriversortheseaE.Organizedreligion,writingandart.E.Adenselypopulatedgroupwithaclassstr

24、ucture2.2Words&Expressionswordsv.Definitionsliquefyv.Whenagasorsolidsubstanceliquefiesorisliquefied,itchangesitsformandbecomesliquid.(使)液化utilizevt.putintoservice;use 利用;使用eoutintoview,asfromconcealment;comeoutof 出现;显出;暴露evidentadjclearlyrevealedtothemindorthesensesorjudgment;capableofbeingseeno

25、rnoticed 明白的;明显的deemv.keepinmindorconveyasaconvictionorview 认为;视为bureaucracyn.anadministrativesystemoperatedbyalargenumberofofficials;anyorganizationinwhichactionisobstructedbyinsistenceonunnecessaryproceduresandredtape 官僚制度;官僚主义,官僚作风priestn.aspeciallytrainedpersonwhoperformsvariousreligiousdutiesan

26、dceremoniesforagroupofworshippers 牧师;祭司adherevistickfirmly;givesupporttosth.粘着,附着;坚持,支持surplusn.aquantitymuchlargerthanisneeded 过量,盈余conduciveadj.likelytoproduce;helping(anespeciallydesirableresult)tohappen 导致的,有益的2.3AllInOneA. Craftspeoplehaddiscoveredthatmetal-bearingrockscouldbeheatedtoliquefymet

27、als.B. Liquefiedmetalscouldthenbecastinmoldstoproducetoolsandweapons.C. Metaltoolsandweaponsweremoreusefulthanstoneinstruments.Longsentence1:A. BythebeginningoftheBronzeAge,largernumberofpeoplehadconcentratedintherivervalleysofSouthwestAsiaandEgypt.B. Theconcentratedpeoplewereleadingtoawholenewpatte

28、rnforhumanlife.Longsentence2:A. CivilizationsdevelopedindependentlyinIndia,China,Mesopotamia,andEgypt.B. Whydidallofthesecivilizationsemerge?C. Canweidentifygeneralcausesforthat?Longsentence3:2.4Summary3.LetsListenB.Note-takingB.ExercisesWhattopicsdoesthespeakerdiscuss?Clickontwoanswers.Causesandeff

29、ectsoftheagriculturalrevolution.Achangeinthedesignofhumansettlements.Thesignificanceoftreesinurbanspaces.Whypeoplepreferlivinginromanticvillages.Howdidearlyruralvillagesdifferfromthecitiesoftoday?Villagesgreworganicallyaroundfeaturesoftheland.Villagesweremorelikelytoinspirelandscapepainters.Villages

30、weredesignedasperfectrectangulargrids.Villagesprovidedbettereconomicopportunities.Whatistheurbanforest?TheforestsurroundingacityAparkdesignedbyanarchitectThetreescultivatedonfarmsAllofthetreesinanurbanarea.WhydoesthespeakertalkaboutNewYorkCity?6be-4b43-a3bb-b8a82fea2a2f-Numbered_d9c44ba7-9584-43Togi

31、veanexampleofanurbanparkproject6be-4b43-a3bb-b8a82fea2a2f-Numbered_d9c44ba7-9584-43TorecommendplacestovisitinNewYork6be-4b43-a3bb-b8a82fea2a2f-Numbered_d9c44ba7-9584-43Todescribeurbanarchitectureandculture6be-4b43-a3bb-b8a82fea2a2f-Numbered_d9c44ba7-9584-43TocompareNewYorktootherlargecitiesListenaga

32、intopartofthelecture.ThenanswerthequestionWhatdoesthespeakerimplyaboutNewYorksCentralPark?A.Itisthelargesturbanforestintheworld. 戀昀 愀昀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开昀挀昀挀 昀攀 挀戀 六百六十八万四千七百二十三 3569 昀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开愀搀 搀攀 搀 愀愀 攀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开戀挀愀昀 愀 搀 攀 twasthefirstparktobedesignedbyarchitects. 戀昀 愀昀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开昀挀昀挀 昀攀 挀戀 六百六十八万四千

33、七百二十四 3569 昀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开愀搀 搀攀 搀 愀愀 攀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开戀挀愀昀 愀 搀 攀 tcontainsbeautifulbuildingsofsteelandstone. 戀昀 愀昀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开昀挀昀挀 昀攀 挀戀 六百六十八万四千七百二十五 3569 昀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开愀搀 搀攀 搀 愀愀 攀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开戀挀愀昀 愀 搀 攀 tcontributestothequalityoflifeinthecity.6.Whatisthespeakersopinionofthecity?Thecityisbetterthanatraditiona

34、lvillage.Thecityisasymbolofhumanachievement.Thecityistoohard,straight,andunnatural.Thecityislikeanorganicmachine.3.3Words&Expressionswordsv.Definitionsclusterv.(causeto)gatherorgrowinoneormoreclusters(使)群集,集中pasturen.landcoveredwithgrassandsimilarplants,suitableforgrazinganimals 牧草地,牧场yearnvi.lo

35、ngforordesire 渴望,切盼,向往spectacularadj.unusuallyinterestingorgrand;attractingexcitednotice 壮观的,雄伟的,弓 1 人入胜的rectangularadj.havingtheshapeofarectangle 长方形的;矩形的deterioratevi.becomeworse 恶化,变坏thicketn.adensegrowthofbushes 繁茂处;丛林;草丛psychen.themindandonesdeepestfeelingsandattitudes 精神;心灵3.4SummaryLetsspeakY

36、ouwillreadashortpassageandthenlistentoatalkonthesametopic.Youwillthenbeaskedaquestionaboutthem.Afteryouhearthequestion,youwillhave30secondstoprepareyourresponseand60secondstospeak.qJLp【Time:45SecondsCultureCultureconsistsofthebeliefs,values,rituals,textsandsymbolsofasociety.Animportantelementofcultu

37、reistherules-ornorms-thatregulatebehaviorandmaintainsocialorder.Somenormstellushowweshouldbehave-forexample,obeyauthorityandtreatotherswithrespect.Somenormsaretraditionsorcustoms,suchasclothingstyles.Othernormscovermattersofmorality,suchascourtshipbehaviororshowingrespecttoancestors.Themostessentialnormscoveractivitiesthatarecentraltothewellbeingofth

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论