【高级英语】unitculture-student-version

1、culturecivilizationNeolithicBronzeAgeMesopotamia1.2WordExpansion1.2.1Wordfamilyn.v.adj.adv.dominaterevolutionregulateadministrativepurifybureaucracy1.2.2DerivativerootsDerivativesliquhabitvivehere2.LetsreadCivilizationBetween4000and3000B.C.,significanttechnologicaldevelopmentsbegantotransformtheNeol

2、ithictowns.Theinventionofwritingenabledrecordstobekept,andtheuseofmetalsmarkedanewlevelofhumancontrolovertheenvironmentanditsresources.Alreadybefore4000B.C.,craftspeoplehaddiscoveredthatmetal-bearingrockscouldbeheatedtoliquefymetals,whichcouldthenbecastinmoldstoproducetoolsandweaponsthatweremoreusef

3、ulthanstoneinstruments.Althoughcopperwasthefirstmetaltobeutilizedinproducingtools,after4000B.C.craftspeopleinwesternAsiadiscoveredthatacombinationofcopperandtinproducedbronze,amuchharderandmoredurablemetalthancopper.ItswidespreadusedhasledhistorianstocalltheperiodtheBronzeAge;thereafter,fromaround30

4、00to1200B.C.,bronzewasiUnitThreeCulture1.Whatcanyoudo?1.1BackgroundinformationTermsDefinitionsncreasinglyreplacedbyiron.Atfirst,Neolithicsettlementswerehardlymorethanvillages.Butastheirinhabitantsmasteredtheartoffarming,morecomplexhumansocietiesemerged.Aswealthincreased,thesesocietiesbegantodevelopa

5、rmiesandtobuildwalledcities.BythebeginningoftheBronzeAge,theconcentrationoflargernumberofpeopleintherivervalleysofSouthwestAsiaandEgyptwasleadingtoawholenewpatternforhumanlife.Aswehaveseen,earlyhumanbeingsformedsmallgroupsthatdevelopedasimpleculturethatenabledthemtosurvive.Ashumansocietiesgrewanddev

6、elopedgreatercomplexity,anewformofhumanexistence-calledcivilization-cameintobeing.Acivilizationisacomplexcultureinwhichlargenumbersofhumanbeingsshareanumberofcommonelements.Historianshaveidentifiedanumberofbasiccharacteristicsofcivilization,mostofwhichareevidentintheSouthwestAsianandEgyptianciviliza

7、tions.Theseinclude(1)anurbanfocus:citiesbecamethecentersofpolitical,economic,social,culturalandreligiousdevelopment;(2)adistinctreligiousstructure:thegodsweredeemedcrucial_tothecommunityssuccess,andprofessionalpriestlyclasses,asstewardsofthegodsproperty,regulatedrelationswiththegods;(3)newpoliticala

8、ndmilitarystructures;anorganizedgovernmentbureaucracyarosetomeettheadministrativedemandsofthegrowingpopulationwhilearmieswereorganizedtogainlandandpower;(4)anewsocialstructurebasedoneconomicpower;whilekingsandanupperclassofpriests,politicalleaders,andwarriorsdominated,therealsoexistedlargegroupsoffr

9、eepeople(farmers,artisans,craftspeople)andattheverybottom,socially,aclassofslaves;(5)thedevelopmentofwriting;kings,priests,merchants,andartisansusedwritingtokeeprecords;and(6)newformsofsignificantartisticandintellectualactivity,suchasmonumentalarchitecturalstructures,usuallyreligious,occupiedapromin

10、entplaceinurbanenvironments.Whyearlycivilizationsdevelopedremainsdifficulttoexplain.CASincecivilizationsdevelopedindependentlyinIndia,China,Mesopotamia,andEgypt,cangeneralcausesbeidentifiedthatwouldexplainwhyallofthesecivilizationsemerged?SAnumberofpossibleexplanationsofthebeginningofcivilizationhav

11、ebeensuggested.Atheoryofchallengeandresponsemaintainsthatchallengesforcedhumanbeingstomakeeffortsthatresultedintheriseofcivilization.Somescholarshaveadheredtoamaterialexplanation.Materialforces,suchasthegrowthoffoodsurpluses,madepossiblethespecializationoflaboranddevelopmentoflargecommunitieswithbur

12、eaucraticorganization.RButtheareaoftheFertileCrescent,inwhichMesopotamiancivilizationemerged,wasnotnaturallyconducivetoagriculture.Abundantfoodcouldonlybeproducedwithamassivehumanefforttocarefullymanagethewater,aneffortthatcreatedtheneedfororganizationandbureaucraticcontrolandledtocivilizedcities.So

13、mehistorianshavearguedthatnonmaterialforces,primarilyreligious,providedthesenseofunityandpurposethatmadesuchorganizedactivitiespossible.Finally,somescholarsdoubtthatwearecapableofeverdiscoveringtheactualcausesofearlycivilization.2.1 ExercisesA. Whichofthefollowingisthebestdefinitionofacivilization?A

14、.NeolithictownsandcitiesB.TypesofcomplexculturesC.AnagriculturalcommunityD.Largepopulationcenters2.Thewordits_inthepassagereferstoA.copperB.bronzeC.metalD.irona) Accordingtoparagraph2,whathappenedassocietiesbecomemoreprosperous?a) Moregoodsareproduced.b) Walledcitiesarebuilt.c) Lawsareinstituted.d)

15、Thesizeoffamiliesincreased.b) ThewordhardlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.frequentlyB.likelyC.barelyD.obviouslyc) WhydoestheauthormentionNeolithicsettlementsinparagraph2?a) Togiveanexampleofacivilizationb) Toexplaintheinventionofwritingsystemsc) Toarguethattheyshouldbeclassifiedasvillagesd) Tocon

16、trastthemwiththecivilizationthatevolvedd) Accordingtoparagraph3,howwastheclasssystemstructured?3Anupperclassandalowerclass4Slaves,freepeopleandarulingclass5Aking,anarmy,andslaves6Intellectualsanduneducatedfarmersandworkerse) Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheinformationinthehighlightedstatemen

17、tinthepassage?Theotherchoiceschangethemeaningorleaveoutimportantinformation.1.%2SouthwestAsianandEgyptiancivilizationsexhibitthemajorityofthecharacteristicsidentifiedbyhistorians.2.%2ThecharacteristicsthathistorianshaveidentifiedarenotfoundintheEgyptianandSouthwestAsiancultures.3.%2CivilizationsinSo

18、uthwestAsiaandEgyptwereidentifiedbyhistorianswhowerestudyingthecharacteristicsofearlycultures4.%2TheidentificationofmosthistoricalcivilizationsincludeseitherEgyptorSouthwestAsiaonthelistf) ThewordcrucialjnthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.fundamentalB.arbitraryC.disruptiveD.suitableg) Thewordprominent

19、jnthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.weakB.importantC.smallD.newh)Accordingtoparagraph4,howcantheindependentdevelopmentofcivilizationindifferentgeographicregionsbeexplained?1. Scholarsagreethatfoodsurplusesencouragedpopulationstobeconcentratedincertainarea.2. Thereareseveraltheoriesthatexplaintheriseof

20、civilizationintheancientworld.3. Themodelofcivilizationwasprobablycarriedfromoneregiontoanotheralongtraderoutes.4. Historiansattributetheemergenceofearlycitiesataboutthesametimeasacoincidence.i)AllofthefollowingarecitedasreasonswhycivilizationsdevelopedEXCEPTA. Religiouspracticesunifiedthepopulation

21、.B. Themanagementofwaterrequiredorganization.C. Amajorclimatechangemadelivingingroupsnecessary.D. Extrafoodresultedintheexpansionofpopulationcenters.j)Lookatthefoursquaresthatshowwherethefollowingsentencecouldbeinsertedinthepassage.Somehistoriansbelievetheycanbeestablished.Wherecouldthesentencebestb

22、eadded?Clickonasquaretoinsertthesentenceinthepassage.k)Directions:Anintroductionforashortsummaryofthepassageappearsbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatmentionthemostimportantpointsinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthepassageortheyareminorpointsfromthepassage.Thisquestion

23、isworth2points.Certainqualitiesappeartodefineacivilization.AnswerChoices囚 .FreecitizenswhoworkinprofessionsforpayB.BureaucraciesforthegovernmentandarmiesC.LibrariestohouseartandwrittenrecordsD.AstrategiclocationnearriversortheseaE.Organizedreligion,writingandart.E.Adenselypopulatedgroupwithaclassstr

24、ucture2.2Words&Expressionswordsv.Definitionsliquefyv.Whenagasorsolidsubstanceliquefiesorisliquefied,itchangesitsformandbecomesliquid.(使)液化utilizevt.putintoservice;use 利用；使用eoutintoview,asfromconcealment;comeoutof 出现；显出；暴露evidentadjclearlyrevealedtothemindorthesensesorjudgment;capableofbeingseeno

25、rnoticed 明白的；明显的deemv.keepinmindorconveyasaconvictionorview 认为；视为bureaucracyn.anadministrativesystemoperatedbyalargenumberofofficials;anyorganizationinwhichactionisobstructedbyinsistenceonunnecessaryproceduresandredtape 官僚制度；官僚主义，官僚作风priestn.aspeciallytrainedpersonwhoperformsvariousreligiousdutiesan

26、dceremoniesforagroupofworshippers 牧师;祭司adherevistickfirmly;givesupporttosth.粘着，附着；坚持，支持surplusn.aquantitymuchlargerthanisneeded 过量，盈余conduciveadj.likelytoproduce;helping(anespeciallydesirableresult)tohappen 导致的，有益的2.3AllInOneA. Craftspeoplehaddiscoveredthatmetal-bearingrockscouldbeheatedtoliquefymet

27、als.B. Liquefiedmetalscouldthenbecastinmoldstoproducetoolsandweapons.C. Metaltoolsandweaponsweremoreusefulthanstoneinstruments.Longsentence1:A. BythebeginningoftheBronzeAge,largernumberofpeoplehadconcentratedintherivervalleysofSouthwestAsiaandEgypt.B. Theconcentratedpeoplewereleadingtoawholenewpatte

28、rnforhumanlife.Longsentence2:A. CivilizationsdevelopedindependentlyinIndia,China,Mesopotamia,andEgypt.B. Whydidallofthesecivilizationsemerge?C. Canweidentifygeneralcausesforthat?Longsentence3:2.4Summary3.LetsListenB.Note-takingB.ExercisesWhattopicsdoesthespeakerdiscuss?Clickontwoanswers.Causesandeff

29、ectsoftheagriculturalrevolution.Achangeinthedesignofhumansettlements.Thesignificanceoftreesinurbanspaces.Whypeoplepreferlivinginromanticvillages.Howdidearlyruralvillagesdifferfromthecitiesoftoday?Villagesgreworganicallyaroundfeaturesoftheland.Villagesweremorelikelytoinspirelandscapepainters.Villages

30、weredesignedasperfectrectangulargrids.Villagesprovidedbettereconomicopportunities.Whatistheurbanforest?TheforestsurroundingacityAparkdesignedbyanarchitectThetreescultivatedonfarmsAllofthetreesinanurbanarea.WhydoesthespeakertalkaboutNewYorkCity?6be-4b43-a3bb-b8a82fea2a2f-Numbered_d9c44ba7-9584-43Togi

31、veanexampleofanurbanparkproject6be-4b43-a3bb-b8a82fea2a2f-Numbered_d9c44ba7-9584-43TorecommendplacestovisitinNewYork6be-4b43-a3bb-b8a82fea2a2f-Numbered_d9c44ba7-9584-43Todescribeurbanarchitectureandculture6be-4b43-a3bb-b8a82fea2a2f-Numbered_d9c44ba7-9584-43TocompareNewYorktootherlargecitiesListenaga

32、intopartofthelecture.ThenanswerthequestionWhatdoesthespeakerimplyaboutNewYorksCentralPark?A.Itisthelargesturbanforestintheworld. 戀昀 愀昀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开昀挀昀挀 昀攀 挀戀 六百六十八万四千七百二十三 3569 昀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开愀搀 搀攀 搀 愀愀 攀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开戀挀愀昀 愀 搀 攀 twasthefirstparktobedesignedbyarchitects. 戀昀 愀昀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开昀挀昀挀 昀攀 挀戀 六百六十八万四千

33、七百二十四 3569 昀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开愀搀 搀攀 搀 愀愀 攀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开戀挀愀昀 愀 搀 攀 tcontainsbeautifulbuildingsofsteelandstone. 戀昀 愀昀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开昀挀昀挀 昀攀 挀戀 六百六十八万四千七百二十五 3569 昀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开愀搀 搀攀 搀 愀愀 攀攀戀 一甀洀戀攀爀攀搀开戀挀愀昀 愀 搀 攀 tcontributestothequalityoflifeinthecity.6.Whatisthespeakersopinionofthecity?Thecityisbetterthanatraditiona

34、lvillage.Thecityisasymbolofhumanachievement.Thecityistoohard,straight,andunnatural.Thecityislikeanorganicmachine.3.3Words&Expressionswordsv.Definitionsclusterv.(causeto)gatherorgrowinoneormoreclusters(使)群集，集中pasturen.landcoveredwithgrassandsimilarplants,suitableforgrazinganimals 牧草地，牧场yearnvi.lo

35、ngforordesire 渴望，切盼，向往spectacularadj.unusuallyinterestingorgrand;attractingexcitednotice 壮观的，雄伟的，弓 1 人入胜的rectangularadj.havingtheshapeofarectangle 长方形的；矩形的deterioratevi.becomeworse 恶化，变坏thicketn.adensegrowthofbushes 繁茂处；丛林；草丛psychen.themindandonesdeepestfeelingsandattitudes 精神；心灵3.4SummaryLetsspeakY

36、ouwillreadashortpassageandthenlistentoatalkonthesametopic.Youwillthenbeaskedaquestionaboutthem.Afteryouhearthequestion,youwillhave30secondstoprepareyourresponseand60secondstospeak.qJLp【Time：45SecondsCultureCultureconsistsofthebeliefs,values,rituals,textsandsymbolsofasociety.Animportantelementofcultu

37、reistherules-ornorms-thatregulatebehaviorandmaintainsocialorder.Somenormstellushowweshouldbehave-forexample,obeyauthorityandtreatotherswithrespect.Somenormsaretraditionsorcustoms,suchasclothingstyles.Othernormscovermattersofmorality,suchascourtshipbehaviororshowingrespecttoancestors.Themostessentialnormscoveractivitiesthatarecentraltothewellbeingofth