公共英语四级英语知识运用

1、2010年公共英语四级英语知识运用导读：该部分主要有三种题型：词汇型试题、语法型试题和推理型试题。一、命题分析 2007年9月和2006年9月真题中文章的体裁和题材以及各个题型中考点的分布情况如以下两表所示：1体裁和题材总结由上表可以看出，在近两年的考试中，体裁都是议论文；而题材则都与人们的日常生活相关，所以要求考生应在平常备考中注意对这些材料的积累。2考点出现频率由上表可以看出，在近两年的考试中，词汇型的考查占的比重还是最大。二、应试指南 (一)词汇考查1语义干扰型指所选单词在撇开上下文，脱离具体语境的情况下语法正确，但带入具体的上下文中，则出现上下文逻辑紊乱，前后观点不一致或者使文章意思不

2、清。2语义辨析型试题把一组近义词或同义词设计在同一选项，以测试考生对这些意义相近的词的用法以及分辨同义词之间细微差异等，然后再根据搭配的不同，在4个选项中选出最佳答案。3固定搭配型固定搭配型则常涉及成语惯用法、名词短语结构、动词词组和介词短语等。在此，提醒考生注意固定搭配被某些成分分割的现象。4语法型来源：语法型在词汇考查题中所占比例较小，考生应注意此类题常涉及虚拟语气等问题。(二)语篇结构指的是文章中句子与句子之间或段落与段落之间起连接或承上启下作用，表明上下文逻辑关系等作用的连接词。试题常常把语篇结构词抽掉，作为测试点，让考生运用语言知识分析理解篇章的结构，选择正确的语篇衔接词。有时，语篇

3、结构词出现在文章中，没有被抽掉，表明语篇结构对语篇的理解很重要，是一些不可忽略的关键词。(三)语法结构常涉及英语连句方式，从属连词连接短语，动词(包括时态，语态，主、谓语的一致，非谓语动词的用法，虚拟语气等)，代词，连词，连词的配套使用，比较结构的特殊表达形式，平行结构等。1并列并行原则两个或两个以上句子连接时必须要有关联词连接。只要句子结构在语法上完整，就要使用句号：如果不用句号分开语法结构完整的句子，那就必须用关联词把它们连接起来。注意关联词不一定是并列连词，也可以是引导从句的从属连词，如if，while，when，which，that，because，so，as，although等，但无

4、论怎样，关联词是不可缺少的。2某些引导状语从句的关联词对于when，while，though，although，if，after等词，也可以用来引导短语，这些短语必须在意义上是谓语，而语法上是非谓语的形式。3动词动词是试题设计中最多的一个语法知识点，常涉及到动词的时态、语态、数、非谓语动词及虚拟语气。(1)时态考生要特别注意过去完成时、完成进行时的用法。过去完成时强调“过去之过去”，表示过去某一动作或某一时刻完成的动作。完成进行时强调动作开始于过去，一直延续到现在，也许刚刚结束，也许还要继续下去。一般完成时表示动作始于过去，结束于过去(已经结束)，但对现在有影响，与现在有联系。如果句中出现由

5、“by+将来时间”的介词短语作时间状语，句子一般用将来完成时或将来完成进行时。出现由since，for等介词短语表时间，或recently表时间，句子用一般完成时，for有时省略。(2)语态常考的是非谓语动词的语态。此考点并不难，难度在于考题句子较长，或有分割现象出现，使考生难以辨别。可以分析句子结构，先找出主语中心词和谓语中心词，或被非谓语动词修饰的词与非谓语动词所表示的动作，再判别主、被动关系。(3)主谓一致语法一致：考生应注意：as well as，together with，along with，accompanied by等是短语介词，不能和and样连接并列主语，它们所引导的名词性结

6、构，作伴随状语，而非并列主语，不影响前面主语的数。意念一致：考生应注意family，committee，crew，jury，staff，board，panel，government等一些集合词。当这些名词在句中强调的是整体时，谓语动词用单数第三人称，如果它们在句中强调的是各个成员、个体，谓语动词则用复数。时间、距离和款项被当作整体时，谓语用单数第三人称形式。邻近一致：主要适用于由or，eitheror，nor，neithernor连接的并列主语，句子谓语的单复数由靠近谓语的主语确定。主语的形式是one in或0ne out of，谓语的单复数形式也由靠近谓语的主语决定。除以上3点，考生还应注意

7、倒装句。倒装句的主语在谓语之后，所以要根据后面的主语来确定谓语的单、复数。(4)非谓语动词非谓语动词是常考的语法项目即不定式、动名词和分词，在用法上有很多区别。非谓语动词的各种形式虽不能独立作谓语，但仍带有动词性，即它们可以被副词修饰，由及物动词变来的非谓语动词各种形式仍可带宾语。不定式常表示一次性动作，而动名词则表示多次的、反复的、习惯性的动作。不定式常表示尚未发生的、即将要发生的动作，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词则表示已发生过的动作。现在分词与过去分词既有时态意义的区别，又有语态意义的区别。时态意义的区别：现在分词表正在进行的动作；过去分词表已经发生的动作。语态意义的区别：现在分词

8、表主动意义；过去分词表被动意义。不定式倾向于动作性，动名词倾向于名词性。不定式和动名词作主语和表语：如果前后没有制约，一般情况下都可，但若主语是不定式，表语一定要用不定式，反之亦然。若主语是动名词，表语一定要用动名词，反之亦然，即前后制约。不定式和动名词作宾语的区别在于，一些动词后只能接不定式作宾语，另一些动词后只能接动名词作宾语。常考接动名词作宾语的动词。不定式一般作目的状语，而分词般表原因。不定式或分词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生；而不定式或分词的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。(5)虚拟语气在非真实条件句中应用的3个主干句型。现在、过去、将

9、来虚拟语气的主句与从句谓语动词时态的3个对应形式是虚拟语气的主干句型。与现在事实相反的假设，其主句、从句谓语动词的形式为If+主语十were/v+ed，主语+should(would，could，might)+v。与过去事实相反的假设，其主句、从句谓语动词的形式为If+主语+had+v.+ed，主语+should(would，could，might)+have+v+ed。提出将来难以实现或无法实现的愿望，其主句、从句谓语动词的形式为If+主语+were toshould+v，主语+should(would，could，might)+v。if引导的从句中如果谓语含有had，should，were

10、等词时，可将had，should，were提到从句的主语前，从而省略if。混合时态：有时条件从旬和主句的时态不一样，我们不能硬套虚拟语气主、从句的搭配，要根据主、从句的具体时间状语作一调整，用不同的时态。用于宾语从句中，当主句的谓语动词为suggest，order，request，require，advise，desire，insist，ask，urge等，其后由that引导的宾语从句的谓语为should+动词原形，表示虚拟，should可以省略。用于主语从句中：在Its+形容词+that的句型中，形容词若为necessary，important，urgent，imperative，essen

11、tial，advisable，recommendable等或有些动词+ed构成的结构，that引导的从句用should+动词原形表示虚拟，should可省略。由上述动词变化而来的名词形式后的同位语从句或表语从句用should+动词原形表示虚拟，should可以省略。wish后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，用一般过去时表示对现在的希望，用过去完成时表达对过去某事的希望，用过去将来时，表示对将来某事的希望。would ratherhad ratherwould just as soonwould sooner都表示“宁愿”，表示客气地希望别人(将来)怎么做，用过去时；用过去完成时表示对过去的懊悔。If

12、 only表示强烈的愿望，用虚拟语气，主句常省略。4代词代词与它所指代的名词或代词的数要一致。如果前文中用到one，someone，后文的代词要用one，heher来指代。前文中若是用you，后文的代词也要用you。3组替代词：分别为0ne，ones；it，them；that，those。one，ones一定要带前置修饰语，后置修饰语可带可不带；it，them前后都不带修饰语；而that，those没有前置修饰语，但一定带后置修饰语。one，it，that替代前文的可数名词单数或不可数名词；ones，them，those替代前文的可数名词复数。5连词(1)what和that引导名词性从句的区别

13、what和that在引导名词性从句时的区别就在于：what在引导名词性从句时，还在从句中担任主语，表语，宾语等成分，而that只引导名词性从句，在从句中不担任任何成分。(2)that和which引导定语从句的区别that和which引导定语从句，先行词指物，一般情况下可互换，但有以下限制：只能用that引导定语从句的情况：先行词本身为all，some，something，anyone，nobody等不定代词时；先行词为only，all，any，some，no等不定代词修饰时；先行词被序数词修饰时；先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时。只能用which引导定语从句的情况：定语从句为非限制性定语从句时：定

14、语从句中所带的介词提前到关系代词前时。配套使用：英语中有些连词是要配套使用的，不能互相掺加，亦不能不完整，其难度在于增加干扰项，分隔配套连词。对策是一旦句中出现配套连词的前半部或后半部，考生就要注意在句中找到或在选择项中找到其另外半部。6比较结构原级形式表示比较级意义时应注意“几倍”等词的位置。比较级形式表最高级意义有两种模式：形容词、副词的比较级+than+anyother+可数名词单数。形容词、副词的比较级+than+anythinganyoneanybody+else。一些形容词本身含比较意义，与to搭配，而不用than。这类形容词常见的有superior，inferior，prior等

15、。7平行结构平行结构体现在不定式，动名词，名词，并列谓语等平行结构中。 三、答题技巧 (一)快速通读全篇认真理解段首句，预测短文大致内容。然后通读全篇，正确理解短文意思。必须对文章的主要观点(或主题)、逻辑关系和层次有一个清楚的把握，才能解决语篇结构的问题和词汇的选择(根据主要观点或主题，综合理解上下文意义，挑选出适当的词汇)。(二)分析考查类别依据待填处分析答案属于哪一类。如是篇章结构词，则要求考生认真理解空白处前后几句的逻辑关系；如是语法，则要求考生确定考查的是哪一语法现象；如是词汇，则要求考生分析属于哪一种词汇考题；如是综合题，则要求考生熟练运用综合技能，考虑词汇、语法，选出最佳答案。(

16、三)综合考虑，逐个击破在做题时，填空要从语法、语义、惯用法和上下文4个方面来全面考虑。对那些暂时不能解决的问题可先放一下，继续往后读，文中常有前后照应关系。(四)培养期待能力因为文中常有前后照应关系和线索，要抓住文中的照应关系和线索通过阅读上文，在内容、语法(如时态、语气等)各方面对下文做个预测，在脑海中形成一种期待。(五)做题时先易后难先填上那些容易的、有把握的题，如单个语法点、搭配、词汇考题中的词义辨析题等。把文章连通，这样，大致意思清晰后，再做那些较难的。这一方面可以节约时间，另一方面也使难的问题变得容易一些，不至于在一个难填的空上耽误太多的时间。(六)依据语境线索选择后注意(I)4个备

17、选答案为动词时，应考虑这个动词与上下文之间的搭配和词义上与上下文之间的联系。(2)4个选择项都是介词时，应考虑这个被选为正确答案的介词与后面的名词(或动名词)等是否能构成成语或短语，如果能，一般情况下，所选的介词就是正确答案。另外还应注意：所选的介词前面的动词(通常是不及物动词)是否能构成成语或短语，如果能，则所选的介词在正常情况下就是正确答案，但上下文必须“自圆其说”。(3)4个备选答案都是名词时，应注意所选的答案的名词单复数是否与周围的动词、代名词相吻合。如果都吻合，上下文的意思和逻辑都能说得通，那么所选的答案一般情况下就是正确答案。(4)如果4个选择项都是形容词日寸，应注意所选的答案与后

18、面的名词是否能构成某种搭配，如果这个形容词前面有副词修饰它时，这个副词是否合适必须视情况而定。(5)如4个选择项都是副词，应注意所选的答案应与它所修饰的动词或形容词(或过去分词)是否通顺。公共英语四级(pets)口试考试试卷Part A ( 2 minutes)Interlocutor:考试大全国最大教育类网站(wwwE)Good morning/afternoon. Could I have your mark sheets, please? Thank you.(Hand over the mark sheets to the Assessor. )My name is.

19、 and this is my colleague. He/she will just listen to us. So, you are. (name) and . (name) ? Thank you.First of all , we' d like to know something about you, so I' m going to ask you some questions.( Select two or more questions from each of the following categories for Candidate A.)(Select

20、two or more questions from each of the following categories for Candidate B.)Part B (3 minutes)Interlocutor:Now I' d like you to talk about something between yourselves. Please speak loudly so that we can hear you. You should take care to share the opportunity of speaking.(Put the Pictures for C

21、andidates p. 7 in front of both candidates and give instructions with reference to the picture. )If you need a place to live in, you can either rent an apartment or buy one on bank loan.Make your choice and give your reasons.This picture is for your reference. You have three minutes for this. Would

22、you like to begin now, please? PicturePart C (7 minutes)Interlocutor:· I' m going to give each of you a picture and I' d like you to first describe it briefly and then give your comment on what you see in the picture.(Put picture 1 for Candidates p. 8 in front of both candidates. )·

23、; . (Name of Candidate A), this is your picture. You have three minutes to talk about it. · . ( Name of Candidate B ), listen carefully while. ( Name of Candidate A) is speaking. When he/she has finished. I' d like you to ask him/her a question about what he/she has said.· .(Name of Ca

24、ndidate A), would you like to begin now, please? Candidate A: ( about three minutes) Interlocutor:· Thank you. Now, . (Name of Candidate B), could you please ask your partner a question? (Half a minute for asking and answering the question. )( Take back Picture 1 and put Picture 2 for Candidate

25、s p. 9 in front of both candidates. )· Ok, . ( Name of Candidate B), here is your picture. You also have three minutes to talk about your picture.· .( Name of Candidate A), listen carefully while . ( Name of Candidate B ) is speaking. When he/she has finished, I' d like you to ask him/

26、her a question about what he/she has said.· .(Name of Candidate B), would you like to begin now, please? Candidate B: (about three minutes) Interlocutor:· Thank you. Now, . Name of Candidate A), could you please ask your partner a question? (Half a minute for asking and answering the quest

27、ion. )· Thank you. That is the end of the test.Part C (7 minutes)Picture 1Picture 22010年9月公共英语四级(pets4)考试作文预测篇之人口问题考查要点考生应根据提示信息(中/英文)写出一篇150-200词的短文。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。写作时间约为35分钟。公共英语PETS四级作文预测：人口快速增长带来的问题(图表作文强化练习)题目要求Directions: Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay

28、 in at least 150 words. Your essay should cover these points;1. effect of the countrys growing human population in its wildlife2. possible reasons for the effect3. your suggestion for wildlife protection (15 points)【参考范文】 the ups and downs of population growthAs is seen from the two graphs, it is cl

29、ear that with the rapid growth of U.S. population from 1800 to 1990, the number of its wildlife species no longer existing soared during the same period. Naturally, we can draw the conclusion that the sharp decline of wildlife species resulted from the population growth.Two reasons may account for t

30、his phenomenon. To begin with, as the population grows, people consume much more natural resources, which often leads to excessive hunting. Second, with the increase of human activities, modern people take up more and more space. Which has a great impact on other species. Finally, the problem of pol

31、lution becomes more and more serious with the development of modern industry. More and more animals have to adapt themselves to the decaying environment or move to a totally different place, but not all of them are fortunate enough to survive the changes.Solving this problem calls for, above all, th

32、e governments efforts to control population growth, to decrease industrial pollution and to enhance the laws to forbid wildlife hunting. Moreover, common citizens should be aware of this ecological crisis and take on the responsibility of wildlife protection. In a word, only when the government and

33、the common people make joint e f forts can we hope to find a satisfactory solution to this problem.2010年9月公共英语四级(pets4)作文预测篇之承诺要慎重公共英语PETS四级作文预测：承诺要慎重，不实承诺可能会导致很多社会问题题目要求A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.B. Your essay should meet the requirements b

34、elow:OUTLINE:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your comments. (15 points)【核心词汇】make premises 做出承诺duties and responsibilities 责任和义务takeas 把。看作。absurd and ridiculous 荒谬的，荒唐的come into being 形成widespread empty promises 普遍的空话【参考范文】My view on So-called promisesAs can seen from the

35、cartoon, a hen is making promises that her eggs are all round and consist of shells, egg whites and yolks. In our daily life, many people, just like the hen, keep making such promises in which they take duties and responsibilities as virtues to be proud of.Such promises, absurd and ridiculous even a

36、t the first sight, come into being mainly for two reasons. First, some profit-driven enterprises take advantages of such promises to win peoples trust and understandingtheir advertisements are intentionally misleading and their behavior is sheer cheating. Second, some organizations and individuals,

37、obsessed with fame and success, are by all means publicizing their deeds, but actually they just assume their own duty.These widespread empty promises will do great harm to people as well as to the whole society. They will result in a dishonest atmosphere in our societypeople will lose mutual trust

38、and become more doubtful. As a result, the economic development of our country will be hindered.【黄金模板】As can be seen from the cartoon, . In our daily life, .Such and even at the first sight, come into being mainly for two reasons. First (On the one hand), Second(On the other hand), These widespread

39、will do great harm to people as well as to the whole society.【文章结构点评】首段共分两句，首句将母鸡承诺的两句话简练地描述了出来，次句立即进行类推(analogy)，在日常生活中许多人与这只母鸡一样，把自己的责任当成了引以为傲的美德。次段写此类承诺形成的原因，在主题句后分两方面来说。一方面，某些追逐利益的企业利用这样的承诺来骗取人们的信任和理解，其广告是故意的误导，其行为纯属欺诈。另一方面，一些组织与个人为了名声和成功大肆宣扬本来是自己份内应做的事情。末段写这些承诺的危害既危害了人们，又危害了社会。这些承诺会导致社会中不良风气的产生

40、，人们会失去相互信任，变得更多疑。结果是经济发展受到了影响。【重点句子分析】首段首句的as can be seen from the cartoon是常用的模板句，make promises表示“承诺”，而sell, egg whine和yolk分别是表示“蛋壳”，“蛋清”和“蛋黄”。次句立即借助插入语just like the hen作一类比，说有些人总是作这样的承诺。次段首句后两点来说：第一点中使用了破折号作进一步的说明，profit-driven和take advantage of分别表示“追逐利益的”和“利用”，破折号后的intentionally表示“故意地”，misleading表

41、示“误导的”，sheer表示“完全的、彻底的”。第二点中使用了插入语obsessed with fame and success是一个过去分词短语，相当于一个定语从句，be obsessed with意即“着学于。的”;by all means表示“利用一切手段”，publicize表示“宣扬”，assume ones duty表示“承担责任”，亦可用take on。第三段首句之后有两句话：前一句中的result in表示“结果是。”，mutual trust表示“相互责任”;后一句开头的as a result起承接上句的作用，其后的hinder表示“阻碍”，亦可用affect。注：以上作文主

42、题及范文来自1998年考研英语真题作文，大家可以用这个来练习一下如何写图表作文。2010年9月公共英语四级(pets4)作文预测篇之汽车的功过考查要点考生应根据提示信息(中/英文)写出一篇150-200词的短文。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。写作时间约为35分钟。公共英语PETS四级作文预测：如何看待汽车这把双刃剑题目要求1.汽车给人们带来的好处。2.汽车产生的问题3.我对汽车的看法。ExampleSince their coming into being, automobiles have been significantly contributing to huma

43、n industries, agricultures, and even the daily lives.It is automobiles that have been shaping and reflecting the ways humans work and think. They accelerate the sustainable economic development. They boost industries. They also catalyze scientific research.But nobody can deny that automobiles have a

44、lso exerted some unfavorable impacts on social and economic fabric. First of all, they have seriously polluted the environment in which humans survive. Secondly, traffic jam wastes lots of time. Finally, they also waste the money, especially in metropolis.My opinion is that in the foreseeable future

45、, scientists will be able to solve all problems. Exactly, human will eventually be able to minimize the harmful effects of automobiles, whereas their advantages can be maximized.2010年9月公共英语四级(pets4)作文预测篇之留学的利与弊公共英语PETS四级作文预测：你如何看待出国留学的利弊(on overseas study)题目要求你如何看待出国留学的利弊(on overseas study)1)、现在每年有学

46、生出国留学2)、有人觉得出国留学是个人发展的最好选择，而有人认为在国内也有好的发展。3)、你的看法参考范文on overseas studyRecent years, more and more Chinese people have chosen to study abroad. To this tendency, some people think it is not good, as most of the overseas learners do not come back, whereas I hold a different opinion.In my opinion, it is

47、 a good thing that more Chinese people go abroad. There are three reasons. First, the overseas learners can improve their ability through the study. They can grasp advanced technologies and their language ability can be improved as well. Second, with the rapid development of China, more and more ove

48、rseas learners will choose come back, using their abundant knowledge studied abroad to serve for the motherland. The third, the government and most domestic enterprises are willing to provide favorable treatments to attract them to come back.Although some do not want to come home, we are glad to see

49、 that there are more overseas learners chosen to work at home than before. For the above reasons, I think it is not a bad thing for more and more Chinese study abroad.2010年9月公共英语四级(pets4)考试作文预测篇之假冒商品考查要点考生应根据提示信息(中/英文)写出一篇150-200词的短文。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。写作时间约为35分钟。公共英语PETS四级作文预测：假冒伪劣商品的危害及其预防

50、措施题目要求1. 假冒伪劣商品的危害。2. 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品。参考范文Nowadays there are a lot of fake commodities on the market. They range from daily commodities to expensive goods. They have caused many harms in society.First, fake commodities damage the consumers interests. In addition, fake commodities affect businessmen and m

51、anufacturers, too. Those who have been deceived will be reluctant to consume, which will make business slack. Worst of all, some fake commodities such as medicine, gas cylinder and electric devices will endanger peoples lives and social security.There are many ways to eliminate fake commodities but

52、the following ones may be effective. First, the laws of the protection of consumers should be enforced to severely punish those who produce or sell fake commodities. Second, consumers should be taught how to tell good commodities from fake ones. Third, they should be advised to protect their own int

53、erests and not to be led astray by false advertisements.In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of fake commodities and launch a campaign against them. Only in this way will fake commodities be possibly eliminated from the market in the future.pets4写作精选短语all in the sam

54、e boatto be sharing the same difficult circumstances, oftenwith others who would normally be competitorsEXAMPLE:When bad weather discouraged tourists from coming to the popular seacoast resort town, the managers of the different hotels in the town knew they were all in the same boat and decided to w

55、ork cooperatively with one another. avant gardeVery modern in style; possibly experimental or self-consciously artisticFRENCH military term “forward guard,” soldiers who lead an attackEXAMPLE:The young employees of the New York advertising agency always wore dramatic, avant garde clothing so their clients would think they were modern and knowledgeable about popular trends. back to square oneAn expression used to mean that it is necessary to stop whatever one has done on a new project and to start again completely.EXAMPLE:When our experimental design for a new solar automo