高考英语阅读理解：5类细节事实题解题技巧

1、高考圈-让高考没有难报的志愿ww wgjBok«pE|b4g«ini高考英语阅读理解：5类细节事实题解题技巧细节题是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包 括直接理解题、语义转化题）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。尽管近几年高考英语阅读试题中推断题呈不断上升的趋势，但细节题仍然占有较大比例，而且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查同学们 对英语语言的理解能力，因此难度比往年有所增加。一、题型特点与命题方式所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可

2、直接找到答案，常用who, what, whe n, where, why和how等提问。）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存 在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的 基础。这类题型的题干常为：When / Where did the story happe n?Which of the followi ng stateme nts is （not） correct?Which of the followi ng stateme nts is （

3、not） men ti oned in the passage?Which is the right order of the events give n in the passage?All the stateme nts are true except,该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信 息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节 信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读 法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部 分进行分析对比，找出答案。

4、二、解题思路与应试技巧细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一 定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征:1、对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确 选项。2、词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语 态，给考生制造障碍。3、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。4、 正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题 目）。干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项 有以下特征：1

5、、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际 上却是错误选项。2、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情 当成已发生的事情。3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一 不小心就会误选。5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一 个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。1、直接信息题对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然

6、后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅 的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给 选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。【考例】（2009 湖南卷，B 篇）61. How long does it take the battery to charge up an iPhone?A. 15 minu tes. B. 30 minu tes. C. 1.5 hours. D. 3 hours.【解析】A。直接信息题。快速查找题干中的关键词How long , charge up , iPhone ,由第一段第一句 Just plug Ric

7、hardSolo 1800 into your iPh one once or twice a day,for fiftee n minu tes, and keep your iPho ne charged up.可以得出答案为 A。（2009 陕西卷，B 篇）46. Edmonds entered the world of politics first asA. n ews secretary for a con gressma nB. a speechwriter for Preside nt Cli ntonC. n ews secretary in the White HouseD.

8、 a speechwriter for Secretary Donna Shalala【解析】A。直接信息题。快速查找题干中的关键词the world of politics，在第三段第二句话找至 U相关信息：He joined the world of politics as n ews secretary for his congressman （国会议员 ）from Baltimore During Bill Clinton ' s presidency, 因此答案为Ao2、间接信息题做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴 别，这是介于事实细节题

9、和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。【考例】（2009 山东卷，A 篇）57. Which of the following is true of the Hatches?A. They had their childre n duri ng the Great Depressi on.B. They left the family farm to live in an old house.They gave away their possessi ons to their n eighbors.高考圈-让高考没有难报的志愿wwwbgjBigik.apq».CoriiC

10、. They helped their n eighbors to find jobs.【解析】C。间接信息题。第四段第一句话说Hatch夫妇是在大萧条时期出生的(Children of the Great Depressi on, Ish and Arle ne were known for their habit of savi ng.)，而不是他们在大萧条时期有了孩子，排除A;第三段提到他们的老房子位于他们家的农场里，B错误；第二段提到他们帮助有困难的邻居们，但未提及帮助他们找工作，D项错误。C项说Hatch夫妇把他们的钱全都赠给了他们的邻居们，符合文意。3、数字计算题数字计算题也是近几

11、年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、 月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正 确的答案。【考例】(2009 福建卷，B 篇)61. The foreign drivers who break the traffic law and donot pay on the spot are likely to be fined up to.A. £ 60 B. £ 30

12、0 C. £ 900 D. £ 980【解析】D。依据文章第一段可知，这种罚款可高达900英镑(Foreign drivers willhave to pay on-the-spot fines of up to£ 900 for break ing the traffic law to becarried out n ext mon th.) ，再依据第二段 If they do not have eno ugh cash or a wo rking credit card, their vehicles will be clamped(扣留)until the

13、y pay and they will face an additional fee of£ 80 for getting back their vehicles.可知本题选D,即当场不能交罚款的外国司机罚款的费用是900+ 80=980英镑。4、排列顺序题这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的 正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件， 迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。【考例】高考圈-让高考没有难报的志愿ww wgjBok«pE|b4g«ini（2009 湖北卷，D篇）64. Whi

14、ch order of steps is followed in carrying out the project?A. Assessme ntPrototypeDesig nCon struct ion.B. Assessme ntDesig n -PrototypeCon struct ion.C. Desig n Assessment -PrototypeCon struct ion.D. Desig n Prototype Assessme ntCon struct ion.【解析】D。请看文章第二段：Gerner man ages school facilities（设施）for C

15、lark Coun ty, Nevada, a districtroughly the size of Massachusetts. By 2018, 143,000 additional students will e n ter the already crowded public-educatio n system. Gerner n eeds 73 new schools t o house them. Four architecture teams have n early fini shed desig ning primary sc hool prototypes（ 样品）;th

16、ey pla n to con struct their schools start ing in 2009. T he district will the n assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those desig ns in 50 to 70 new buildi ngs.根据第二段的描述，工程的实施应按照“设计一提供样品一评估一建设”的程序。其 它程序都不符合标准的建筑要求。（2008 福建卷，A 篇）59. What ' s the right order of the event

17、s related to Tann i?a. She works as a coach.b. She took up athletics.c. She won four gold medals in Barce Iona.d. She competed in her first Paralympic Games.e. She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marath on.A. b, d, c, e, a B. a, d, b, c, eC. a, d, c, e, b D. b, d, a, e, c【解析】A。排列顺序

18、题。本题要求判断各个事件的先后顺序。观察文章的26段，注意几个表示时间的词 （组）：1984, 1988, 1992, in the same year , 2007,可帮助考生 迅速找到答案。5、图表图画题在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项 中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答 此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙 述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。【考例】（2009 安徽卷，D 篇）71. The chart shows that from 2005 to 2

19、008,.A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 pointsB. the perce ntage of the White families with a computer rema ined un cha ngedC. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decreaseD. the nu mber of the Asia n families with a computer showed the sharpest

20、increase【解析】D。请看原文中的柱形图：由柱形图可以清楚地看出，拥有电脑的亚洲家庭的数量急剧增加，其他三项表述都与 图表不符，故D项正确。（2007 江苏卷，C篇）65. The package fee does NOT cover the cost of.【解析】A。所给的四幅图画分别代表了 “住宿”、“交通”、“游览”和“餐饮”。根据文章中"All Fee ' s Included. No Hidden Cost.”可知这次游览的费用都包含在“Package Fee”里面，没有其它暗含的费用。但是由于这是一个总共5.7小时的游览，下午乘飞机返回还不耽误吃晚饭和看日

21、落（in time for dinner and sun set）可知是不需要住宿的，因此“住宿”的费用不包含在整个费用之内。巩固练习:Most people who enjoy movies do not really care how they are made. They just want to enjoy a good story. Movie producer and director George Lucas wants pe ople to see the best made movies. So, his latest movie Star Wars was made wit

22、ho ut using film.Star Wars was made using digital cameras. A digital camera does not use traditi onal film. It captures images on videotape. The images recorded on videotape are the placed in a computer.George Lucas says that using digital cameras permits him to have much morecontrol over the final

23、product. For example, the image can be changed after itis placed in a computer. An expert can cha nge color, add or take out objects, a dd people or beings who are not real. Much of what is see n in the new movie Sta r Wars is not real. Huge buildi ngs, spacecraft and alie n beings from other worl d

24、s were produced in a computer.Movie experts say digital tech no logy is the real future of the moti on picture in dustry. A theater will no Ion ger have to wait days or weeks to show a new movie. Theaters will be able to receive copies of new movies by linking compute rs. Or they will use small comp

25、uter disks to get a copy of the movie.When the new movie Star Wars was released last mon th, only 94 theaters around the world had the digital equipment needed to show it. So Mr. Lucas' company produced about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie on traditional film for release in most theaters.

26、 However, most people who have see n the movie say thes e film copies are of much better quality than other filmed movies.Critics say the new digital tech no logy is very costly. Many theater ownerswill n ot buy the new tech no logy, yet many of the people who worked on the new movie Star Wars say t

27、hey would not like to work with film again. They said using digital equipment was faster, and videotape is much less costly than film. One camerama n said the director of a movie can immediately see what was just recor ded, someth ing impossible to do with film.Accord ing to George Lucas, what makes

28、 the best made movies possible?高考圈-让高考没有难报的志愿ww wgjBok«pE|b4g«iniA. A good story. B. Film. C. Digital cameras. D. Videotape.1. Which is NOT true for the real future of the moti on picture in dustry, accord ing to movie experts?A. Linking computers for copies of new movies.B. Showing filmed

29、 movies in theaters.C. Using small computer disks to get a copy of the movie.D. Having the digital equipme nt n eeded to show the movie.2. According to the passage, which is true about the new movie Star Wars?A. There are about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie.B. It has bee n show n in only 94

30、theaters around the world.C. It is the best among filmed movies.D. It is the product of the new digital tech no logy.3. Which of the following is NOT the advantages of the new digital movie?A. The director can have the objects and people added or take n out.B. It will be more convenient for theaters

31、 to get such kind of new movies.C. People all agree that the new digital movies are less costly than the filmed movies.D. The director can mon itor the record ing and check what was recorded just now.As the US wakes up to China ' s rising status as an economic and strategic competitor, US pare n

32、ts are urging their childre n to lear n Chin ese, reports Julian Borger.The US is being swept by a rush to learn Man dari n from wealthy New York mothers hiri ng Chin ese nanni es（保姆）for their small childre n to a defe nee department educatio n project in Oreg on.The forces driving Mandarin' s m

33、omentum势头）are parental ambition for children facing a future in which China is almost certain to be a major player, and the government is worried about that America may get left behind in that new w orld.The bottle neck is the supply of teachers. Man dari n in structors are difficul t to import and

34、difficult to train. There are visa problems in bringing over te achers from China but the biggest barrier is cultural. Teachi ng in Asia is gene rally done by rote and the cha nge to wester n, in teractive styles of in struct ion can be a large leap.On the other han d, it requires eno rmous firmn es

35、s for wester ners to lear n a Ianguage like Chinese, with its thousands of written characters. According to t he Asia Society in New York, all of America ' s teacher -training institutions turn out only a couple of doze n homegrow n Man dari n teachers.One way to ease the shortage is to find nat

36、ive Mandarin speakers and use fa st-track methods to train them. However, the majority of Chin ese-America ns grew up speak ing Canton ese, the dialect spoke n in Hong Kong, where their pare nts ca me from. Many are themselves signing on as Mandarin students at the private Ian guage schools spri ngi

37、ng up on the west coast.1. Why are US parents so eager to make their children learn Mandarin?A. They are urged by the gover nment to do so.B. They are afraid to be left behind by other parents.C. They believe China will play a major role in the future world.D. They are just carried away by Mandarin&

38、#39; s momentum.The underlined word "rote ” in the 4th paragraph probably refers to a t each ing patter n which .高考圈-让高考没有难报的志愿ww wgjBok«pE|b4g«iniA. focuses on memory workB. allows the stude nts to thi nk in depe nden tlyC. is cen tered on in teractive skillsD. puts much emphasis on

39、exam in ati ons2. What is the main problem in the Mandarin' s momentum in the US?A. The lack of qualified teachers.B. The cultural barrier betwee n the east and west.C. The America ns ' lack of firm ness.D. The many writte n Chin ese characters.The New Yorker1 Year, 46 IssuesCover Price: $19

40、4.70Your Price: $46.00About The New Yorker:The New Yorker is the eclectic magaz ine for readers in terested in the arts, curre nt even ts, and culture. The New Yorker in cludes articles on domestic and international news, exploring current ideas and trends, plus sports, fashion, a nd en terta inment

41、 even ts. In additi on, The New Yorker is well known for publishi ng outsta nding short fiction and carto ons with an ironic twist.Playboy1 Year, 12 IssuesCover Price: $72.88Your Price: $15.96About Playboy:Playboy is a magaz ine of literature, political thought, sports, comme ntary and humor. Althou

42、gh Playboy is most well known for its pictorials of beautiful wome n, it is also highly regarded for its in terviews and fiction writ ing. Playb oy includes regular feature articles on finance, sports, entertainment, self-im proveme nt, tech no logy, and psychology. You must be 18 or older to order

43、Playboy.Nickelode on1 Year, 10 IssuesCover Price: $39.90Your Price: $19.97About Nickelode on:Nickelode on is filled with won derful en terta inment for childre n. It is wholesome, imaginative, and truly from a child' s point of view. Nickelodeon sees the world from your child ' s perspective

44、, where it ' s fun to laugh-to think-to do-to lear n. Share the award-w inning en terta inment and humor magaz ine from Nicke lode on with your kids.Lucky1 Year, 12 IssuesCover Price: $35.40Your Price: $15.00About Lucky:Lucky is the ultimate shopp ing magaz ine with the best looks, the best buys

45、, and the best trends before they hit the stores. But what makes really unique is all the detailed information you' II get on how to purchase the merchandise you' ll find. Lucky provides you with 800 numbers, web site addresses, and more to make your shopp ing experie nee easy and convenient

46、! Lucky is your on e-stop sh opping guide to all the greatest new products on the market. What' s more, it provides won derful en terta inment for wome n.1. Which magaz ine gives buyers the largest price adva ntage in perce ntage?A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky2. If you are

47、a housewife, which magaz ine will you probably buy?A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky3. If you are asked to choose a magaz ine for a little boy, which one do youthink is suitable?A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. Nickelodeon D. Lucky4. What i nformati on is contained in all the four

48、magaz in es?A. Sports B. News C. En tertai nment D. Trends5. For each issue, which magazine is the cheapest according to the advertis eme nt?A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. Nickelodeon D. LuckyHapp in ess pays off, studies show.Psychologists seek ing the real secrets of happ in ess report that very

49、happy people tend to be more extroverted and agreeable tha n less happy people.“Our findings suggest that very happy people have rich and satisfying social relati on ships and spe nd little time alone relative to average people,” write psychologists Ed Diener and Martin E.P. Seligman in the journal

50、PsychologicalScie nee.Solid social relati on ships do not promise happ in ess, but they are an import ant contributing factor. The very happy people whom the authors studied all sai d they had good quality social relati on ships. However, the authors write, there is no sin gle key to high happ iness

51、.“ High happ in ess seems to be like beautiful symphonic（ 交响乐）music including many instruments, without any one being eno ugh for the beautiful quality.”Diener regards happ in ess as“ subjective （ 主观的 ）well- being ” 一 in other words, the person evaluates（评估）his or her own quality of life. The questi

52、on toask is, “ Is my life going well , according to the standards I choose to use?”If the answer is“yes” , then that person is judged to be happy.Because people evaluate their lives based on happ in ess，“ subjective w ell-being is very importa nt. Though n ecessary, it is not eno ugh for havi ng a g

53、ood li fe. Subjective well- being “ seems quite n ecessary for the good society, althoug h it is not eno ugh for that society because there are other things we also valu e and would wan t in such a place, ” says Diener.Can subjective well-bei ng be measured scie ntifically? Diener poi nts out thr ee

54、 parts con tributi ng to happ in ess: pleasa nt emoti ons and moods, lack of n egati ve emoti ons and moods, and satisfacti on judgme nt, to which other factorsincluding cheerfu In ess and feeli ngs of fulfillme nt may be added.There is no magic formula（ 公式）for happ in ess. Diener suggests steps you

55、 cantake to en sure you are as happy as you can be. Surrounding yourself with good friends and family people who care about you and whom you care about is a start. Joi ning in activities you enjoy and value is also importa nt; whether it's work or play, keep ing busy in an environment enjoyable to you will con tribute much to your subjective well-be ing. In additi on, a healthy outlook is n ecessary.1. The u