英语的句子成分

1、英语的句子成分六种基本句型n实词n有实在意义n在句子中能独立承担句子成分n实词有词形的变化，尤其是动词： n1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who，she，you，it . 3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good，right，white，orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am，is

2、，are，have，see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now，very，here，often，quietly，slowly. n虚词：n没有多少实在意义，n在句子中不能独立承担句子成分n虚词没有词形的变化： 7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a，an，the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in，on，from，above，behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and，but，before . 10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：

3、oh，well，hi 各个句子成分n一、主语(subject)。句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体（人或事物）。可以作主语的：名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、-ing分词短语、名词化的形容词、主语从句。e.g. a. The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.c. How much water is flowing can be measured easily.二、谓语(predicate)。表示主语的动作或状态。nis ,was n三、表语(predicative)。n放在连系动词后(is，are,am)表示主语的身份或

4、特征。n可以作表语的：名词、形容词、代词、副词、数词、不定式短语、-ed分词、-ing分词短语、介词短语、表语从句。 n系动词必须用在表语后面n四、宾语(object)。n表示及物动词动作的对象。n可以作宾语的：名词、代词、名词化的形容词、数词、不定式短语、-ing分词短语、宾语从句。e.g. a. We should heal the wounded and save the dying. b. He wanted to have a cup of tea. n五、宾语补足语(object compliment)。n是对宾语的补充说明和描述。n可作宾补的：1、 形容词：I find the

5、problem very difficult.2、 副词：I found John out when I called at his house.3、 名词：The students of Class 1 elected him monitor.4、 不定式短语：The people had considered him to be a great leader.5、 -ing分词（短语）：We can see them flying along the river.6、 -ed分词（短语）：He tried hard to make himself understood.7、 介词短语：Wh

6、at makes you in such a hurry? n六、主语补足语(subject compliment)：n是对主语的补充说明和描述。可作主补的：1、 名词：Their first satellite was called Early Bird.2、 介词短语：Today, Lincoln is considered as one of the greatest of all American presidents.3、 不定式短语：They will be encouraged to eat healthy foods.4、 -ing分词短语：This is called “do

7、ing ones homework”. n七、定语(attribute)。n限定或修饰名词、代词之用。n可作定语的：形容词、代词、数词、名词、不定式（短语）、-ed分词（短语）、-ing分词（短语）、名词所有格、副词、介词短语、定语从句。e.g. The classmates here are very kind to me.n八、状语(adverbial)。n修饰动词、形容词、副词之用，表示时间、地点、状态、程度等含义。n可以作状语的：副词（词组）、名词（词组）、介词短语、不定式短语、-ing分词短语、-ed分词短语、状语从句。e.g. a. We like this picture ver

8、y much. nb. They worked day and night. n九、同位语。可以作同位语的：1、 名词：Many English people have three names: a first name, a middle name and the family name.2、 代词：We had a lovely holiday, one of the best ever.3、 数词：These handbooks are for you five.4、 -ing分词（短语）：He had earned enough money to start his own busin

9、ess, offering guide services to tourists.5、 of所有格：I live in the city of Nanjing.6、 介词短语：These coins were used for the next 2,000 years, that is, from 221BC until 1916. n十、插入语（独立成分）What was worse, this wine was not at all suitable for drinking with a meal. n去掉插入语句子仍然有意义n一、主语不及物动词（S+V）不及物动词：后面不能跟宾语ne.

10、g. a. Spring is coming.b. This factory opened in 1989. n二、主语连系动词表语（S+V+P）e.g. a. She looked worried.b. Miss Zhao is one of the most popular teachers in the school. n三、主语及物动词宾语（S+V+O）及物动词：后面能跟宾语的动词ne.g. She has bought a new house.n四、主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语（S+V+IO+DO）e.g. My father bought me a lot of books.q直接

11、宾语：动作涉及的事物 q间接宾语：动作对谁做或者为谁做 n五、主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语n（S+V+O+C）e.g. a. They made him their monitor.b. We consider him very capable. There be句型nThere be”是表示“存在”的一种基本方式, 其句型结构通常为:：There be + sb./sth. + somewhere/doing sth。但仅仅知道这点用法还远远不够,“There be”还有更多较为特殊的用法。 一、一、“There be”后面可以跟名词或动后面可以跟名词或动名词名词n n在“There be +

12、主语+状语的句型中, 作主语的名词一般是非限定的,常是泛指而不是特指, 故一般不用this, that, these, those 等词修饰, 修饰主语的一般应该是不定冠词、零冠词、基数词或a, an, some, any, no, several, many, much, a few, a little, another, a lot of, enough等非特指的词汇。请看下面例句: n nThere is a shop at the corner. n在拐角处有家商店。n nThere are two books on the desk. n 课桌上有两本书。n nThere are m

13、any sheep bleating in the field. n 田里有许多绵羊在叫。n二、我们也可以根据表达的需要二、我们也可以根据表达的需要, 在在There与与be之间用上恰当的情态动词之间用上恰当的情态动词can, may, must, should, will等，构成等，构成: There will /may/must/can, etc. be.:n nThere will be an interesting talk on English next week. n下个星期有个关于英语方面的有趣报告。n nMy watch doesnt work, there may be so

14、mething wrong with it. n我的手表不走了，可能出了故障。三、三、“There be” 句型还有扩展形式句型还有扩展形式n n在There be 句型中, 除be之外, 某些表示存在概念的不及物动词也可以用于这种句型, 这些动词大致是: live, come, stand, lie等。请看：n nOnce there lived an old fisherman near the sea. n海边曾经住着一位老渔夫。n nThere stands a big tall apple tree in front of my house. n我家屋前有一棵高大的苹果树。n nTh

15、en there came a knock at the door.n那时传来了敲门声。使用使用“There be”句型时要注意主谓一句型时要注意主谓一致致n n在There be引导的句子中, 谓语动词be的人称和数应该和它后面的主语(名词)保持一致, 当有两个或两个以上的名词作并列主语时, be的形式则和第一个名词保持一致(就近原则)。如: n nThere is a small river near the village. n村子附近有条小河。n nThere are two thousand students in our school. n我们学校有2000名学生。n nThere

16、 is a pen and two books on the desk. n课桌上有一枝钢笔。nB. “there be”结构与have的区别：“there be”结构与have /has都含“有”的意思。have /has表“所有、拥有、所属”，而 “there be”则表示“存在”。试比较：a. I have a recorder.b. There is a recorder on the desk. 句子成分分析练习n1.We always work hard at English.n2. He said he didnt come. n3.They love each other. n4.What did you buy? n5.She watched her daughter playing the pia