2019年上海高考英语各类体裁概要写作技巧素材

1、上海高考英语概要写作技巧Rubricsforsummarywriting(2016-9-14)评分标准：1 .本题总分为15分，其中内容10分，语言5分。(这部分还有待最终确认，可能是5+5)2 .评分时应注意的主要方面：内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。3 .词数超过60,酌情扣分。各档次给分要求：内容部分A.能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。B.能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。C.能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。D.未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。E.几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。F.完全未作答或作

2、答与本题无关。语百部分A.能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。B.能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。C.基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。D.基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。E.几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。F.完全未作答或作答与本题无关。把握文体特点记叙文：whatwhowhenwherewhyhow议论文：opinion/idea+argument(supportingideas/reasons)说明文：phenomenon/problem+reason+solution(causeandeffe

3、ct),introductionofanobject(howitismade,howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitneworsignificant)新闻：afocusonthefirstparagraph,andthefirstorlastsentenceoftheotherparagraphs样题解读DirtGettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury

4、,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.Thusbeganalongtimewhentherichan

5、dthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century

6、.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarII.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Has

7、thehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist（免疫学家）,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesy

8、stem.Andthelatterpositionisgainingsomeground.（299W）解析：Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenupth

9、eskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,t

10、hekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.

11、Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarII.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchi

12、ldrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist（免疫学家）,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatterpositionisgainingsomeground.Onepossibleversion:Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.（要点1）Foralongt

13、imeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.（要,岚2）However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.（要点3）However/Nevertheless,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedir

14、tmayhelpourimmunesystem.（要点4）观点表达型议论文：1 .文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.换句话说：Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirt.再结合下文谈到的主题可知Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirtontheskin.范文中的要点1"Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.”概括非常精

15、炼。2 .第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversince18century.可知，直至U18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很友好的“，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2"Foralongtimeinhistory,。.彳艮好地总结了这些要点。3 .第三段用Though引出人们对dirt观

16、点的转变”sincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.再结合本段最后部分Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea可得出要点3"However,peoplebegantochangeo。.”4 .文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，Onthecontrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4"However,somescientistsbelieveth

17、atexposureto。.表达很恰切。文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了However恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表转折的连接词However/Neverthelesso第一段：fixed（确定的；不变的）第二段：means（手段，方法），blockout（挡住），openup（打开），upon（之后；立即）第三段：long-lived（长期存在的）,selltheidea（说服某人接收某个观点

18、）第四段：warnsboff（警告某人不要靠近）,position（观点）,gainsomeground（取得优势）记叙文TheVoiceintheBoxWhenIwasquiteyoung,myfamilyhadoneofthefirsttelephonesintheneighborhood.Irememberwellthepolishedwoodencasefastenedtothewallonthelowerstairlanding.Butmyfirstpersonalexperiencewiththisgenie-in-the-receivercameonedaywhilemymoth

19、erwasvisitinganeighbor.Amusingmyselfatthetoolbenchinthebasement,Ihurtmyfingerwithahammer.Thepainwasterrible,buttheredidn'tseemtobemuchusecyregwbecausonehometooffersympathy.Iwalkedaroundthehouse,andfinallyarrivedatthestairway.Thetelephone!QuicklyIranforthefootstoolanddraggedittothelanding.Climbin

20、gup,Iunhookedthereceiverandheldittomyear.aInformationPlease,“Isaidintothemouthpiecejustabovemyhead.Aclickortwo,andasmall,clearvoicespokeintomyear,aInformation.”“Ihurtmyfinger"Icriedintothephone.Thetearscamereadilyenough,nowthatIhadanaudience.“Isn'tyourmotherhome?”camethequestion.“Nobody'

21、;shomebutme,“Isobbed.“Areyoubleeding?""No,"Ireplied."Ihititwiththehammerandithurts.”“Canyouopenyouricebox?”sheasked.IsaidIcould."Thenbreakoffalittlepieceofice,andholditonyourfinger.Thatwillstopthehurt.Becarefulwhenyouusetheicepick（冰锥）,“shesaid."Anddon'tcry.You'l

22、lbeallright.”Afterthat,IcalledInformationPleaseforeverything.Iaskedherforhelpwithmygeography,andshetoldmewherePhiladelphiawas,andtheOrinoco,theromanticriverthatIwasgoingtoexplorewhenIgrewup.Shehelpedmewithmyarithmetic,andshetoldmethatmypetchipmunkIhadcaughthimintheparkjustthedaybeforewouldeatfruitan

23、dnuts.范文这是一篇记叙文，考生需要在文中找到人、时、地、事情的起因、经过、结果等主要信息。参考答案：OnedayIhurtmyfingerwhenaloneathome.ItoccurredtomethatIcouldusethetelephonetocalltheoperator.Shegavemedetailedinstructionsandcomfortedme.Ilaterturnedtothemagicdeviceforhelpwithalmosteverything.能力目标：【读】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意【写】能用自己的语言概括所读材料anotherversion:The

24、authortellsusastoryaboutherexperienceofusingthetelephonetoaskforhelp.Oneday,shegotherfingerhurtbuttherewasnooneathometoturnto.Thenthetelephonecaughthereye,andshepickedupthereceiverandtalkedtotheoperator.Luckily,shewastoldhowtodealwiththeinjuredfinger.说明文样题Couldfastfoodmakeithardertostopandsmellthero

25、ses?（放慢脚步享受人生）AnewstudyfromtheUniversityofTorontosuggeststhatfastfoodmightmakeithardertostopandsmelltheroses.ResearcherspointedoutthatAmericanshavegainedmoreandmoreleisuretime,yettheyaren'tanyhappier.Theproblemcouldbethatmodernconveniencesmakeusmoreimpatient,andthereforelessabletoappreciatesmall

26、momentsofjoy.Totestthetheory,theUniversityofTorontoresearcherscarriedoutafewdifferenttestsfocusedonfastfoods,thetypicalAmerican“symbolsofthecultureofimpatience,“andhInoneofthetests,researcherstold257peopletoratepicturesbasedonwhethertheyweresuitableforads.Participantssawaseriesofpictures:Onegroupsaw

27、fastfoodinregularpackagingwhiletheothergroupsawthesamefoodsetoutonceramictableware（瓷器餐具）.Afterward,someoftheparticipantswereshownphotographsof“scenicnaturalbeauty“andthenwereaskedtoratetheirhappiness.Othersratedtheirhappinesswithoutseeingthepictures.Theresearchersfoundthatpeoplewhosawthefastfoodbefo

28、reviewingthenaturephotostendedtoratetheirhappinesslower.Yetthosewhosimplyratedtheirhappinesswithoutseeingthenatureshotsbeforehandwereactuallyalittlehappierifthey'seenfastfoodinadvance.Researcherssaidthatsuggestsfastfooddoesntdirectlycauseunhappinessbutdecreasestheabilitytoenjoythings.Researchers

29、cautioned,however,thatmuchmoreresearchwasneededtodetermineexactlyhowfastfoodandhappinessarecorrelated（相互关联）andhowstrongtherelationshipreallyis.参考答案：sabilitytoenjoythi't.ButAstudyfromtheUniversityofTorontoshowsfastfoodwillaffectpeople'thusmakingthemlesshappy.Inonetest,amongthe257participants,

30、thosewhosawpicturesofnaturalbeautyafterbeingshownfastfoodratedtheirhappinesslowerthanthosewhodidnresearcherssaidmoreresearchwasneededtoconfirmthefindings.能力目标：【读】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意【写】能用自己的语言概括所读材料议论文样题：Four-dayWorkweekIntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manye

31、mployeeswanttoworkafour-dayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Ifalawrequiredcompaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafour-dayworkweekforfour-fifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpay,itwouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualcompaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.The

32、shortenedworkweekwouldincreasecompanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.Hiringmorestafftoensurethatthesameamountofworkwouldbeaccomplishedwouldnotresultinadditionalpaythecompanyhastoprepareforthesepeople,becausefour-dayemployeeswo

33、uldonlybepaid80percentofthenormalrate.Intheend,companieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderror-prone(容易出错的)employeesforthesamemoney,whichwouldincreasecompanyprofits.Forthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesisthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrates.Ifmanyfull-timeemployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoothers.Thus,foreveryfouremployeeswhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehire