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1、科技英语翻译基本技巧 ( 一 )词义引申词义引申是指改变原文字面意义的翻译方法。词义引申时,往往可以从词义转译、词义具体化、词义抽象化和词的搭配四个方面来考虑。1. 引申转译词义转译翻译时,遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或词组,应根据上下文和逻辑关系,引申转译。Like any precision machine, the lathe requires careful treatment.跟任何精密机床一样,车床也需要精心维护。( 不译 " 待遇 ")Solar energy seems to offer more hope than any other source of

2、 energy. 太阳能似乎比其它能源更有前途。( 不译 “提供更多希望”)2. 词义具体化翻译时,根据汉语的表达习惯,把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引申为词义较具体的词,以动词 cut(切割) 为例:The purpose of a driller is to cut holes. 钻床的功能是钻孔。A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes.普通车床是单刃刀具来车螺纹的。3. 词义抽象化把原文中词义较具体的词引申为词义较抽象的词,或把词义较形象的词引申为词义较一般的词。The major contrib

3、utors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components.跟任何精密机床一样,车床也需要精心维护。( 不译 " 待遇 ")太阳能似乎比其它能源更有前途。( 不译 “提供更多希望”)2. 词义具体化钻床的功能是钻孔。普通车床是单刃刀具来车螺纹的。元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。( 不译 " 主要元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。( 不译 " 主要贡献者 ")跟任何精密机床一样,车床也需要精心维护。( 不译 " 待遇 ")太阳能似乎比其它能源

4、更有前途。( 不译 “提供更多希望”)2. 词义具体化钻床的功能是钻孔。普通车床是单刃刀具来车螺纹的。元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。( 不译 " 主要There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.我们要完全掌握集成电路,还必须经过三个阶段。( 不译 “毕业于”)4. 词的搭配遇到动词、形容词与名词搭配时,应根据汉语的搭配习惯,而不应受原文字面意义的束缚。The iron ore used to make steel comes

5、 from open-pit and underground.炼钢用的铁矿石来自露天开采的矿山和地下矿井。 ( 不译 " 制造钢 ")An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes.绝缘体对电流通过有很大阻力。( 不译 " 高阻力 ")科技英语翻译基本技巧 (二)词量增减英译汉时往往需要在译文中增加一些原文中无其形而有其意的词,或减去原文中某些 在译文中属于多余的词。这种改变原文词量的译法就叫词量增减,这是翻译常用的

6、技巧。一、词量增加1. 在抽象名词后增加名词Were there no electric pressure in a conductor, the electron flow would not take place in it.导体内如果没有电压,便不会产生电子流动现象。( 增加“现象”)Metallurgy treats of the deriving of metals and their properties.冶金学研究金属的提炼方法及其特性。( 增加 “方法”)2. 在形容词前加名词Piston engines are used for relatively slow planes

7、flying at 20,000 feet or less.     活塞式发动机用于速度较慢,高度在两万英尺以下的飞机。(增加“速度”)In most cases small lathes are as complete as large lathes,only smaller and lighter.小车床的结构与大车床的一样完备,只是体积小些,重量轻些。(增加“体积”、“重量”)3增加起语气连贯作用的词有时在译文中增加一些起连贯作用的词,主要是连词、副词和代词,可以使    句子语气连贯,行文流畅,从而达到一定的修辞目

8、的。Manganese is a hard,brittle,grey-white metal。锰是一种灰白的、又硬、又脆的金属。(试比较:锰是一种硬的、脆的、灰白色的金属。)4增加概括词当句中有几个并列成分时,有时可在并列成分之后增加表示数量意义的概括词,可以起到一定的修辞作用。Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation.请注意,“速率”和“速度”这两个词需要解释一下。(增加“两个”)The carriage of a lathe may be fed in the longitudinal and cross

9、directions.车床的刀架可以纵横两个方向进给。(增加“两个”)二、词量减少为了更好地表达原意,翻译时往往可以省略原文中某些词,以使译文更严谨、更精炼、更明确。所减去的词,在英语中是必不可少的,但译成汉语则是多余的。因为这些词在英语中多半是为了语法上的需要而存在。比如英语的冠词使用很广,但汉语却根本没有冠词,所以一般可以不译。又如介词、连接词和代词在英语中也用得很多,但汉语借助语序表达逻辑关系,这几类词就用得不多,所以有时也可以不译。总的来说,在英译汉中词量减少的情况要比词量增加的情况更为普遍。1. 省略冠词Practically every river has an upper,a m

10、iddle,and a lower part。实际上河流都是由上游、中游和下游组成。As the crankshaft turns to the left and upward,the connecting rod pushes the piston upward.当曲轴向左上方转动时,连杆把活塞推向上方。(省略四个定冠词)2. 省略代词By the word “alloy” we mean “ mixture of metals”.用“合金”这个词来表示“金属的混合物”。(省略人称代词we)Hardened steel is difficult to machine,but having b

11、een  annealed, it can be easily machined.淬火钢很难加工,但经过退火后很便容易加工。(省略人称代词it)3. 省略介词In winter,it is much colder in the North than it is in the South。冬天,北方的天气比南方冷得多。4. 省略连接词If there were no heat-treatment,metals could not be made so hard没有热处理,金属就不会变得如此硬。(省略连接词if)The density of a body can be found pro

12、viding its mass and volume are known.已知物体的质量和体积就可以求出其密度。(省略连接词providing)5. 省略动词Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but appear in a variety of forms外形各异的自动车床基本功能是类似的。(省略动词perform and appear) Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.不锈钢硬度大、强度高。(省略动词posses)6. 省略名词Heated

13、 to a temperature of about 500 and then quenched,aluminum will develop a great tensile strength. 加热到500左右再淬火,铝能产生很大的抗拉强度。(不译“温度500左右”)Automatic lathes, particularly vertical machines, without tailstock are commonly called chucking machines or chuckers.无尾架的自动车床,尤其是立式自动车床,通常称为卡盘车床。Exercise 1一、翻译下列各句,注

14、意划线部分词义引申的译法:1. Such particles are far too tiny to be seen with the strongest microscope. 2. The running of such automated establishments remains only a matter of reading various meters mounted on panels.3. If iron is kept moist, running is rapid, which might lead us to think that water was the infl

15、uence causing the corrosion.4. The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting.5. The increase in pressure with depth makes it difficult for a man to go very deep far below the water surface.二:翻译下列各句,注意词量增减的译法:1The force acting upon the ends p()must be equated to the longit

16、udinal stress times the area over which the stress acts.2 Referring to Fig 2-38, We designate the inside radius of the cylinder by b, the outside radius by p, the internal pressure p, the external pressure by Po.3. Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically i

17、n the environmental conditions.4. The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.5 Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.科技英语翻译基本技巧 (三)词类转换英汉语属于不同的语系,英语属于印欧语系,汉语属于汉藏语系。不同语系的语言,无论在词汇方面或在语法方面都有很大的不同。就词类

18、来说,同一意思在不同语言中可以用不同词类来表达。例如:1It is possible to convert energy from one form into another.       可以把能从一种形式变为另一种形式。    2Nylon is nearly twice as strong as natural silk。       尼龙的强度几乎是天然丝的两倍。原文中的possible和strong都是形容词,但在译文中则分别是动词“可

19、以”和名词“强度”。由此可见,翻译时可以适当地改变一下原文某些词的词类,以适应汉语的表达习惯,或达到一定的修辞目的。这种改变原文词类的译法就叫词类转换。现将英译汉中词类转换的若干规律分述如下:一、译成汉语动词英译汉时词类转换的现象是很普遍的,而且形式多样,但最常见的是把英语某些词类转换成汉语的动词。由于汉语动词使用的灵活性和广泛性,一个汉语的句子往往可以同时使用好几个动词,而英语的句子一般只用一个谓语动词,而其它动词就得变成非谓语形式。例如:    There are several types of mechanisms used for controlling

20、 the speed of a drilling machine.     有几种机构可以用来控制钻床的转速。    译文中同时使用四个动词:“有”,“可以”,“用”,“控制”,而原文只有一个谓语动词be,其他动词分别变成分词used和动名词controlling。 根据汉语动词使用的灵活性和广泛性这一特点, 汉译时除动词非谓语形式外, 还可以把名词、形容词和介词译成汉语动词。1. 名词译成动词1)Were there no friction,transmission of motion would be impossible. &#

21、160;      没有摩擦就不能传递运动。 (试比较:如果没有摩擦,运动的传递是不可能的。)2)It is man who plays the leading role in the application of electronic computers.        在使用电子计算机时,起主要作用的是人。      (试比较:在电子计算机的使用方面,起主要作用的是人。)3)In spite of the growth of oth

22、er kinds of transport, railroads continue to be, as they used to be over years, the backbone of the transportation industry.        尽管其他各种交通工具都发展了,铁路仍然是运输业的骨干,正如它多年来一直是运输业的骨干一样。2. 形容词译成动词英语中有些形容词含有动词意义,尤其是以-ble结尾的词。当这类词作表语时,往往相当于汉语动词,所以汉译时不一定译成系表结构“是的”,可将形容词译成动词,动词be省略不

23、译。1) It is possible to cut all thread forms and sizes on a 1athe. 可以在车床上车削各种形状和尺寸的螺纹。(试比较:在车床上车削各种形状和尺寸的螺纹是可能的。) 2) The robot is capable of learning to perform an industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly。机器人能学会做工,并能不停地工作。3) Steel is widely used in engineering,for its propertie

24、s are most suitable for construction purposes。钢广泛地用于工程中,因为钢的性能非常适合于建筑使用。4) It is often necessary to make a shaft to fit a hole,or to bore a hole to fit a shaft。常常需要把轴制成与孔相配合,或把孔镗成与轴相配合。5) Heat is a from of energy into which other forms are convertible。热是能的一种形式,其他一切能的形式都能改变为热能。6) Copper and gold were

25、 available long before man has discovered the way of getting metal from compound.在人们找到从化合物中提取金属的方法很久以前就使用铜和金了。3. 介词译成动词英语介词用得相当广泛,在句中表示词与词之间的关系。当这种关系具有动作意义时,往往可以将其译成汉语的动词。     1) Heat is produced when work is done against friction。        当克服摩擦而

26、作功时,有热产生。     2) Usually the working parts of the machines are made from carbon steels。        机器的工作部件通常是用碳素钢制造的。     3) The printed circuit is pressed in some metal。        印刷电路是用某种金属压上的。&#

27、160;    4) The letter E is commonly used for electromotive force.        通常用E这个字母表示电动势。     5) The volume of a gas becomes smaller when the pressure upon it is increased。        当作用在气体上的压力增大时,气体的

28、体积就缩小。4. 副词译成动词The two bodies are so far apart that the attractive force between them is negligible.这两个物体相距如此之远,它们之间的吸引力可以忽略不计。二、译成汉语名词1. 动词译成名词有些英语句子,其谓语动词的概念很难用汉语动词来表达,这时可译成汉语名词。Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to bum up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.美国的绝大多数间谍卫星,按其设

29、计,将在完成使命后在大气层中烧毁。The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball。我们居住的地球,形状象一个大球。2. 形容词译成名词科技英语往往习惯用表示特征的形容词及其比较级,来说明物质的特性怎样,但汉语却习惯用名词。因此,汉译时通常可以在这类形容词之后加“度”、“性”等词,译成名词。The more carbon the steel contains,the harder and stronger it is。       钢含碳量越高,强度和硬度就越大。(试比较:钢含碳越多,它

30、就越硬和越强。)The cutting tool must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant.刀具必须有足够的强度、硬度、韧性和耐磨性。3. 副词译成名词Gold is an important metal but it is not essentially changed by mans treatment of it.虽然黄金是一种重要的金属,但是人类的加工并没有改变它的性质。三、译成汉语形容词1 名词译成形容词英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词,以及某些由形容词派生的名词,往往可以译成汉语的形容词。In certain cases fri

31、ction is an absolute necessity。       在一定场合下摩擦是绝对必要的。The electrical conductivity has great importance in selecting electrical materials. 在选择电气材料时,电导率很重要。2. 副词译成形容词当英语动词或形容词译成汉语名词时,原来修饰该动词或形容词的副词往往就随着译成汉语形容词。The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by its accurat

32、e and rapid computations。电子计算机的主要特点是计算准确而迅速。(动词characterize译成名词,副词chiefly随之译成形容词)This communication system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained.这种通信系统的主要特点是操作简单,容易维修。四、译成汉语副词The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous

33、 rise in labor productivity.使用电子计算机可以大大地提高劳动生产率。The influence that this genius has had on science continues at the l00th anniversary of his birth.这位天才在诞生一百周年时还在影响科学的发展。科技英语翻译基本技巧 (四)成分转换成分转换是指词类不变而成分改变的译法。通过改变原文中某些句子成分,以达到译文逻辑正确,通顺流畅,重点突出等目的。一、转译成主语1. 宾语转译成主语 ( 动词宾语和介词宾语 )Water has a density of 62.4

34、pounds per cubic foot.水的密度是每立方英尺 62.4 磅。Aluminum is very light in weight, being only one third as heavy as iron.铝的重量很轻,只有铁的三分之一。The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.全世界都使用同样的数学记号和符号。2. 表语转译成主语Rubber is a better dielectric but a poorer insulator than air.橡胶的介电性比空气好,

35、但绝缘性比空气差。3. 谓语转译成主语Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.气体和固体的区别,在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。4. 状语转译成主语Sodium is very active chemically.钠的化学反应性很强。二、转译成谓语1. 主语转译成谓语The prevention of certain types of cancer is distinctly within the realm of possibility.某些癌症显然可以预防

36、。2. 表语转译成谓语A1so present in solids are numbers of free electrons.固体中也存在着大量的自由电子。3. 定语转译成谓语A semiconductor has a poor conductivity at room temperature, but it may become a good conductor at high temperature.在室温下,半导体导电率差,但在高温下,它可能成为良导体。4. 状语转译成谓语The wide application of electronic computers affects trem

37、endous1y the development of science and technology.电子计算机的广泛应用,对科学技术发展的影响极大。5. 宾语转译成谓语The 1ower stretches of rivers show considerable variety.河流下游的情况千变万化。三、转译成定语1. 主语转译成定语Electronic circuits work a thousand times more rapidly than nerve cells in the human brain.电子电路的工作比人类大脑中的神经细胞要快一千倍。2. 状语转译成定语In Br

38、itain the first stand-by gas-turbine electricity generator was in operation in Manchester in 1952.英国的第一台辅助燃气轮机发电机,于 1952 年在曼彻斯特开始运转。(世界上第一台辅助燃气轮机发电机,于 1952 年在英国曼彻斯特开始运转。)3. 宾语转译成定语By 1914Einstein had gained world fame.1914 年,爱因斯坦已成了世界著名的科学家。四、转译成状语1. 定语转译成状语It was an amazing piece of scientific clai

39、rvoyance(洞察力,千里眼), comparable perhaps to Charles Babbages anticipation of the principle of the computer.这个理论在科学上充满了远见卓识,也许可以跟巴贝奇的计算机原理相提并论。2. 谓语转译成状语After more experiments, Galileo succeeded in making a much better telescope.又做了一些实验之后,伽利略成功地制造了一架好得多的望远镜。3. 主语转译成状语The result of his revolutionary desi

40、gn is that the engine is much smaller, works more smoothly and has fewer moving parts.由于他在设计上的革新,发动机变得小多了,工作得更平稳了,活动部件也少了。4. 宾语转译成状语He spent the First World War in the Russian Army Signal Corps. 第一次世界大战期间,他在俄国通信兵部队服役。五、转译成宾语1. 主语转译成宾语The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy b

41、y means of a generator.利用发电机可以把机械能重新转变成电能。2. 状语转译成宾语Television has been successfully sent by laser, too.用激光发射电视也获得了成功。3. 谓语转译成宾语The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of man. 太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。六、转译成表语1. 主话转译成表语A great contribution of Edison was the carbon microphone. 炭精传声器是爱迪生的一大贡献。2. 宾

42、语转译成表语I had considerable difficulty getting patent protection. 我要获得专利保护是相当困难的。由此看来,句子成分的转译显得变化万千,异彩纷呈,难于穷究。几乎所有的句子成分都可互相转译。进行成分转译的目的是为了使译文通顺、合乎汉语习惯和更好地跟上下 文呼应。Exercise 2一、利用词性转换法翻译下列各句1. There are different element in nature.2. Wood is not as dense as water and therefore it floats.3. Cotton and line

43、n burn quickly and easily, and smell like burning paper.二、利用成分转换法翻译下列各句1 Nowadays, a typical radio transmitter has a power of 100 kilowatts so that it can broadcast information over a large area of influence.2 Bell's telephone was a great attraction at the Centennial Exposition held in Philadelp

44、hia that year to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.3. A transistor radio is a less complicated structure than a TV.4. In any machine the work accomplished never exceeds the amount of work expended in working the machine.5. Power means the speed, or rate of doing work

45、.6. We have to oil the moving parts of machine, the friction of which may be greatly reduced.7. The cable are composed of thousands of wires, made of high-tensile steel, which are galvanized(镀锌的) to resist corrosion.8. By means of an engine steam is changed into energy of moving machinery, and then,

46、 by the aid of a generator, into electrical energy, which is transmitted over wires and, at some distant point is changed into light, or heat, or energy of moving machines.科技英语翻译基本技巧 (五)成分分译英汉两种语言的句子结构有很多地方大不相同,英译汉时往往需要改变英语的句子结构,以适应汉语的表达习惯。所谓成分分译就是改变原文句子结构的一种译法。这种译法的要领是:把原文中较长的句子成分,或不易安排的句子成分分出来另作处理

47、,一般译成汉语短句或独立语,分译得当可以使译文层次分明,简练明确,合乎汉语规范。一、主语分译主语分译是指翻译时把原文带定语的主语分译成一个小句。分译的方法通常是把主语的定语移作谓语,从而为主语分译创造条件。The infinitesimal(极少的) amount of nuclear fuel (核燃料)required makes it possible to build power reactors(动力反应堆) in any part of the world.因为所需要的核燃料极少,所以有可能把动力反应堆建在世界上任何一个地方。An unusually wide feed range

48、 adapts the machine to the greatest variety of job。由于进给范围很广,本机床可用于加工各种不同的工件。(试比较:很宽广的进给范围使本机床适合于加工各种不同的工件。)二、谓语分译In those days, a cart(4轮车辆) that used an engine instead of a horse was thought to be dangerous.那时人们认为,用发动机驱动而不用马拉的车是危险的。It follows that action and reaction always act on different bodies

49、but never act on the same body.由此可见,作用力和反作用力总是作用在不同的物体上,而永远不作用在同一物体上。三、定语分译这种译法主要用来处理某些较长的后置定语。英语的定语与汉语不同,它可以位于名词之后,因此其长度不受限制,可以广展得很长。汉语只有前置定语,一般不宜过长,所以对原文中较长的后置定语的翻译,往往采用分译的办法,如定语从句的分译便是大家所熟悉的。这里只着重介绍介词短语和分词短语作定语时的分译情况。翻译时,可结合上述的成分转换或词类转换等译法将其分译成一个分句。The flexibility(柔性) and versatility(通用性) of nume

50、rical control have led to the development of a new type of machine tool called the machining center。数控系统的灵活性和多用性导致一种新型机床的发展,这种机床叫做加工中心。Semiconductors are a group of materials with their conductivity lying between that of conductors and that of insulators.半导体是一种电工材料,其导电性介于导体和绝缘体之间。四、状语分译Petroleum(石油)

51、 was formed at a later time than coal(煤炭) from plants and animals that 1ived in shallow seas.石油是由生长在浅海的动植物形成的,其形成时间比煤晚。The head of a drilling machine is mounted on the column above the table。       钻床的主轴箱安装在立柱上,位于工作台的上方。五、表语分译He 1ater became a leading advocate of nuclea

52、r disarmament.他后来极力主张禁止使用核武器,成了这方面的主要宣传鼓动家。这种译法还常用于“too+形容词+动词不定式”的句型中因为作形容词状语的不定式短语往往不便合译。例如:The velocity of light is too great to be measured in simple units. 光速太大,因此不能用普通单位计量。科技英语翻译基本技巧 (六)被动语态的译法从本课开始,我们再介绍一些在科技英语翻译中带有特殊性的翻译手法。这些译法是针对科技英语的某些具体问题而提出的。被动语态的广泛使用是科技英语中的一大突出特点。汉语虽然也有被动句,但使用范围狭窄得多。翻译英

53、语被动语态时,既可以译成汉语的被动句,也可以译成汉语的主动句,而且译法是灵活多样。一、译成汉语被动句将原文句子的主语仍然译作主语,在谓语前加 " 被 “ 或省略 " 被 “; 也可在行为主体前加" 被 " 、 " 由 " 、 " 受、"为 " 、 " 所" 等;还可以译成"是的"结构。The first stage of a rocket is thrown away only minutes after the rocket takes off.火箭的第一级在火箭

54、起飞后仅仅几分钟就被扔掉。The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperature is he1d constant.如果温度保持恒定,气体的体积与压力成反比。The moon, as we11 as the stars and the sun, is made use of by the mariner to find his latitude and longitude at sea.月球和星星、太阳一样常被海员用来确定在海上的经纬度。Only a small part of the s

55、un energy reaching the earth is used by us.传到地球的太阳能只有一小部分为我们所利用。Besides voltage, resistance and capacitance, an alternating current is a1so inf1uenced by inductance.除了电压、电阻和电容以外,交流电还受电感的影响。Many casting defects are caused by expansion properties of sand. 许多铸造缺陷是由砂子的膨胀性质造成的。二、译成汉语主动句1. 译成有主语的主动句翻译时,更换

56、原文的主语或增加泛指性的主语。A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor. 原子反应堆需要一种适宜的燃料。To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again. 为了探测月球的表面,人们一次又一次地发射火箭。2. 译成无主句翻译时,把原文的主语译成动词的宾语,有时还可以把原文的主语并入谓语一起译。When work is done against friction, heat is produced. 当克服摩擦而作功时,就产生热。 By using

57、this new process the loss of metal was reduced to 20 per cent. 采用这一新工艺使金属的损耗降低为原来的 20%. Care should be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.应当始终注意保护仪器,不使沾染灰尘,不使受潮。科技英语翻译基本技巧 ( 七 )长句翻译长句是英语的一种常见的语言现象。由于原文句子一长,往往层次就增多,各层之间 的关系也就复杂得多。在这种情况下,就需要进行语法分析,弄清句子的层次和各层之间 的关系,准确而全面地了解

58、句子的内容,然后再考虑如何用汉语来进行表达,表达时可采用顺叙法,也可采用逆叙法;有时适于采用分译法,而有时则适于采用合译法。Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for us,driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. 分析: 该句子由一个主句,三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成,共有五层意思: A. 既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入

59、梦乡时; B.电仍在为我们工作; C. 帮我们开动电窗体底端冰箱; D. 加热水; E. 或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致,因此,我们可以通过顺序法,把该句翻译成:即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时,电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱,把水加热,或使室内空调机继续运转。Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 这个句子由一个主句,两个原因状语和一个定语从句,“铝直到19世纪才被人发现”是主句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有四个谓语结构,共有五层意思: A. 铝直到19世纪才被人发

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