中考英语语法讲解资料及练习第10讲时态_(二)

1、中考英语语法讲解资料及练习第10讲：时态_(二)清华大学英语系测试：为中学英语量身定做.官方网站： 清华大学英语教授50年研究成果中考英语语法讲解资料及练习第10讲：时态 (二) 时态的运用比较复杂，好多同学因为做题时不知应用哪种时态而挠头皮。其实你只要把易混的时态掌握好，对你来说时态就没有什么难点可言了。而你易混的时态无非是一般过去时和现在完成时，一般过去时和过去完成时的比较罢了。这有何难?看看下面的分析，你会发现一切"as easy as A B C"。 一般过去式和现在完成时： 一般过去式只是表示事情发生在过去，陈述一个事实，它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语如：las

2、t night, in 1999, three days ago等连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。 如： We have seen that film. 我们已看过那部电影。 对现在造成的影响是我们对影片已有所了解。 We saw the film last night. 昨天晚上我们看了那部电影。只说明昨天晚上看电影这一事实。 注意：有些时间状语，如this morning,tonight, this month 等，既可用于一般过去时，又可用于现在完成时，但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括

3、现在在内，而用于一般过去式则与现在无关。如： I have read this book this April.(说话时仍然为四月。) I read this book this April. (说话时四月份已过。) 一般过去式和过去完成时的比较： 一般过去式表示过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或状态，即"过去的过去"。当强调过去某一动作发生在某一动作之前时，常用此时态。 如： He had finished his homework before nine o'clock.九点之前他已经完成了作业。实际上，一般现在时

4、和过去完成时常搭配使用。如： When he got home, his daughter had already gone to bed. 当他到家的时候，他的女儿早已去睡觉了。在带有after和before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如：He called on me soon after he had finished his homework. 他做完作业后不久便来拜访我。也可以说： He called on me soon after he finished his homework.哇塞，我

5、们终于学完了所有时态，摩拳擦掌，试试趁热打铁！ 练习： 1. Zhao Lan _ already _ in this school for two years. A. was.studying B. will . study C. has .studied D. are studying 2. They usually _ TV in the evening. A. watch B. will watch C. are watching D. watches 3. Judy _ the Great Wall twice, and now she still _ to go there. A.

6、 went to , wanted B. goes to , wants C. has gone , wants D. has been to, wants 4. She will find him a kind man when she _ more about him. A. knows B. know C. will know D. is going to know 5. -What are you going to give our teacher for Teacher's Day? -I'm not sure. Maybe I _ him some flowers.

7、 A. have given B. will give C. gave D. give 6. -Tom _ out. -Oh, is he? What time _ he _ out? A. is, did, go B. went, is ,going C. has gone, did, go D. is going, does, go 7. It's nine o'clock now, they _ an English class. A. have B. are having C. having D. will have 8. -" Where is Li Lei

8、?" -" He _ his sports shoes in the room. He _ football with his friends." A. is putting on , is playing B. puts on, will play C. is putting on , will play D. put on, played 9. Miss Smith with her parents _ China since _. A. have been in , two years ago B. has gone to, two years C. hav

9、e been to, two years D. has been in, two years ago 10. When I knocked at the door, my mother _. A. is cooking B. cooked C. was cooking D. cooks 实践： 1. Jack's father is _ doctor. A. a B. an C. some D. / 2. He often does some washing _ Sunday. A. at B. in C. on D. by 3. This room is ours, and that

10、 one is _. A. they B. them C. their D. theirs 4. Tom is _ boy in his class. A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest 5. "Can you come here next Friday?" "Sorry, I _." A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not 6. Did you _ the football match last night? A. see B. wa

11、tch C. look D. read 7. There _ many high buildings in this city. A. is B. are C. have D. has 8. John has two brothers. One is an artist, _ is a scientist. A. the others B. another C. the other D. others 9. The man asked the policeman _. A. let hime to go B. to let him to go C. let him go D. to let h

12、im go 10. Please _ page 54 and read lesson Twelve. A. turn to B. turn into C. turn in D. turn on 11. He did not go home _ he finished the work. A. of B. because C. until D. since 12. The old man was _ tired that she couldn't walk on. A. so B. too C. very D. quite 13. We are busy _ our lessons th

13、ese days. A. prepare B. preparing C. to prepare D. prepared 14. I'll go with you if I _ free tomorrow. A. will be B. shall be C. am D. was 15. Do you know _? A. where does he live B. where he lives C. he where lives D. he lives where 清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站： 清华大学英语教授50年研究成果初中英语语法知识难点整理英语语法知识难

14、点（一） （一） 形容词和副词 I 要点 A 形容词 1、 形容词的用法 形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如： He is honest and hardworking. I found the book interesting. 某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如： The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city. The English like to be with their families. 多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序： 冠词+序数词+基

15、数词+性质状态（描述性）+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如： the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers. 2、 形容词比较等级的形式 （1） 规则形式 一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; -est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如： great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiest important-more important-(the)most important （2） 不规则形式 good (well)-

16、better-best bad (ill)-worse-worst many (much)-more-most little-less-least （3） 形容词比较等级的用法 表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如： He is cleverer than the other boys. This one is more beautiful than that one. 表示两者以上的比较，用"the +形容词最高级（+名词）+of(in) "如： He is the cleverest boy in his class. 表示两者是同等程度，用"as

17、 +形容词原级+as". 如： He is as tall as I. I have as many books as you. 越 越 例如：The more I learn, the happier I am. You can never be too careful. 越小心越好 又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly. 你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。 I have never spent a more worrying day. 那一天是最令我担心的一天。 I have never had a better dinner.

18、这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。 My English is no better than yours. 我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。 B副词 1、 副词的种类 （1） 时间副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等 （2） 地点副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。 （3） 方式副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, pol

19、itely, nervously等。 （4） 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。 2、 副词比较等级的用法 其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如： Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully. We must work harder. 3、 某些副词在用法上的区别 （1） already, yet, still already表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；stil

20、l表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如： We've already watched that film. I haven't finished my homework yet. He still works until late every night. （2） too, as well, also, either too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如： He went there

21、 too. He didn't go there either. I like you as well. I also went there. (3) hard, hardly hardly意为"几乎"与hard在词义上完全不同。如： I work hard every day. I can hardly remember that. (4) late, lately lately意为"最近、近来"，late意为"晚、迟"。如： He never comes late. Have you been to the museum

22、lately? II 例题 例1 Tom's father thinks he is already _ A high enough B tall enough C enough high C enough tall 解析：该题正确答案是B。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选B。 例2 _ the worse I seem to be. A When I take more medicine B The more medicine I take C Taking more of the medicine D More m

23、edicine taken 解析：该题正确答案为B。"the+形容词比较级+ , the +形容词比较级+"意为越，越。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。 例3"I haven't been to London yet". "I haven't been there _". A too B also C either D neither 解析：该题正确答案为C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意为否定"两者都不"，而C-either则用于否定句中，意为"也"。 例

24、4 Mr Smith was _ moved at the news. A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply 解析：该题正确答案为B。A. deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。 （二） 介词 I 要点 1、介词和种类 （1） 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。

25、（2） 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。 2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系 （1） 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。 （2） 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at （3） 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等. 3、介词短语可以有自己

26、的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如： He came right after dinner. He lives directly opposite the school. 4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例 （1） at, on, in（表时间） 表示时间点用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。 指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end

27、 of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。 指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。 （2） between, among（表位置） between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如 I'm sitting between Tom and Alice. The village lies between three hills.

28、among用于三者或三者以上之间。如： He is the best among the students. （3） beside, besides beside意为"在旁边"，而besides意为"除之外"。如： He sat beside me. What do you want besides this? （4）in the tree, on the tree in the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上 （5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way

29、 on the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道 by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法 （6）in the corner, at the corner in the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外 （7）in the morning, on the morning in the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨 （8）by bus, on the bus by bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车 II 例题 例1 Do you know any o

30、ther foreign language_ English? A except B but C beside D besides 解析：A、B两项except等于but，意为"除了"，C-beside意为"在旁边"，不符合题意。而D-besides, 意为"除了之外，还有"。所以该题正确答案为D。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？ 例2 He suddenly returned _ a rainy night. A on B at C in D during 解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修

31、饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为A。 例3 I'm looking forward _your letter. A to B in C at D on 解析：该题正确答案为A。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为"期望、盼望"。 （三） 连词 I 要点 1、 连词的种类 （1） 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, bothand, eitheror, neithernor等。 （2） 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等

32、。 除了从属连词（引导状语从句）外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词（引导名词性从句），关系代词和关系副词（引导定语从句）。 2、 常用连词举例 (1)and 和，并且 They drank and sang all night. (2) bothand 和， 既也 Both my parents and I went there. (3) but 但是，而 I'm sad, but he is happy. (4) eitheror 或或， 要么要么 Either you're wrong, or I am. (5) for因为 I asked him

33、 to stay, for I had something to tell him. (6) however 然而，可是 Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go. (7) neithernor 既不也不 Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you. (8) not onlybut(also) 不但而且 He not only sings well, but also dances well. (9) or 或者，否则 Hurry up,

34、 or you'll be late. Are you a worker or a doctor? (10) so 因此，所以 It's getting late, so I must go. (11) although 虽然 Although it was late, they went on working. (12) as soon as 一 就 I'll tell him as soon as I see him. (13) because 因为 He didn't go to school, because he was ill. （14）unless

35、 除非，如果不 I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow. （15）until 直到 He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not until 结构) He stayed there until eleven. （16）while 当时候，而 (表示对比) While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词) My pen is red while his is blue. （17）for 因为 He was ill, for he did

36、n't come. (结论是推断出来的) （18）since自从 I have lived here since my uncle left. （19）hardly when 一就 I had hardly got to the station when the train left. （20）as far as 就 来说 As far as I know, that country is very small. You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里) II 例题 例1 John plays football _, if not bette

37、r than, David. A as well B as well as C so well D so well as 解析：该题意为：John踢足球如果不比David好的话，那也踢得和David一样好。 和一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为B。 例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. A when B where C which D while 解析：该处意为"然而"，只有while有此意思，故选D。 例3 W

38、ould you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise 解析：该处意为"或者"，正确答案为C。 英语语法知识难点（二） （四）动词时态、语态 I 要点 1、 一般现在时 （1） 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如： Sometimes, we go swimming after school. （2） 表示客观真理、科学事实

39、等。如： The earth goes round the sun. 2、 现在进行时 (1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如： What are you doing now? (2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如： He is always doing good deeds. 3、 现在完成时 主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如: Have yo

40、u ever been to Beijing? 4、一般将来时 表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如： I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning. We're going to see a film next Monday. 5、一般过去时 表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如： It happened many years ago. 6、过去进

41、行时 表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如： What were you doing this time yesterday? 7、 过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如： The train had already left before we arrived. 、一般过去将来时 表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如： He said he would come, but he didn't. 、被动语态 被动语态的时态，以give为例。 II例题 例 I learned that her father _ in 1950. A had

42、died B died C dead D is dead 解析：该题正确答案为。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。 例 The five-year-old girl _ by her parents. A is looked B has looked for C is being looked for D has been looked 解析：该题正确答案为。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。 （五）动词虚拟语气 I

43、 要点 表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。 、 虚拟语气的构成 情景 条件从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词 与现在事实相反 动词过去式 （be要用were） should +动词原形 would 与过去事实相反 had +过去分词 should +have+过去分词 would 与将来事实相反 、动词过去时 、should +动词原形 、were to +动词原形 should 动词原形 would 注：如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去, 但要倒装。如： Had y

44、ou (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party. 、 虚拟语气在各种从句的应用 （） 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是"should(可省) 动词原形"，常用于以下三种句型中。 句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that 句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that 句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, de

45、sired, etc) that 如： It is strange that he (should) have done that. It is a pity that he (should) be so careless. It is requested that we (should) be so careless. （） 在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如：

46、I suggest that we (should) go swimming. （） 在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)动词原形"。如： His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once. （） 在同位语从句中，谓语形式是"(should)动词原形"。如： We received order that the work be done at onc

47、e. （） 在It is time that句型中，其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或 "should 动词原形",should不可省。如： It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school. II 例题 例 We had hoped that he _ longer. A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay 解析：该题正确答案为。had hoped表示"本希望"，同样用法的动词还有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虚拟语气

48、 例 "Mary wants to see you today". "I would rather she _ tomorrow than today." A comes B came C should come D will come 解析：该题正确答案为。would rather后面的从句需用虚拟语气，用动词过去时表示。 例 Had she been older, she _ it better. A had done B might have done C might do D would do 解析：Had she been older = If

49、 she had been old. 故该题正确答案为。 （六）短语动词 I 要点 英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。英语短语动词的构成主要有以下六种： （） 动词介词 常见的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如： Don't laugh at others. I didn't care about

50、 it. （） 动词副词 常见的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如： You'll hand in your homework tomorrow. Please don't forget to hand it in. （） 动词副词介词 常见的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up wi

51、th等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如： All his money added up to no more than $100. After a short rest, he went on with his research work. （） 动词名词介词 常见的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如： You should pay attention to your handwriting. We should make full use of our time

52、. （） 动词形容词 常见的有leave open, set free, cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如： The prisoners were set free. He cut it open. （） 动词名词 常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如： This story took place three years ago. I make friends with a lot of people. （7）辨析 give aw

53、ay(让给，暴露)和 give up（放弃，停止） put away（放起，收起）和 put out （扑灭） turn up（出席，放大）和 turn on （打开） keep out（阻止）和 keep off （不让靠近） make up（编造，补上）和 make out（辨认） take off（脱，起飞）和 take out（拿出） II 例题 例 It is wise to have some money _ for old age. A put away B kept up C given away D laid up 解析：该题正确答案为。意为"存"；kee

54、p up意为"继续"；give away意为"分发"；lay up"贮藏"。 例 Here's my card. Let's keep in _. A touch B relation C connection D friendship 解析：该题正确答案为A. keep in touch为短语动词，意为"保持联系"。 例 _! There's a train coming. A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on 解析：该题选A.

55、 look out 意为"小心"。 （七）动词不定式 I 要点 、 不定式的形式。以动词write为例。 、 不定式的句法功能 （） 作主语 To hear from you is nice. To be a good teacher is not easy. 不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。如： It's nice to hear from you. It's not easy to be a good teacher. （） 作宾语 通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等词后。如： I forgot to lock the door. Please remember