(完整word版)高中英语名词讲解及练习

1、名词一、名词的分类专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如 Beijing , China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book, sadness等。专有名词抽象名词 不可数名词物质名词j普通名词集体名词"I个体名词 j可数名词个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（ Countable Nouns）,物质名词 和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（ Uncountable Nouns）。Proper Nouns :指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans; English; M

2、ay; New Year ' s Day注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写Common Nouns : 一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词1. Individual Nouns:指作为个体而存在的人或东西可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream2. Collective Nouns:表示若干个个体组成的集合体Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复

3、数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员 时作复数看。His family not large.His family all music lovers.有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.个别集体名词则多作复数看待。Eg: The police are looking for him.3. Material Nouns:指无法分为个体的物质。Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent

4、; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：1）有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示份“、杯"、种”Eg: Two strong black coffees, please.（ 两份）Three beers, please. （E杯）It was a special tea.（种）2）个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。Eg: rains （雨季）sands （沙滩） snows （积雪）waters（海域）4. Abstract Nouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念Eg: educati

5、on; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。Eg: He ' s learning French for fun.I wish you good luck.抽象名词转化为可数名词。Failure is the mother of success.（失败与成功在此为抽象概念）As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes

6、little time to looking after her child.（成功者，失败者，可数 ）二、名词的数不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：情况加法例词一般情况加-sbrothers; schools以s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词加-esbuses; watches; dishes以辅音+ y结尾的词去y力口-iesladies; countries以f或fe

7、结尾的词把f/fe改成veshalves; leavesNotes:1. stomach - stomachs2 .以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s. Eg: boys; toys; Henrys3 .以-o结尾的名词+ es在课本中出现的有hero, potato, tomato;其余以-o结尾的词+ s: （photo,piano, radio, bamboo ,zoo ）4:以 f/fe 结尾只加 -s 的词： proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; serfs; beliefs; chiefshandkerchief （手帕，手绢）的复数形式两

8、者都可以。不规则变化：变内音 B 元音： foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen词尾力口 -en 或 ren： ox-oxen, child-childrenouse - ice ： mouse-mice; louse-lice （虱子）有些夕卜来词的不规贝 U复数形式：Eg: analysjs-analyses;basis-bases; thesis-theses;crisis-crisescriteri on-criteri a; phenomeno

9、n-phenomena; medium-media单复数相同的情况 ：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese; Japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu只有复数形式的情况：trousers（裤子）;glasses（眼镜）；compasses（Hf规）a pair ofthanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle某国人”的复数形式：?单、复数相同Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, ?词尾力口 -s

10、Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians,?变 man 为 men Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen但：German-Germans复合名词的复数形式：1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law - fathers-in-law, passer-byf passers-by,looker-on flookers-on, editor-in-chief f editors-in-chief4 .无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如：grown-ups, good-for-nothi

11、ngs （无用的人）,go-betweens （中间人）,look-outs （守望者）5 .由man, woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, women-drivers,women-singers?boyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。beauty（美，美貌）-a beauty（一个美人 /物） danger（危险）一a dangerL件危险的事/人） failure（ 失败） a failure（ 一件失败的事/人 ）honour（光荣）-an h

12、onour（带来荣誉的/或事） pity（遗憾）-a pity（ 一件可惜的事） success城功）a success件成功的事/人） surprise（惊奇）-a surprise（一件令人吃惊的事） pleasure（乐趣）一a pleasure（件有趣的事） worry（ 担心） a worry（ 一件令人担心的事）experience（经验）an experienceL次经历 ） service（服务）一a service（一个服务机构） 英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。a poem（一首诗）poetry（诗歌总称 ）a machineL台机器）machinery（机器总称）

13、a job（一件工作） work（工作） a laugh（一个笑声）laughter（笑声）a permit（许可证）permission（允许）a garment （一件衣裳） clothing（ 衣裳总称）a bag（case） L件彳T李） luggage, baggage。亍李）a loaf （一只面包）bread（面包）a hair（一根头发） hair（头发） 几个名词的特殊用法1. hairHis hair is white. （他的头发是白的。）He has a few grey hairs. （他有几根白的头发。）2. fruitThe fruit is sweet.He l

14、ikes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits.3. policeThe police are searching for the murderer. dozen, scoretwo （many, several） dozen pencils three dozen of them / these pencils dozens of students two score of students scores of people word （消息，通知）, man （人类） ，前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。三、名词的格英语中的名词（代词）有三

15、个格：主格、宾格、所有格。所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语， 它有两种形式：一种是由名词词尾加 s 构成，另一种是由介词of 加名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。所有格的形式：1. 一般的名词所有格在后面加 s ： Mary s book2. 以-s结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加：Teachers ' Day, the students-r6onreading3. 以s结尾的专有名词所有格：Engels ' s works Engels ' works4. 复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加 s ： his mother-in- law

16、 s photo the editor-in- chief s opinion5. 如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加s如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加 s ： Tom and Marry s father,Tom s and Marry s fathers6. 在表示 “某人家 ”、 “店铺 ”的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词：at the doctor s,at the barber sa,t Mr. Green s, at the tailor s7. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加 s 来构成所有格：today s newspap

17、er ten minutes walk China s industry the station s waiting-room the earth's surface a dollar's worth8. 凡不能加S勾成所有格的名词，都可以与of结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时：the door of our classroomDo you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所有格，即“of词组

18、+所有格 ”结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。9a friend of her mothera few friends of Tom sthat book of Tom s several classmates of his9. 一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：This is not my pen, but Mary s.10. 名词原形直接作定语（不表示所有关系）geography lesson colour film heart trouble food industryroom number coffee cup shoe f

19、actory tooth brushpower plantwelcome partyapple treephysics teacher但 ：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语sales department （销售部 ）parents meeting（家长会）goods train（货车） sports meet（运动会）名词所有格（The Possessive Case of Nouns） some patterns:10.1 ll take the risk for friendship 为了友谊 ）s sake. （1 .She was at her wit （黔驴技穷） s end.3 .No

20、w they could sing at their heart（尽情地） s content.4 .We should get the children out of harm （不受损害） s way.5 .We had best keep them at arm ' s length巨离）6 .For goodness satokpe,arguing. （看在上帝的份上）7 .Jane got the money ' s worth out of the 懒电算）1. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it

21、is a（n） of courage and power.A. example B. sign C. mark D. symbol2. He dropped the and broke it.A. cup of coffeeB. coffee s cup C. cup for coffeeD. coffee cup3. I need cloth, for I m go_in_g_to_m_ackleothes.A. a lot of; manyB. much; much C. many; manyD. many; a lot4. He gained his by printing of fam

22、ous writers.A. wealth; workB. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of A. energy B. source C. power D. material6. You ll find this map of great in helping you to get round London.A. priceB. costC. valueD. usefu

23、lness7. - Who did you spend last weekend with?A. Palmer ' s B. The Palmers ' C. The Palmers D. The Palmer ' s8. My parents always let me have my own of living.A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n)of courage and power.A. exampl

24、e B. sign C. mark D. symbol10. We volunteered to collect money to help the of the earthquake.A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers11. If you don ' t take away all your things from desk, there won ' t be enough y for stationery.A. area B. place C. room D. surface12. It is widely accepte

25、d that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to.A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n)of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers.D. varietyA. species B. group C. amount14. - Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree? No

26、, it ' s out ofA. range B. reach C. control D. distance15. The life of London is made up of many differentA. elements B. sections C. material D. realities16. For the sake of her daughter' s health, she decided to move to a warmA. weather B. temperatureC. seasonD. climate17. To regain their a

27、fter an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass.A. force B. energy C. power D. health18. I saw Bob play the piano at John' s party and on that he was simply brilliant.A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situation19. It can ' t be a(n)that fourjewtores were robbed in one night.A. co

28、incidence B. accident C. incident D. chance20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily and effect.A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause21. - I ' m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired.-There is no for this while you are on duty.A.

29、reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation22. The manager has got a good business so the company is doing well.A. idea B. sense C. thought D. thinking23. Don ' t leave matches or cigarettes on ttable within of little children.A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance24. The environmentalists and wi ld

30、 goats ' on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance25. The village is far away from here indeed. It s walkA . a four hourB. a four hour's C. a four-hours D. a four hours 26. I have read the material several times bu

31、t it doesn't make any to me.A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance27. It is generally believed that teaching is it is a science.A. an art much as B. much an art as C. as an art much as D. as much an art as28. The police are offering a to anyone who can give information about the lost

32、key.A. price B. prize C. reward D. money29. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children. sA. reach B. handC. hold D. place30. At the meeting they discussed three different to the study of mathematics 。A. approaches B. means C. methods D. ways31. Always read the on the bottle carefully and

33、 take the right amount of medicine.A. explanationsB. instructionsC. descriptionsD. introductions32. You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of 。A. date B. shape C. order D. balance33. To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their andweaknessesA.

34、 strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values34. The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they don t give you any directA. solutionB. targetC. measureD. function35. James took the magazines off the little table to make for the television.A. room B. area C. field D. position36. Tho

35、se who suffer from headache will find they get from this medicine.A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter37. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving licence reached 200,000, a (n) of 40,000 per year.A average B number C amount D quantity38. After the earthquake, tile first th

36、ing the local government did was to provide forthe homeless families.A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture39. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good.A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civiliz

37、ation40. This restaurant has become popular for its wide of foods that suit all tastes andpockets.A. division B. area C. range D. circle41. I haven t seen Sara since she was a， giarlnd she has changed beyond .A. hearing B. strength C. recognition D measure42. I found her sitting in the corner, readi

38、ng newspaper, with in her eyes.A. a, tear B. a piece of, tears C. a, tears D. a piece of, tear43. Her father works as a in a hotel and her mother a in a private company.A. cooker, typewriter B. cook, typist C. cooker, typist D. cook, typewriter44. “ Why couldn t they meet us at five o clock? ” “ Bec

39、ause they were delayed by A. heavy traffic B. heavy traffics C. crowded traffic D. crowded traffics45. In fact, one cause that leads to the problem.A. cattle is B. cattle are C. cattles are D. the cattles are46. By all , you must try every to help him.A. mean, mean B. means, means C. means, mean D.

40、mean, means47. Jim is person, and everyone is willing to be with him.A. so kind a, friends B. so a kind, friends C. so kind a, friend D. so a kind, friend48. We already have pencils, but we need two pens.A. dozen of, dozen B. dozens of, dozen C. dozens of, dozen D. dozens of, dozen of49. She raised

41、her finger to her lips as for silence.A. an idea B. a markC. a sign D. a word50. May I tak e your order now?” “ We d like three black and two green .A. coffee, cups of teas B. coffees, teasC. cups of coffee, tea D. cup of coffees, teas51. Ten years had passed. I found she had .A. a few white hairs B

42、. a little white hair C. some white hair D. more fifty hair52. Hi, this way, please. OK.I sometimes have no sense of when I arrive at the crossroad.A. position B. direction C. situation D. condition53. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first .A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire54. I didn t have to work all weekend I did it by _ .A. chance B. choice C. accident D. myself55. “ Did you get to the party?” “ Yes, I