魔法英语语法讲义-状语从句

1、第 11章 状语从句(一在复合句中修饰主句或主句中的某一成分的从句叫状语从句。状语从句通常由从属连词 或起连词作用的词组引导,有时甚至不需要连词直接和主句连接起来。状语从句根据它表达 的意思不同,可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等九类。一、 时间状语从句时间状语从句是表示时间关系的从句。可以引导时间状语从句的连词很多,根据意义和主从 句之间的时间关系,通常可分为以下几种情况:A . when, while, as, wheneverwhen, while, as表示主句谓语作和从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。1. when when 表示点时间时,从句中用短暂性

2、动词;表示段时间时,用持续性动词。When I got home, my family were already having dinner.我到家的时候,全家已在吃晚饭。(when 表示点时间When they were still talking and laughing, the teacher came in.当他们还在说笑的时候,老师进来了。 (when 表示段时间He waved a hello when he saw her.当他看见她的时候,就挥手打了个招呼。 (when 表示点时间When you think you know nothing, you begin to kn

3、ow something.当你认为自己一无所知的时候,就开始知道一些事情了。 (when 表示段时间注意:当 when 意思是正当 时候(and at that moment时, when 只能跟在前一分句之后。 He was about to go to bed when the doorbel rang.他正要上床,忽然门铃响了。They were watching the World Cup when suddenly the lights went out.他们正看着世界杯比赛,突然灯灭了。They had just arrived home when it began to rain

4、.他们刚到家,天就开始下雨了。有时 when 表示虽然,尽管的含义,相当于 although 或 since 。He walks when he might take a taxi.尽管可以打的,但他还是步行。How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none既然你不宽恕别人,你自己又怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢?2. while while 通常表示一段时间,从句中宜用持续性动词作谓语。Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。She fell asleep while she was reading the n

5、ewspaper.她在看报的时候睡着了。 while 有时可以作并列连词,表示对比,可译成 而 。I am fond of English while he likes maths.我喜欢英语而他却喜欢数学。We slept while the captain kept watch.我们睡觉而上尉担任警戒。 while 有时可引导让步状语从句,意思是虽然。While they love te children, they are strict with them.虽然他们都爱他们的孩子,但却对他们要求严格。提示:虽然 during 与 while 意思很相近,但是 during 是介词,不能引

6、导从句。3. as as 表示点时间时,从句中用短暂性动词;表示段时间时,用持续性动词。 as 和 when 两者 经常可以通用。The thief was caught as when he was stealing in the supermarket.小偷在超市行窃时被逮住了。I saw Jim as when he left the meeting room.吉姆离开会议室时候我看到了他。 as 表示 一边 一边 ,强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。They talked as they walked.他们边走边聊。He looked behind from time to

7、time as he went.他一边走,一边不时地往后看。 as 表示随着As time goes on, it's getting warmer and warmer.随着时间的推移,天气变得越来越暖了。As spring warms the earth, al flowers begin to bloom.随着春回大地,百花开始绽放。只有当从句表示的是段时间,即其谓语动词有持续性特征时,这三者可以通用互换。 I got the news on the radio when while as I was having breakfast.我在吃早饭的时候从收音机里获悉这一消息。在下

8、列情况下,三者彼此之间不能替换使用:a . as 更强调同一时间或紧接的一前一后或伴随着的变化。We listened to the singer sing as he played the guitar.我们听着歌星边弹吉它边演唱。I thought of it just as you opened your mouth.你一张嘴我就知道你要说什幺As he grew older, he became less and less active.随着他年龄的增长,他变得越来越不活泼了。 状语从句可放在主句之前或之后,放在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开。有时可置于主句 中间,前后用逗号。b .

9、when 更强调特定时间,还可表示从句中的动作先于或后于主句的动作。When I had given Mary the spare ticket, I found my own already gone.当我把多余的票给了玛丽时,我才发现我自己的票已不知去向。 (从句动作发生在主句之前, 注意主从句的时态When I finally got there, he meeting had been on for ten minutes.当我最终赶到那里时,会议已开始十分钟了。 (从句动作发生在主句之后,注意时态 c . while 从句只能表示延续的动作或状态或主从句中动作的对比。She thou

10、ght I was talking about her daughter, while in fact, I was talkingabout my daughter.她以为我在谈论她女儿,而事实上,我在谈论我的女儿。d .若表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生时,用 as 场合多于 when 。As he finished his speech, the audience burst into applause.他结束讲话时,观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。5. wheneverwhenever 是 when 的强势语,它描述的不是一次性动作,而是经常发生的习惯性动作。 You are always wel

11、come whenever you come.无论你何时来都欢迎。Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.每当我们遇上困难的时候,他们就来帮我们。B . b efore, after1. beforebefore 表示在一段时间之前。I must finish all the work before go home.回家之前我必须干完所有的活。You must first learn to walk before you try to run.在想要跑以前,你得先学会走。He had learned English for

12、 three years before he went to London.他去伦敦之前已学了三年英语。提示:before 从句往往带有否定的含义。He ran off before I could stop him.我还没来得及阻止他,他就跑掉了。Take it down before you forget it.趁着还没忘记的时候就记录下来。必背:before 常用句型 It is was will be beforeIt will be five years before we meet again.五年以后我们才能再见。It will be not long before you re

13、gret what you have done.不用过多久你就会对你所作所为感到后悔的。It was not long before I realized I was wrong.不久我就意识到我错了。It was minutes before the police arrived.过了几分钟警察才到。2. afterafter 表在一段时间之后。Let's play football after school is over.放学后我们踢足球吧。The sun came out soon after the storm stopped.暴风雨过后不久,太阳出来了。C . till,

14、until1. Until/till用于肯定句时,表示直到 为止,主句必须为持续性动词。We shall wait until till he comes back.我们将一直等到他回来。 (注意它们的拼写 Everything went well until/till that accident happened.直到发生那意外之前,一切都正常。2. Not until/till表示直到 才 ,主句通常要用短暂动词,这时 until 和 till 可用 before 代 替。I didn't leave until till before she came back.直到她回来,我才

15、离开的。Bells don't ring till until you strike them.铃不打不响。People do not know the value of their health till until before they lose it.人们直至失去了健康才知其可贵。3.当 not until位于句首时,主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。Not until she stopped crying did I leave.直到她不哭了,我才离开的。 until 引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后,但 till 从句一般不放在句首。4.在强调句型中一般只能用 unti

16、l ,不用 till 。It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized her.直到她摘下墨镜,我才认出她。D . since, ever since1. since 自 以来。表示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句中通常为 延续性动词的现在完成时, since 从句中一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。It has been just a week since we arrived here.我们到这儿刚刚一星期。Where have you been since I last saw you自上次我见

17、过你之后,你去了哪里?Since she was young, she has been collecting stamps.她自年轻时起就一直集邮至今。 有时 since 从句中也可以用延续性动词,注意它的译法。Tom is now working on the farm. It's two years since he was a college student.汤姆现在农场上班,他大学毕业已有两年了。2. ever since 从那时起直至现在,此后一直。表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长, 语气比 since 强。Ever since they got married in

18、 1950, they have lived happily.自一九五零年结婚以来,他们一直生得很幸福。3. since 还可以用作副词或介词。The big clock was damaged during the war and has been silent(ever since.这只大钟在战争中损坏了,从此就一直不响了。My uncle went to Tibet in the 1950s. He has been living there(ever since.我叔叔五十年代就去了西藏,从那以后他一直生活在那里。You have made great achievements in

19、your work since graduation.你们自毕业以来已经在工作中取得了巨大成就。E . as soon asas soon as.可译为一 就 ,用来表示主从句的动作是紧接着发生的。He will come and see you as soon as he can.他一有空就来看你。He rushed home as soon as he got the good news.他一得到这个好消息就奔回家。 一 就 还可以用 on/upon doing 结构来表示。On arriving home he called up Lester.= As soon as he arriv

20、ed home, he called up Lester.他一到家就给莱斯特打电话。F . immediately instantly directly相当于 as soon as,从句中用一般过去时态。They phoned her immediately they reached home.他一到家马上就给她打了电话。I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her.我一看见她就把她认出来了。We came directly we got your telephone.我们一接到你的电话就赶来了。G . the moment, the

21、 minute, the instant, the second这几个名词短语也可用作连词,直接引导时间状语从句,表示一 就 。He said he'd turn on TV the moment he got home.他说他一到家就打开电视机。Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives.告诉他,他一到我就要见他。The second the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom.铃一响,学生就冲出了教室。H . hardly scarcely when , no

22、sooner than这两个短语都表示刚 就 ,可以互换,主句通常用去完成时。He had no sooner started out than he felt homesick.他刚出发就想起家来。He had hardly started his speech when someone rose to refute his points.他刚开始发言,就有人站起来反驳他的论点。注意:当 hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句子的开头时,主句须用倒装语序。Hardly had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door woke

23、 her up.她刚要睡着,忽然敲门声把她吵醒。No sooner was the frost off the ground than the work began.地上的霜一消散,人们就开始工作了。I . onceonce 作连词时,也相当于 as soon as,但它含有的条件意味更浓,它引导的从句较短。 Once you begin, you must continue.一旦开了头,你就应当继续下去。Once you see him, you will never forget him.你一旦见过他,就不会忘了他的。J . next time, the first time, the l

24、ast time, every time 等Be sure to call on us next time you come to town.下次你进城一定来看我们。He left me a good impression the first time I met him.我第一次见他时,他给我留下了好印象。Every time I see him he looks miserable.我每次见到他,他都是一付痛苦的表情。The last time I spoke to Bob, he seemed happy enough.上一次我见到他时,他看上去很开心。K . by the timeby

25、 the tine 也可以引导时间状语从句,意为到 时为止,主句一般要用完成时态。 By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself. 爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。 (从句为一般过去时,主句要用过去完成时 I shall have finished my work by the time you return.在你回来之前我将会做完我的活儿。 (从句为一般现在时,主句要用将来完成时 二、地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever (where

26、的强势语和 everywhere 引导,是表示空间关 系的状语从句。A . wherewhere 在 地方,去 地方Wuhan lies here the Yangtze and the Han River meet.武汉位于长江和汉水汇合处。Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者,事竟成。I found my books where I had left them.我的书在我原来放的地方找到了。You'd better make a mark where you have any questions.哪儿有问题,你最好在哪儿做个记号。 (这

27、里 where 引导的从句不是定语从句 在地点状语从句之前,不要使用介词。【误】 You should put the book at where it was.【正】 You should put the book where it was.你应该把书放在原来的地方。【误】 We should go to where we are needed most.【正】 We should go where we are needed most.我们应该到最需要我们的地方去。B. whereverwherever 在任何 地方,无论哪里Wherever you go, you should do y

28、our work well.不论到什么地方,都要把工作做好。You may sit down wherever you like.你爱坐哪儿就坐哪儿。C. everywhereEverywhere they went, they were kindly received.他们每到一处都受到了友好的接待。三、原因状语从句原因状语从句是表示原因和理由的从句。引导原因状语从句的有 as, because, since, now (that, considering that, seeing that等。A . becausebecause 因为Because I like it, I do it.因

29、为我喜欢,所以我才干。He couldn't have seen me, because I was not there.他不可能见过我,因为当时我不在那儿。 because 和 for 的区别。1. for 是并列连词,只用于连接表示原因的分句,因此不能用于句首。 because 表示原因时, 可位于句首。【误】 For he did not obey the rules, he was punished.【正】 Because he did not obey the rules, he was punished.由于他不遵守规章制度,他受到了处。2. for 表示的是推断解释, b

30、ecause 强调动作发生的直接原因。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨晚肯定下雨了,因为地面是湿的。 (不可用 because ,因为地面湿不是天下雨的原因 The day breaks, for the birds are singing.天亮了,因为鸟在叫。 (不可用 because ,因为鸟叫不是天亮的原因He went to bed early, because he was tired由于他累了,所以他很早就上了床。 (直接的理由He must be tired, for he went to bed ea

31、rly.他肯定累了,因为他很早就上了床。 (间接的推断3.在强调结构 It is/was that 和关联词 not but 引导的原因状语从句中,宜用 because 。 It's because he helped you that I'm prepared to help him.正是因为他帮助过你,所以我乐意去帮助他。He decided to give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not wantto but because his wife was ill.他决定放弃出国的机会,不是因为他不想去

32、,而是因为他妻子病了。B . s incesince 因为,既然。引导的从句大多置于句首,主从句的时态一般相同。Since you have no license, you are not allowed to drive.因为你没有驾驶执照,所以不允许你开车。Since you are al here, let's try and reach a decision.既然大家都来了,咱们就设法做出一个决定吧。C . asas 由于。一般多用于句首。As she was ill, she didn't come to the party.由于病了,她没来参加晚会。As he wa

33、s not well enough, I had to go without him.由于他身体欠佳,我只好不带他去了。As it rained, we all stayed at home.由于下雨我们都呆在家里。C .1. because 语气最强,表达的是未知的新信息,一般置于主句之后,也可以放在主句之前, 用逗号隔开。 在回答 why 引导的特殊疑问句时, 或在强调结构 It is/was hat 和关联词 not but 引导的原因状语从句中,要用 because 。另外, because 还常和副词 just, merely等连用。 2. since 往往表示的是已知的客观事实,或

34、分析后的推理,引导的从句大多置于句首,主从 句的时态一般相同。3. as 表示的理由最弱,只是对主句的附带说明,重点在主句。 as 从句通常放在主句前。 Just because he doesn't complain, you must not suppose that he is satisfied.你不可只因他不抱怨就以为他满足了。You shouldn't get angry only because some people speak ill of you.你不该仅仅因为有些人说了你的坏话就生气。Since you're not interested, I w

35、on't tell you about it.既然你不感兴趣,那我就不告诉你了。As you are unable to answer perhaps we should ask someone else.因为你不能回答,也许我们该问一问别的人。注意:because 等词不能与 so 连用。【误】 Because he was careless, so he failed in the exam.【正】 Because he was careless, he failed in the exam.由于他粗心,所以他考试不及格。【正】 He was careless, so he fai

36、led in the exam.由于他粗心,所以他考试不及格。E . now thatnow that 既然,因为。 that 可以省略。Now (that dinner is ready, go and wash your hands.既然饭已好了,洗手去吧。Now you mention it again, I do remember.既然你又提起此事,我倒回想起来了。F . considering that, seeing that这两个词和 since, now that意思相近,都有鉴于 事实,考虑到 的意思。Seeing that quite a few people were a

37、bsent, we decided to put the meeting off.由于好些人都没到会,我们决定延期开会。 (seeing 后面的 that 可以省略 Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite good job.考虑到他们才刚刚学做,他们干得算很不错的了。G . not that but that这一结构相当于汉语的不是因为 而是因为。Not that I don't like the film, but that I have no time for it.不是因我不喜欢看这部电影,而是

38、因为我没有时间看。状语从句(二四、目的状语从句目的状语从句是表示行为目的的从句。引导目的状语从句的主要连词有 that, so , so that, so that, in order that等,从句中常常使用一些情态动词,如 can, could, may, might, should等。 A . that, so that, in order that表示为了,以便,一般放在主句之后。 that 语气较弱,用的较少, 多用 so that。 Let's take the front seats that we may se more clearly.我们坐前排吧,这样我们可以看得

39、更清楚些。Man does not live that he may eat, but eats that he may live.人生存不是为了吃饭,而吃饭是为了生存。They hurried so that they might not miss the train.他们为了不误火车,才急急忙忙的。In order that everyone present might hear her clearly, she raised her voice again.为了使在场的每个人都能听清楚,她再次提高了声音。注意:当主从句的主语一致时, so that和 in order that引导的目的

40、状语从句可以转换成相对应 的动词不定式结构。We got up early so that we would arrive in time.为了能及时赶到,我们起得很早。They hurried so that they might not miss the train. They hurried so as not to miss the train.他们为了不误火车,才急急忙忙的。Betty saved money in order that she could buy a portable computer. Betty saved money in order to buy a por

41、table computer.贝蒂存钱是为了买一台手提电脑。B . in case, lest, for fear that几个短语都表示万一,惟恐,含有否定的意义。Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。Take an umbrella in case it rains.以防下雨,带把伞。五、结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句。引导结果状语从句的连词有:that, so (that, so that, such that 等。结果状语从句通常置于主句之后。A . so, that, so

42、that这三个词都可以引导结果状语从句。 so that最为常用, so 或 that 常用于口语或非正式文体中。 What has happened tha you look so worried发生了什幺事,使你显得如此担心?I didn't plan the work well, so that/so I didn't finish it in time.我没把工作计划好,结果没按时完成。 (so that从句常用逗号与主句隔开The room was packed with people, so that we couldn't get in.房间里挤满了人,我

43、们进不去。C . s o.that so.that 如此 以致 。其引导的果状语从句有如下四种结构 :1. so + 形容词副词 + that-从句The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.这村子太小,所以这地图上没有。The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.风刮得那么大,我们简直寸步难行。2. so + 形容词 + a/an + 单数名词 + that-从句 It was so hot a day that tey all went swimm

44、ing. 天是那么的热以致他们都去游泳了。He made so inspiring a speech that everybody got excited.他发表了如此鼓舞人的演讲以致大家都很激动。3. so + many few +复数名词 + that-从句 I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over. 我摔了许多跤,以至于浑身青一块,紫一块。He has so few friend that he often feels lonely.他朋友很少,所以经常感到孤独。4. so + much/little +不可数名

45、词 + that-从句I had so little money then that I couldn't even afford a used car.我当时囊中羞涩,甚至连一辆二手车都买不起。He drank so much wine last night that he felt terrible.昨晚他喝了那么多的酒,他觉得很不舒服。5. 在 so + 形容词副词 + that-从句结构中,如将 so + 形容词副词位于句首,主谓语要倒装。 So excited was he that she could not say a word.他很激动,一句话都说不出来。So loud

46、ly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him.他说得很响,连隔壁的人都能听见。D . such. that such.that 如此 以致 。其引导的结果语从句有如下四种结构:1. such + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that-从句Jenny is such a clever girl that all of us like her very much.詹妮是如此聪明的女孩,以至我们都非常喜欢她。We left in such a hurry that we forgot to l

47、ock the door.我们走得匆忙,把门都忘了锁了。2. such + 形容词 +复数名词 + that-从句He gave such important reasons that he was excused.他说出了这么重要的理由,得到大家的谅解。They are such interesting novels that all of us want to read them.这些是十分有意思的小说,大家都想看。3. such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that-从句He made such rapid progress that the teacher praised him.

48、他的进步很快,老师表扬了他。H shut the window with such force that the glass broke.他关窗子用了那么大的劲,玻璃都碎了。提示:such+a/an+形容词 +单数名词结构可以和 so +形容词 +a/an+单数名词结构互换。 He told us such a funny story that we all laughed. He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.他给我们讲了一个如此有趣的故事,大家都笑。The story he told us was so funny that we

49、 all laughed.他给我们讲的故事是如此有趣,大家都笑了。E . such thatsuch that可以连用,意思是(是这样 . 以致。Mother's answer was such that she didn't say yes and she didn't say no.妈妈的回答就是这样,既没有同意也没有不同意。His anger was such that he lost control of himself.他勃大怒,以致不能自制。比较:such .that . 引导的是结果状语从句。such .as .引导的是定语从句(请参考第 10章定语从句

50、。She had such a fright that she fainted.她吓得昏了过去。Luckily such earthquakes as can cause a lot of damage do no happen very often.很幸运,这种破坏性很大的地震并不经常发生。 (关系代词 as 在定语从句中作主语六、条件状语从句。条件状语从句是表示主句动作发生的前提或条件的从句。条件状语从句分为真实条件状 语从句和非真实条件状语从句 (见第 3章 。 引导条件状语从句的有 if, unless, so as long as, as so far as, on conditio

51、n that, in case, suppose, supposing等。条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般要用现 在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。A . if if表示正面条件,意为如果。If you ask him, he will help you.如果你向他请求,他会帮助你。Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.如果我们不怕困难,困难就算不了什么了。If I do not understand what he says, I always ask him.我不懂他的话时 , 总是去问他。 (if = when比较:

52、if only和 only if的对比。if only 解释但愿,要是 就好了,表示一个不可能实现愿望,要用虚拟语气。 only if 解释只有,等于 only on condition that,从句用陈述语气。Only if you heat ice, it turns to water.只有当你给冰加热,它才会变成水。If only I knew!要是我知道该多好。B . unlessunless = if not, 表示反面条件,意思是如果不、除非。They will go tomorrow unless it rains.除非明天下雨,否则他们会去的。(They will go to

53、morrow if it doesn't rain.I won't let you in unless you show me your pass.如果你不出示通行证,我就不让你进来。(= I won't let you in if you don't show me your pass. if.not 和 unless 通常是可以换用的。但在下列情况下,两者是有区别的:1. unless 多引导真实条件句, if not 可以引导真实条件句或非真实条件句。He won't be able to pass the final exams unless h

54、e works hard.除非他努力,否则就通过不了期末考试。He won't be able to pass the final exams if he doesn't work hard.如果他不努力,就通过不了期末考试。He would pass the final exams if he worked hard.要是他努力的话,他就会通过考试。 (非真实条件句。含义是 He doesn't work hard.2.如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容, if not 结构不能换成 unless 。如: I'll be quite glad if sh

55、e doesn't come this evening.她今晚如果不来我很高兴。3. unless 引导的状语从句可用否定结构,而 if not 引导的从句不可再用否定结构。 Don't ask me to explain again unless you really don't understand.不要再叫我解释了,除非你真的不懂。4. unless 能作为介词使用,相当于 except ,而 if not 不可以。Nothing will come out of it unless disaster.这种事除非引起灾祸之外不会有什么结果。C . so long

56、as, as long as, on condition that这几个短语意思差不多,都表示只要,条件是 。As/So long as we don't lose heart, we'll find a way to overcome the difficulty.只要我们灰心,我们就能找到克服困难的方法。You may use the room on condition that so long as you clean it afterwards.只要你用完后打扫干净,你就可以使用这个房间。D . in casein case 既引导目的状语从句,也可以引导条件状语从句,等于 if it happens that。In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.如果我忘了,请提醒我所做的承诺。Send s a message in case you have any difficulty.万一你有什么困难,请给我们