简明新编英语语言学教程教案

1、3、在学习过程中，注意联系、对比，将所学语言学理论与英语外语学习实际 相结合。4、注意提高运用理论解决实际问题的能力。5、培养学生学术论文写作的能力，建构写作的理论基础及理论依据。三、教学内容及要求：1.1为什么学习语言？1.2什么是语言？1.3语言的本质特征1. 3. 1 任意性 arbitrariness1.3.2 二重性 duality1. 3. 3 创造性 productivity or creativity1. 3. 4 移位性 displacement1.4语言的起源1.5语言的功能1. . 1 信息功能 informative1.5.2人际功能1. . 3施为功能1. . 4感情

2、功能emotive1.5.5交感性谈话1. 5. 6娱乐性功能1. 5. 7元语言功能1.6什么是语言学？1.7语言学的主要分支1. 7. 1 语音学 phonetics......7. 2 音系学 phonlogy7. 3 形态学 mprphology7. 4句法学syntax7. 5 语义学 semantics7. 6 语用学 pragmatics8宏观语言学8. 1心理语言学8. 2社会语言学8. 3人类语言学8. 4计算语言学9语言学中的一些重要区别9. 1 "描写式” 和 "规定式

3、” descriptive and prescriptive9. 2 "共时”和"历时” synchronic and diachronic9. 3 "语言”和"言语” langue and parol9. 4语言能力和语言应用competence and performance9.5 “非位的”与“位学的”1言语产生和言语感知2言语器官3音段、分化和标音法2. 3. 1音段和分化3. 2标音法4辅音4. 1辅音和元音4. 2辅音4. 3发音方法2.4.4发音部位2. 4. 5英语中的辅音2. 5元音2.5.1元音描写的原则2.5.2基本元音理论2. 5

4、. 3元音音渡2. 5.4标准发音中的元音2. 6协同发音和语音描写2. 6. 1协同发音2. 6. 2宽式标音和严式标音2. 7音位分析2. 8音位和音位变体2. 8. 1最小对立体2. 8. 2音位理论2. 8. 3音位变体2. 9音位过程2. 9. 1同化2. 9. 2音系过程和音系规则2. 9. 3规则顺序2. 10区别性特征2. 11音节2. 11. 1音节结构2. 11.2响音阶2.11.3音节划分和最大节首原则2. 12重音3.1什么是词？3.1.1 '词”的三种含义3.1.2词的识别3.1.3词的分类3.2词的形成3. 2. 1语素和形态学3. 2. 2语素的类型3.

5、2.3曲折变化和词的形成3. 2.4音系学和形态学的对立3. 3词汇变化3. 3. 1特有的词汇变化3. 3. 2音位变化3. 3. 3形态-句法变化3. 3. 4语义变化3. 3.5拼写的变化4. 1传统学派4. 1. 1数、性、格4. 1.2时和体4.1.3 一致关系和支配关系4. 2结构主义学派4. 2.1组合关系与聚合关系4.2.2直接成分分析法4.2.3向心结构和离心结4. 3生成学派4. 3.1深层结构和表层结构4. 3.2标准理论及其后的发展4. 3.3管辖、约束4.4功能学派4.4. 1功能句子观4.4.2系统功能语法5.1 "意义”的意义5. 2指称论5. 3涵义关

6、系5. 3. 1同义关系5. 3. 2反义关系5. 3. 3上下义关系5.4成分分析5. 5句子意义5. 5. 1 个整体理论5. 5. 2逻辑语义学6. 1 言语行为理论(Speech act theory) 6. 1. 1 施为句(performatives)和表述句(constatives)6. 1. 2 行事行为(illocutionary act)理论6. 2 会话含义(conversational implicature)理论6. 2. 1合作原则6.2.2准则的违背6. 2. 3含义的特征6.3后格莱斯时期的发展6. 3. 1 关联理论(relevance theory)6. 3

7、. 2 数量原则(Q-Principle)和关系原则(R-Principle)6. 3. 3数量原则(Q-principle)、信息原则(I-principle)和方式原则(M-principle)四、学时分配与教学方式：总学时：36学时Chapter One： Introduction （6 学H寸）Chapter Two： Phonology （6 学时）Chapter Three: Morphology （6 学时）Chapter Four： Syntax （6 学时）Chapter Five： Semantics （6 学时）Chapter Six： Pragmatics （6 学H寸

8、）五、考核方式考查六、本课程与其他课程的关系：英语语言学是专业学生高年级的知识课。涉及语言的一般特征研究、语言的内 部研究以及外部使用环境研究。该课程与英美文学、教学法、语音学、语法学、词汇学、测 试学、语用学、论文写作等课程具有紧密的联系。语言学课程可以为其他相关课程提供理论依 据，教学内容可以做到相互渗透、相互交流。七、教材戴炜栋，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社，2002年。1、布龙菲尔德美,1985，语言论M.北京：商务印书馆2、费尔迪南?德？索绪尔瑞士, 1985,普通语言学教程M.商务印书馆3、胡壮麟，2001,语言学教程，北京大学出版社。4. Widdowson, H.

9、 G,2000. Linguistics M.上海外语教育出版社 5. Lyones, John, 1981. Language and Linguistics： an Introduction M, CUP.6 Crystal, David, 1986 What is Linguistics M London: EdwardArnold Ltd7. Atkinson, Martin, David Kilby &Iggy Roca 1982 Foundations ofGeneral Linguistics London:George Allen & Unwin.8 Ball,

10、 M & J. Rahilly. 1999 Phonetics: The Science of SpeechLondon: Edward Arnoldnd9 Roach, Peter 1991. English Phonetics and Phonology. 2 ed Cambridge University Press 10 Adams, V. 1973. An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation. London: Longman.11. Bauer L 1983 English Word-Formation. Cambrid

11、ge: Cambridge University Pressndl2 Beard, R 1993 Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology: A GeneralTheory of Inflection and Word edition)Formation. Albany: State University of New York Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1991; Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and ResearchPress, 2000. 13. Matthews P. H.

12、1991. Morphology: An Introductionto the Theory of Word Structure 214. Bloomfield, L(1935 1933) Language London: George Allen & Unwin.15- Chomsky, N(1937) Syntactic Struct6ures The Hague: Mouton.16. Atkinson, M,Kilby, D & Roca, I. (1988) Semantics InFoundations of General Linguistics,ndl88223

13、 2 edn London: Unwin Hyman. ndl7 Carroll, DV.1994/1999 Psychology of Language (2 edition) Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.18. Fasold, Ralph 1999 1990 The Sociolinguistics of Language Oxford: Blackwel119. Fishman, Joshua 1968 Readings in the Sociology of Language The Hague: Mouton.nd20. Austi

14、n, J. L. (1975 1962) How to Do Things with words. 2 ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press 21. Grice, H P(1975) Logic and Conversation. In Cole, P & Morgan, J. L(eds)Syntax andSemantics 3: Speech acts, 4158. New York: Academic Press22.刘润清，1993,西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。23.Fromkin, V & R Rodman, (1998), An Int

15、roduction to Language the sixth edition, Orlando, Florida: Holt, Ranehart & Winston, IncThe Goals for this CourseTo get a scientific view on language;To understand some basic theories on linguistics;To understand the applications of the linguistic theories, especially in the fields of language t

16、eaching& learning (SLA or TEFL), cross-cultural communication; Toprepare for the future research workThe Requirements for this courseClass attendanceClassroom discussionTo look up and memorize academic termsFulfillment of the presentationChapter 1 Introduction1 What is language?Language can mean

17、1) . what a person says (e.g bad language, expressions)2) . the way of speaking or writing (e.g Shakespeare?s language, Luxun?s language) 3). a particular variety or level of speech or writing (e. g language for special purpose, colloquial language)4) . the abstract system underlying the totality of

18、 the speech/writing behavior of a community (e. gChinese language, first language)5) . the common features of all human languages (e.g He studies language)6) . a tool for human communication. (social function)7) . a set of rules(rule一governed)Sapir* s definition (1921)uLanguage is a purely human and

19、 non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions anddesires by means of voluntarily produced symbols" Hall * s definition (1968)Language is "the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means ofhabitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols"Choms

20、ky1 s definition (1957)"From now on I will consider language to be a set of (finite or infinite) sentences, each finite in lengthand constructed out of a finite set of elements"Language can be generally defined asa system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1) . Languag

21、e is a systemSystematic rule-governed, elements in it are arranged accordingto certain rules; can' t be combined at wil1. e. g *bkli, *1 apple eat2) Language is arbitraryArbitrary no intrinsic connection between the word and the thingit denotes, e. g “pen" by anyother name is the thing we u

22、se to write with3) . Language is symbolic in natureSymbolic words are associated with objects, actions ideas byconvention. "A rose by any othername would smell as sweetnShakespeare4) Language is primarily vocalVocal the primary medium is sound for all languages; writingsystem came much later th

23、an spokenform.3) . Language is human-specificHuman-specific different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e. g birdsongs, bee dance, animal cries.许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学，至少不够严谨.他对语言的定 义做了如下概括:语言是一种符号系统，肖它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候，它是表达相 互反应的中介；当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候，它是认知事物的丄具；当它作用于文化的时 候,它是文化的载

24、体.2 The design/defining features of human language (Charles Hockett) ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCultural transmissionArbitrarinessNo logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between soundsand meaningsOnomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motiva

25、ted ( English： rumble,crackle, bang, .Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang )Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e g type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner,photocopy*Productivity/creativityPeculiar to human languages, users of language can understandand produce sentences they havenever hea

26、rd before, e. g we can understand sentence like “ A redeyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed" , though it does not describe a common happening in the worldA gibbon call system is not productive for gibbon draw all their calls from a fixed repertoire which israpidly exhausted, making any nov

27、elty impossibleThe bee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is used to communicate about food sources inany direction. But food sources are the only kind of messages thatcan be sent through the bee dance;bees do not "talk” about themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people, a

28、nimals, hopes ordesiresDuality (doub1e articulation)Lower levelsounds (meaningless)Higher levelmeaning (larger units of meaning)A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greaternumber of messages can be sent A small number of sounds can be grouped

29、 and regrouped into a largenumber of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into aninfinite number of sentences(we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary ofsentences of that languageDisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things

30、, which are not present: real or imagined matters in thepast, present or future, or in far-away placesA gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last yearThere is something special about the bee dance though Bees communicate with other bees about thefood sources they have found when they ar

31、e no longer in the presence of the food In this sense, thebee dance has a component of displacement But this component is very insignificant For the beesmust communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive.They do not dance about thefood they discovered last month nor do they specula

32、te about future discoveriesCultural transmissionLanguage is culturally transmitted (through teaching and learning; rather than by instinct)Animal call systems are genetically transmitted All cats, gibbons and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats, gibbons and bees.A

33、 Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligible This shows that language is culturally transmitted That is, it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning,rather than by instinctThe story of a wolf child, a pig child shows that a human being brought up i

34、n isolation simply does not acquire human language3. Functions of languagePhatic: establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact Directive: get the hearer to do somethingInformative: give information about facts Interrogative: get information from others Expressive: express feelings and at

35、titudes of the speaker Evocative: create certain feelings in the hearer (amuse, startle, soothe, worry or please) Performative: language is used to do things, to perform actions4 What is linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of languageA person who studies linguistics is known as a linguis

36、t5 The scope or major branches of linguisticsTheoretical linguistics1) Phoneticsspeech sound (description, classification,transcription): articulatory phonetics,acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics2) . Phonologysound patterns of languages3) . Morphologythe form of words4) . Syntaxthe rules governi

37、ng the combination of words intosentence5) . Semanticsthe meaning of language6) . Pragmaticswhen the meaning of language is conducted in thecontext of language useUse of linguistics1) . Applied linguisticslinguistics and language teaching2) . Sociolinguistics social factors (e.g class, education)aff

38、ect language use3) . Psycholinguisticslinguistic behavior and psychologicalprocess4) . Stylisticslinguistic and literature5) Some other applications like Anthropological linguistics,Neurolinguistics, Computationallinguistics (e.g machine translation)6. Some important distinctions in linguistics1) De

39、scriptive vs prescriptiveDescriptive describe/analyze linguistic facts observed orlanguage people actually use (modernlinguistic)Prescriptivelay down rules for ucorrect n linguistic behaviorin using language (traditionalgrammar)2) Synchronic vs diachronicSynchronic study description of a language at

40、 some point of time(modern linguistics)Diachronic study description of a language through time(historical development of language overa period of time) 3) Speech vs writingSpeech primary medium of languageWriting later developed4) Langue vs parole (F de Saussure)Langue the abstract linguistic system

41、 shared by all members ofthe speech communityParole the realization of langue in actual useSaussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions5) Competence and performance (Chomsky)Competence the ideal user* s knowledge of the rules of hislanguag

42、ePerformance the actual realization of this knowledge inlinguistic communicationChomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individua1.6) Traditional grammar vs modern linguisticsTraditional grammar prescriptive, written, Latin

43、-based frameworkModern linguistics descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latinbased frameworkChapter 2 Phonology1. Language is primarily voca1.The primary medium of human language is sound Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech soundssounds that conveymeaning in human communication

44、.2 PhoneticsA branch of linguistics which studies the phonic medium oflanguage; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world* s languages2 1 Three branches of phonetics2 1. 1 Articulatory phoneticsfrom the speakers * point of view,"how speakers produce speechsounds "2 12 Aud

45、itory phoneticsfrom the hearers* point of view, "howsounds are perceived”2. 1 3 Acoustic phoneticsfrom the physical way or means by whichsounds are transmitted fromone to anotherArticulatory phoneticsSpeech organs: three important areas: pharyngeal cavitythethroat （咽腔）；oral cavitythemouth（口腔）；n

46、asal cavity the nose （鼻腔）The speech organs:Lips, Teeth, Teeth ridge (alveolar), Hard palate,Soft palate (velum), Uvula, Tip oftongue, Blade of tongue, Back of tongue, Vocal cords, Pharyngealcavity, Nasal cavityOrthographic representation of speech sounds A standardized and internationally accepted s

47、ystem of phonetictranscription is the InternationalPhonetic Alphabet (IPA) The basic principle of theIPA is using oneletter to represent one speechsound,Broad transcriptionused in dictionaryand textbook forgeneral purpose, without diacritics, e. g clear 1 ,pit ,Narrow transcription used by phonetici

48、an forcareful study,with diacritics, e. g dark L 1 ,aspirated p _Some major articulatory variables dimensions on which speechsounds may vary:,Voicing voiced & voiceless,Nasalitynasal & non-nasal,Aspirationaspirated & unaspiratedClassification of English speech sounds English speech sound

49、s are generally classified into two largecategories: Vowels and Consonants(Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that inthe production of the former theairstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that ofthe latter it is somehow

50、 obstructed)Classification of consonants English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions:The manner of articulation andThe place of articulationClassification of vowelsEnglish vowels can be divided into two large categories:Monophthongs or pure/single vowels单元音 and Diphthongs or gli

51、ding vowels 双元音Exercises： underline the words that begin with a sound as required1. A bilabial consonant: mad sad bad cad pad had lad2. A velar consonant: nod god cod pod rod3. Labiodental consonant: rat fat sat mat chat vat pat4. An alveolar consonant: nick lick sick tick kick quick5. A palato-alve

52、olar consonant: sip ship tip chip lip zip6. A dental consonant: lie buy thigh thy tie rye7. A glide: one war yolk rush,A fricative Underline the words that end with a sound as required： pay horse tough rice breath push sing wreathe hang cave message,A nasaltrain bang leaf limb,A stopdrill pipe fit c

53、rab fog ride laugh rack throughtip,An affricate: rack such ridge boozeUnderline the words that contain the sound as required:,A central vowel:mad lot but boot word,A front vowel:reed pad load fate bit bed cook , A rounded vowel:who he bus her hittrue boss bar walk , A back vowel:paid reap fool top g

54、ood fatherPhonology,Phonology studiesthe patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds formsystems and patterns in human languagesPhonetics & phonology,Both are concerned with the same aspect of languagethe speech sounds But they differ in theirapproach and focus,Phonetic

55、s is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; itaims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phoneticfeatures they have, how they can be classified, etc.,Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a

56、language form patterns and how these soundsare used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Complementary distributionallophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They do not distinguish meaning They occur in different phonetic contexts, e. g dark LL & clear L1Z,aspirated p_ & unaspirated pMinimal pairwhen two different forms are identical (the same) in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in th