高考英语阅读训练掌握主旨大意(好课件)

1、 阅读理解能力提高技巧（二）阅读理解能力提高技巧（二） 秦琦辉Improving your reading ability（2）Qinqihui I.考查主旨大意题常见的题干 命题者大多就段落命题者大多就段落/短文的主题（短文的主题（theme/topic）、主）、主题思想（题思想（main idea）、标题（）、标题（title）等进行拟题。）等进行拟题。例如：例如： 1.The subject/topic of the paragrap（ passage/article）is . 2.The paragraph（textpassage）deals with . 3.What topic i

2、s treated in this text ( passage）？）？ 4.The main idea of the paragraph（passage）is . 5.From the paragraph（text）we know that . 6.The paragraph（passage）could be entitled . 7.Which of the following is the best title for the paragraph（text )？8.The best title for this text ( passage) could be .9.The paragr

3、aph（textpassage）is mainly about .10.Which of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph？11.What topic is the paragrap（text) discussed？12.The purpose of the paragraph（passage）is .13. What does the passage/author mainly discuss?14. Which of the following best expresses the main i

4、dea of the passage?这类题目要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）这类题目要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意(main idea)(main idea)，选择标题（，选择标题（titletitle），判断作者的），判断作者的写作目的（写作目的（purposepurpose）等，主旨大意题经常是）等，主旨大意题经常是用记叙文、议论文用记叙文、议论文 。要作好主旨大意题首先要。要作好主旨大意题首先要能迅速找到文章的主题句。记叙文和议论文的能迅速找到文章的主题句。记叙文和议论文的主题句常出现在文章的开头，但有时也出

5、现在主题句常出现在文章的开头，但有时也出现在结尾，甚至出现在段中。要准确找到主题句更结尾，甚至出现在段中。要准确找到主题句更重要的是从全文去把握。重要的是从全文去把握。II.II.如何做主旨大意题如何做主旨大意题 做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个

6、主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 主旨大意题主旨大意题考查对一个段落或一篇文章的考查对一个段落或一篇文章的主题思想的理解。一个段落或一篇文章通常是主题思想的理解。一个段落或一篇文章通常是围绕一个主题展开的。围绕一个主题展开的。 理解一个段落的主题思想首先要学会寻找理解一个段落的主题思想首先要学会寻找主题句。一般说来，在英语篇章中，主题句。一般说来，在英语篇章中，主题句在主题句在段落中的位置是有规

7、律可循的段落中的位置是有规律可循的。 III.突破方法突破方法在阅读中，尽量运用有关信息词确定主题句的位置，在阅读中，尽量运用有关信息词确定主题句的位置，如：在如：在for example, first, second,to begin with等之前等之前的句子或在的句子或在all in all, above all，in a word，in short , sum up, therefore,thus,clearly等之后的句子中寻找并等之后的句子中寻找并确定。确定。2. 3. 对于主题隐含的段落，要先弄清句子的意思，对于主题隐含的段落，要先弄清句子的意思，然后快速通读文章，逐项排除，最终

8、确定答然后快速通读文章，逐项排除，最终确定答案。案。 如何寻找主题句如何寻找主题句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would en

9、joy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在议论文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这证性细节。在议论文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。种格式。 开门见山开门见山 提出主题, 随之用细节来

10、解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式. Nowadays the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dange

11、rous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.分清分清main idea 和和supporting sentences Sample 3 Insects come in many sizesSome are big and some are smallThe smallest ones are so smal1 that it takes one hundred of them to form one inchThe biggest insects are not big，but

12、they are one thousand times as big as the smallestThey are about ten inches in length！ 第一句即为主题句，概述本段的主题思想第一句即为主题句，概述本段的主题思想“”。接着，在主题句后面的句子里，作者为阐述。接着，在主题句后面的句子里，作者为阐述这个主题，指出昆虫有大有小，并对最小的昆虫和最大这个主题，指出昆虫有大有小，并对最小的昆虫和最大的昆虫分别加以陈述。的昆虫分别加以陈述。 Sample 4 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments

13、 show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether

14、you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.主题句在句首的文章结构是先点出主题，然后围主题句在句首的文章结构是先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题进行分析用演绎法阐述观点，呈现出一绕这一主题进行分析用演绎法阐述观点，呈现出一个正三角形的模式。据统计英语议论文和说明文大个正三角形的模式。据统计英语议论文和说明文大约有约有80%是这样写的。是这样写的。Sample 5 Some s

15、tudents prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2 2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据依据, ,

16、 层层推理论证层层推理论证, , 最后自然得出结论最后自然得出结论, , 即段落即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现, ,它它是此段内容的结论。是此段内容的结论。 先陈述细节先陈述细节, ,后归纳要点后归纳要点, , 印象印象, , 结论结论, ,建议或结果建议或结果, , 以概括主题以概括主题. . 这是最常见的归纳法写作方式这是最常见的归纳法写作方式 。 A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it

17、 is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creat

18、ure can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore， man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. Sample 6Sample7. One of the most important

19、uses of gold is for moneyGold can be used to make rings，earrings，and other things，Gold is also used to make a gold leaf, a very flat ribbon of gold that is often used on picture framesCups and dishes can also be made from gold. Gold has many uses. 本段共有五句。前四句主要列举了金子的一本段共有五句。前四句主要列举了金子的一些用途。根据上述细节，段落的

20、最后一句给出结些用途。根据上述细节，段落的最后一句给出结论，即金子有多种用途。这种论，即金子有多种用途。这种带结论性的句子应带结论性的句子应视为主题句视为主题句。 Often no one looks more guilty than t he innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness

21、. 这种以先陈述细节这种以先陈述细节,后归纳要点后归纳要点, 印象印象, 结论结论,建议或结果建议或结果, 以概括主题以概括主题. 这是最常见的归纳这是最常见的归纳法写作方式法写作方式 。这种写作模式呈倒三角形。这种写作模式呈倒三角形。 Sample 9 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight

22、 brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（3 3）在短文中间）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时当主题句被安排在段中间时, , 通常前面只提出问题，通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导

23、出导出, , 而后又作进一步的解释而后又作进一步的解释, , 支撑或发展支撑或发展. . People who live in countries with many doctors and modern hospitals are worlds healthiest people - right？Not necessarily. Some groups of people who have no doctors or hospitals at all are among the worlds healthiest. For example，people who live on small,

24、faraway islands get very few diseases because there are no outsiders to bring in germs or new illness. Sample 10本段的三个层次比较明显。 第一句以设问的方式提出该文段要讨论的主题：生活在有许多医生和现代化医院的国家中的人是世界上最健康的人吗？此句起到了引出主题的作用。 第三句对前面的提问做出笼统的回答：许多生活在没有大夫和医院环境中的人也是世界上最健康的人。此句起到了陈述主题思想的作用，应枧为主题句。 段落的最后则举例对主题做进一步的解释。 If you were planning

25、to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much

26、better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. (诱售诱售法法 )Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the

27、sale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buyer BewareB. Closeout(出清存货出清存货) Sale C. Crime Pays D. Buying a TV Set 4.主题句在段首和段尾主题句在段首和段尾 Good manners are important in all countries，but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks；Japanese

28、 eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet；Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women；Japanese men do not. On the surface，it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan，and in a way this is true. But in any country，the manners that are important are thos

29、e involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country. 本段主要说明本段主要说明“礼貌在所有国家都很重礼貌在所有国家都很重要，然而各国表达礼貌的方式却不同要，然而各国表达礼貌的方式却不同”。文

30、段的文段的第一句明确陈述了这一看法第一句明确陈述了这一看法。在段。在段尾作者再一次强调了这一看法。尾作者再一次强调了这一看法。 首尾呼应首尾呼应 为突出主题为突出主题, 作者先提出主题作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次结尾时再次点出主题点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。5主题句暗含在段落中主题句暗含在段落中 An ant can pick up an object more than fifty time

31、s its own weight. A bee can pull a load more than one hundred and fifty times its weight. If we were as strong in proportion to our size，we could pull a five-ton truck？If we had the jumping ability of a grasshopper，we could leap a third the length of a football field！ 此段文章无主题句。所陈述的都是细节。一只蚂蚁可搬此段文章无主题

32、句。所陈述的都是细节。一只蚂蚁可搬起比自身重量重起比自身重量重5050倍的东西。一只蜜蜂可拉动比自身重倍的东西。一只蜜蜂可拉动比自身重量重量重150150倍的重物。如果我们的力气与身材成比例的话，倍的重物。如果我们的力气与身材成比例的话，我们可能拉动我们可能拉动5 5吨的卡车。如果我们具有蚱蜢的弹跳力，吨的卡车。如果我们具有蚱蜢的弹跳力，我们可能跃过三分之一的足球场。根据以上事实，我们即我们可能跃过三分之一的足球场。根据以上事实，我们即可概括出本段落的主题思想是可概括出本段落的主题思想是: : 动物的力量动物的力量”。 6无主题句 即主题句隐含在全文中即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句没

33、有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of B

34、erlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: What is the main idea of the passage? A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student. C.

35、Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education. 【解题思路】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 4 Tom studied four year

36、s at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The mai

37、n idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom r

38、eceived an excellent education.detaildetaildetailtypeThe position of the topic At the beginning At the end In the middle At the beginning and end No clear topic sentenceTypes Of Paragraph Structures（NMET 2002） 1.Underground systems are already in placeMany cities have underground car parksIn some ci

39、ties，such as Tokyo，Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas，The “Chunnel”，a tunnel（隧（隧道）道）connecting England and France；is now completed 第一句为主题句第一句为主题句. 本段中的其他句子都是用来本段中的其他句子都是用来说明说明“地下设施地下设施”是以何种形式在地球上是以何种形式在地球上“已经已经存在存在”的具体实例。的具体实例。3. Joe is happy about being on a bowling team

40、 that bowls once a week. He also enjoys playing basketball twice a month. During the summer，he tries to play baseball on weekends. Joe really does enjoy all sports activities. He goes swimming as often as he can. Whenever he cant participate directly，he loves to watch a football game or a golf or te

41、nnis match. 本段的本段的主题句为第四句主题句为第四句Joe really does enjoy all sports activities. 前三句引述了他喜欢的几种体育前三句引述了他喜欢的几种体育活动，主题句后面的两句对中心思想做了进一步活动，主题句后面的两句对中心思想做了进一步的解释和支撑。段落结构包括三个层次：引出主的解释和支撑。段落结构包括三个层次：引出主题题-呈现主题呈现主题-解释主题。解释主题。（NMET 1998）4. On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. E

42、veryone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller-skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly，he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlins grand entrance for a long time!此段落也无明确的主题句

43、。本段说此段落也无明确的主题句。本段说MerlinMerlin按计划拉着小按计划拉着小提琴，穿着自制的旱冰鞋，滑进化装舞会，令在场的人提琴，穿着自制的旱冰鞋，滑进化装舞会，令在场的人大吃一惊，由于停不住竟然将墙上的巨大镜子撞碎，则大吃一惊，由于停不住竟然将墙上的巨大镜子撞碎，则更使人久久不能忘怀。根据上文及本段的描述，可概括更使人久久不能忘怀。根据上文及本段的描述，可概括出本段的主题思想是出本段的主题思想是“MerlinMerlin的闪亮登场取得意料之外的闪亮登场取得意料之外的成功的成功”。 三三. 专项训练专项训练 阅读下面短文，从各题所给的四个选项（阅读下面短文，从各题所给的四个选项（A、

44、B、C和和D）中，选出最佳选项。）中，选出最佳选项。A Wouldnt it be terrible if we didnt have grass？We would have to walk on bare soil. Can you guess what our playgrounds would look like？On a rainy day, we would get all muddy. On a dry day we would breathe clouds of dust.The short text mainly deals with . A. why we need rain

45、 B. how grass is kept greenC. how grass helps usD. why we breathe dustCB The word Waterloo has become a synonym for defeat-total defeat and complete disaster. Waterloo, a town in Belgium, was the scene of a battle in 1851 that brought overwhelming defeat to Napoleon Bonapartes French Army. At stake

46、were the whole continent of Europe and Napoleons dream of an empire. In a few days, over forty thousand French soldiers died. With their deaths a new word for disaster was born - Waterloo.The subject of the text is . A. where Waterloo is B. who named Waterloo C. why Napoleon was defeated D. how Waterloo came to mean defeatDRats are still almost as big a danger to people as they were long ag