Unit2Grammar

1、Unit 2 GrammarnConcrete nouns & abstract nounsnQuantifiers & determiners (every, each, everyone, every one, all)nDangling participlesconcrete nouns & abstract nouns具体名词和抽象名词nConcrete nouns are words we use for people, places, or things that we can observe with at least one of our five senses. The ab

2、stract class is the opposite we can never experience these nouns according to our senses. nWhile this distinction is sometimes useful, the boundary between concrete and abstract is not always clear. Some nouns can be used as uncountable nouns when they refer to a thing in general and countable nouns

3、 when they refer to a particular instance of it, consider, for example, the noun art, which usually refers to a concept: Concrete nouns 具体名词n具体名词是指人可以看得见摸得到的实体，包括个体名词个体名词和物质名词物质名词。n个体名词个体名词单个人或事物的名词单个人或事物的名词 e.g. 大象elephant 朋友friend 计算机computer 出租车cab n物质名词物质名词无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词，无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词，通常是不可数名

4、词通常是不可数名词 e.g. 水water 风wind 玻璃glass 钢铁steel 燃料 dye 肥料fertilizerabstract nouns 抽象名词抽象名词是用来指人或事物的品质、情感、抽象名词是用来指人或事物的品质、情感、状态、动作等抽象概念的名词。状态、动作等抽象概念的名词。抽象名词一般不可数，因此没有复数形式，抽象名词一般不可数，因此没有复数形式，前面一般不加冠词前面一般不加冠词aan。e.g. 缺席absence 自信confidence经济economy 民主democracy 舒适comfort 设计design 怒气anger 死亡death 年龄age atte

5、ntionn有些物质名词和抽象名词在表达不同含义时也会用作可数名词。e.g. Two beers, please.It was a special milk which tasted of peanut.Doing a part-time job is really a great experience for all of us.Exercise I, p.32I. Complete the following sentences.n1. agony 2. agonies 3. experience n4. experiences5. youth 6. a youth n7. a great

6、 help 8. a good knowledge n9. a gray hair 10. work 2. Quantifiers and determinersn数量词用来修饰名词，说明其数量的词或短语。n限定词every, each, everyone, every one, allQuantifiers 数量词n1. 修饰可可数名词数名词的数量词：a number of, several, many, too many, few, a few等n2. 修饰不可不可数名词数名词的数量词：a large amount of, huge amounts of, a great deal of,

7、 much, too much, little, a little等n3. 修饰可可数名词和数名词和不可不可数名词均可数名词均可的数量词：some, any, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough等Exercises II-III, p.32-33II. n1 A 2.B 3. D 4.C n5. A 6. B 7. B 8 C III. Complete the reading n a lot of , a little, some, a few, A, some, some, a lot of , X nmany, x, a lot of2. 限定词de

8、terminersnEvery(adj.)既可指人，也可指物，用于修饰用于修饰可数名词单数，修饰对象为许多人或事物的可数名词单数，修饰对象为许多人或事物的“全体全体”，与all的意思相近，只起限定作用。e.g. Behind every successful man therere a lot of unsuccessful years.every man语义上相当于语义上相当于 all men Every person needs water and a diet of healthy foods.2. 限定词determinersnEach（adj./adv./pron.）表示“每一个”，

9、用于修饰或指代可数名词单数，修饰或指代对可数名词单数，修饰或指代对象为两个或两个以上的人或物象为两个或两个以上的人或物，强调个体强调个体。既可以起限定限定作用，也可起指代指代作用。e.g. Each application should be accompanied by a stamped addressed envelope.We each have different needs and interests.The children were given one apple each. 2. 限定词determinersneveryone用于三个或三个以上的人，把分散的个体集中为一个整体

10、看待，暗示“无一例外”，强调全体全体。只起指代只起指代作用。作用。e.g. He was most gracious to everyone, smiling and thanking them.2. 限定词determinersnevery one表达的是数量，用于三个或三个以上的人或事物，后边可跟可跟of表示范围。e.g. I bought a dozen eggs and every one of them was bad.2. 限定词determinersnAll表示“全部，所有的”，可指代或修饰不可数名词或可数名词复数，用于三个或三个以上的人或事物，强调全体。e.g. All the

11、 approaches to the palace were guarded by troops.Exercise IV, p.33-34IV. Complete the followingn1. all, every one, every 2. each n3. every 4. each n5. everyone 6. each n7. everyone, everyone, 8. eachThe burglar was about 30 years old, white, 510,with wavy hair weighing about 150 pounds.If properly i

12、nstalled, you shouldnt be able to open the door without first pressing the safety button. Dangling participles is a participle that is not grammatically linked to the word it is intended to modify. In “Driving down the street, the house came into view,” “driving” is a dangling participle. Though they are not rare in speech, dangling participles are avoided in formal writing because of the possibility of misunderstanding.3. Dangling participlesn悬垂分词分词单独作状语时，其逻辑主语与其所在句子的主语应保持一致。但有时分词的主语与其所在句子的主语并不一致，有这种现象的分词，称为悬垂分词。Exercise V, p.34V. Correct errors.n1. you must take care n2.