社会调查与研究方法复习资料

1、社会调查与研究方法复习资料 名词解释1. Systematic sampling(系统抽样):In systematic sampling, every kth element in the total list is chosen (systematically) for inclusion. (系统抽样是系统地选择完整名单中的每第k个要素组成样本.)2. Induction(归纳):Inductive reasoning , or induction, moves from the particular to the general, from a set of specific obse

2、rvations to the discovery of a pattern that represents some degree of order among all the given events.(归纳推理,或者说归纳,是从个别出发以达到一般性,从一系列特定的观察中,发现一种模式,在一定程度上代表所有给定事件的秩序.)3. The ecological fallacy(区位谬误):The ecological fallacy is the assumption that something learned about an ecological unit says something

3、 about the individuals making up that unit. (区位谬误是假定以区位为单位得到的结果也可以在区位个体中获得证实.)4. Dimension(维度):The technical term for such groupings is dimension: a specifiable aspect of a concept. (分类的技术术语就是维度:概念的具体方面或层面.)5. Macrotheory and microtheory(宏观理论和微观理论): macrotheory: A theory aimed at understanding the “

4、big picture” of institutions, whole societies, and the interactions among societies. Karl Marxs examination of the class struggle is an example of macrotheory.microtheory: A theory aimed at understanding social life at the intimate level of individuals and their interactions. Examining how the play

5、behaviour of girl differs form that of boys would be an example of microtheory.6. Deduction(演绎推理): This second mode of inquiry, known as deductive reasoning or deduction, moves from the general to the specific. It moves from (1) a pattern that might be logically or theoretically expected to (2)obser

6、vations that test whether the expected pattern actually occurs.(这是第二种研究方式,就是演绎推理,或者演绎.演绎推理是从一般到个别,从逻辑或理论上预期的模式到观察检验预期的模式是否确实存在.)7. Reductionism(简化论):Reductionism involves attempts to explain a particular phenomenon in terms of limited and / or lowerorder concepts. (简化论是用一组特别的,狭窄的概念来看待和解释所有事物.)8. Ord

7、inal measure(定序测量): Variable with attributes we can logically rank-order are ordinal measures. (根据变量的属性进行逻辑排列就是定序测量.)9. Close-ended questions(封闭式问题): Survey questions in which the respondent is asked to select and answer from among a list provided by the researcher. (*调查中，受访者被要求选择和回答经由研究者提供的清单问题.)10

8、. Nominal definition(名词性定义): A nominal definition is one that is simply assigned to a term without any claim that the definition represents a “real” entity. (*名词性定义是一个根本没有任何声称分配的定义是一个“真正的”实体的一个术语.)11. Indicator(指标): An indicator is a sign of the presence or absence of the concepts were studying. (指标

9、就是我们正在研究的概念是否存在的一个标记.)12. Ratio measures(定比测量): A level of measurement describing a variable with attributes that have all the qualities of nominal, ordinal, and interval measures and in addition are based on a “true zero” point. Age is an example of a ratio measure. 13. Interval measures(定距测量):A le

10、vel of measurement describing a variable whose attributes are rank-ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes. (*一个描述一个变量，其属性等级排序，并在相邻的属性相同的距离测量的水平.)14. Reliability(信度): In the abstract，reliability is a matter of whether a particular technique，applied repeatedly to the same object，

11、yields the same result each time. (信度是指使用相同研究技术重复测量同一个对象时得到相同研究结果的可能性。)15. Sampling frame（抽样框）：A sampling frame is the list or quasi list of elements from which a probability sample is selected. (抽样框是总体要素的列表或准列表.)16. Open-ended questions (开放式问题): Questions for which the respondent is asked to provid

12、e his or her own answer. (*对于被申请人被要求提供他或她自己的回答问题.)17. Paradigms(范式): The fundamental model or frame of reference we use to organize our observations and reasoning. (*最根本的模型或参照系，我们来组织我们的观察和推理.)18. Structural functionalism(结构功能主义): Structural functionalism is a broad perspective in sociology and anthr

13、opology which sets out to interpret society as a structure with interrelated parts. 简答1. Error in inquiry and some solution. Inaccurate Observations.(不确切的观察)-Simply making observation more deliberate helps reduce error. Overgeneralization.(过度概化)-Another safeguard is provided by the replication of in

14、quiry. Selective Observation.(选择性观察)- Illogical Reasoning.(非逻辑推理)-Using systems of logic consciously and explicitly2. Theory functions three ways in research. Helping to avoid flukes;Making sense of observed patterns, and shaping and directing in research efforts.3. What level of measurement-nominal

15、，ordinal，internal，or ratio-describes each of the following variables.a.Race (white, African American, Asian,and so on); b. Order of finish in a race (first, second, third, and so on); c. Number of children in families; d. Populations of nations; e. Attitudes towards nuclear energy (strongly approve,

16、 approve, disapprove, strongly disapprove); f. Region of birth (Northeast, Midwest, and so on); g. Political orientation (very liberal, somewhat liberal, somewhat conservative , very conservative) （注：答案不确定）anominal measure（定类测量）b. ordinal measure（定序测量）c. ratio measure（定比测量）d. interval measure（定距测量）e

17、. ordinal measure（定序测量）f. nominal measure（定类测量）g. ordinal measure（定序测量）4. Three purpose of research. Social research can serve many purposes. Three of the most common and useful purposes are exploration, description, and explanation. (社会研究要满足许多目的.三个基本目的是:探索,描述和解释.)5. There are three main criteria fo

18、r nomothetic causal relationships in social research.The variables must be correlated, the cause take place before the effect. the variables are nonspurious. (社会研究中的通则式因果关系,有三个主要标准:变量之间必须相关,原因必须先于结果发生,不是假相关.)6. Here are some example of real research topics，for each example（答案不确定）7. Review the logic

19、of supriousness，can you think up an example where an observed .relationship between two variables could actually be explained away by a third variable？AgeShoes math skill The underlying variable of age causes both bigger shoe size and greater math skill, thus explaining the observed correlation. 8.

20、What closed-ended questions could you construct from each of the following open-ended questions? （注明：答案不确定）题目在书P282 左栏 第1题题目的意思是要把封闭式的问题改成开放式的问题，你加一些选项就可以了，b这题的题目可以改一改这个我就不帮你加了 图表分析1.根据表所提供的信息，填空并说明variable与attributes的相关关系。VariableAttributesAgeYoung， middle age， oldGenderMale， femaleOccupationLawyer

21、， doctor， teacherRace/EnthicityAfrican American， Asian Social classUpper， middle， lower Variables and attributes. In social research and theory, both variables and attributes represent social concepts. Variables are set of related attributes.2.根据表所提供的信息，说明信度与效度的关系。Reliability looks like a “tight pattern,” regardless