大二上精读Lesson 8

1、Lesson 81. The view of the author:(考) Human bings are different from animals; Unlike animals whose behavior is prompted by instinct, humans act in accordance with their free will which in turn means the exercise of their moral judgement; therefore,"we're only human" cannot be used as a

2、n excuse for justifying our wrongdoings.2. Everyone is the product of.in groups:(考) The author is referring to the behaviorist theory that human behavior is a response to external stimulation, and therefore is genes-determined. In this sense human beings have no free will, they are all victims of th

3、ese external causes as a group.(the author is clearly opposed to this theory)3. Instinct (N)本能，天性Instinct for doing sth/sth.Instinct to do sth.l Natural inborn tendency to behave in a certain way without reasoning or training.本能Eg: birds learn to fly by instinct.l Natural feeling that makes one choo

4、se to act in a particular way. 本性，天性Eg: the sight of the helpless little boy arouse her maternal母性的 instincts.4. Elevate (Vt)提升，举起 Elevate sb/sth to sthl Lift sb/sth up; raise sb/sth to a higher place or rank.提升（级别，职位，地位等），提拔某人l Make (the mind, morals,etc)better or more educated.提高思想，道德品质，文化教养，信心等Eg

5、: the teacher hopes to elevate the minds of her young pupils by reading them religious stories.5. solitary (adj)l usu.Attrib (living alone);without companions 独居的 eg: lead a solitary lifel Fond of being alone; used to be being alone单独的l Not often visited; in a lonely remote place 荒凉的，偏僻的 eg: a solit

6、ary valleyl usu.Attrib (esp. In negative sentences and questions): only one ,single用于否定，疑问句，表“惟一的，仅有的”Eg: she couldn't answer a solitary question correctly她连一个问题都回答不对。6. Invoke (vt)Invoke sth on/upon sb/sth: beg for sth as if by praying以祷告祈求某物Eg: invoke help, assistance, etc in a desperate situa

7、tion.l Use sth as a reason for one's action 援用（法规，条文等）为行动或理由Eg:the government has invoked the Official Secret Act in having the book banned.l Call upon (god, the power of the law, etc) for help or protection 祈求（上帝）保佑l Summon sth up as if by magic 用法术召唤Eg: evoke evil spirit召唤恶魔7. Peer (vi)Peer at

8、 sth/sb.Look closely or carefully, esp as if unable to see well仔细看（尤指似因看不清）Peer at sb over one's spectacles (眼镜)Peer into the mist8. Cf: look gaze stare peer gawpl Look at: 指视线接触某物体l Gaze at:视线长时间对着某方向，也可指发呆（假如视线不集中于某目标则为gaze at而非look at）l Stare at: 长久的，有意的，目不转睛的看(比gaze at程度深）l Peer at：仔细看，含有很难看

9、清之意l Gawp at:傻头傻脑地张着嘴看9. apt (adj) (-er, -est)l Apt at doing sth: quick at learning 学得快的，聪明的 eg: very apt programming a computerl pred.apt to do sth: likely or having a tendency to do sth易于做。Eg：apt to be forgetful, careless, quick-temperedl Suitable ;appropriate 恰当的，适当的10. Make sense : vi/vtl Have a

10、n understandable meaning 有意义，有道理，讲的通Eg: what you say makes no sense.l Be sensible明智的，合情理的Eg: it doesn't make sense to buy that expensive coat.l Make sense of sth: understand sth difficult or apparently meaningless 了解、弄清。意思11. Forgo: vt forwent, forgoneGive up or do without esp. Sth pleasant 放弃Eg

11、: the workers agreed to forgo a pay increase for the sake of greater job security.12. At the expense of : with loss or damage to sth 以。为代价Eg: he built up a successful business but it was all done at the expense of his health.13. Derive.froml Derive sth from sth: obtain sth from sth; get sth from sth

12、从。中获得，取得Eg: derive pleasure from one's studiesl Vi derive from sth: have sth as a starting-point, source or origin; originate from sth（词汇）源于，派生出Eg:thousands of English words derive from Latin.l Vt derive sth from sth: trace sth from a source 来自，源自14. scorn nl u scorn for sth : strong contempt 鄙视

13、，轻蔑Eg: he had nothing but scorn for my ideas.l sing the scorn of sb: person or thing that is treated with scorn by sb 受某人鄙视的人或事情Eg: she was the scorn of her classmates. V l Vt feel or show scorn for sb/sth 鄙视Eg: as a professional painter, she scorns the efforts of amateurs.l Vt refuse sth proudly 傲慢

14、地拒绝某事Eg: scorn sb's invitation, advice, offerl Reject sth one is too proud to do 不屑做某事Eg: he scorns telling lies.15. Grapple with :l Seize an opponent firmly and try to fight 扭住对手格斗，扭斗Eg： she grappled with her assailant攻击者 but he got away. l fig 比喻： work hard to overcome a difficulty 努力克服困难Eg: h

15、e has been grappling with the problem for a long time. 16. Take off :( infml) of an idea, a product,etc suddenly become successful or popular; of a sales of a product rise very quickly指观念或产品等突然大受欢迎； 指产品的销售量急升Eg: sales of home computers have taken off in recent years.17. Indulge : vl Indulge oneself/

16、sb with sth : allow oneself /sb to have whatever one/he likes or wants 放纵自己Eg: I'm really going to indulge myself tonight with a bottle of champagne.l Vt satisfy （a perhaps unwarranted 没有保证的，没有根据的or illicit违法的 desire ）满足Eg: indulge my curiosity l Vi indulge in sth : allow oneself to enjoy the pl

17、easure of sth.沉溺于Eg: indulge in the luxury of a long hot bath18. Sustain : vl Bear /weight without breaking or falling; support 承受住，支撑Eg: will this shelf sustain the weight of all these books?l 1Keep sb/sth alive or inexistence 维持。的生命或存在Eg: only the hope that the rescuers were getting nearer sustain

18、ed the trapped miners 2keep(a sound, an effort, etc) going , maintain 是（声音，努力等）持续下去，保持Eg: make a sustained effort to finish the workl Undergo sth; suffer 经受某事物，遭受Eg: sustain a defeat, an injury, a loss 19. Against (all) the odds: despite strong opposition or disadvantages 尽管极为不利或遭到强烈反对Eg: against al

19、l the odds she achieved her dream of becoming a ballerina.芭蕾舞女20. Conform to: l Vi conform to sth: keep to or comply with (generally accepted rules, standards, etc)遵守l Vi conform with/to sth :agree or be consistent with sth 符合Eg: his ideas do not conform with mine.16. Conscience nu,c : person's

20、awareness of right and wrong with regard to his own thoughts and actions道德心，良心Eg: have a clear/guilty conscience 问心无愧/有愧良心上感到不安After she has committed the crime, her conscience was troubled.17. Impose: l Vt impose sth on sb/sth: 1 place a penalty罚金,tax,ect officially on sb/sth征税，罚款Eg: impose a fine,

21、 sentence, term of imprisonment 2 place sth unwelcome or unpleasant on sb/sth, inflict sth把。强加于Eg: impose restrictions, limitations, restraintsl Impose sth on sb: try to make sb accept an opinion or belief; inflict sth强加Eg: she imposed her ideas on the group翻译：Para2.As if one's humanness were a

22、blueprint for instinctive, reflexive reactions to situations, like the rest of the animal kingdom. I see being "human"as the unique opportunity to use our mind and will to act in ways that elevate us above the animal kingdom.如果人性是由基因模式决定的，就像其他动物一样，对周围的环境进行本能的条件反射，在我看来，人类的独特条件是用我们的意志，意识来行动，

23、这就是为什么我们高于动物的原因。Para3."We were put on the earth to rise above nature"上帝在地球上创造人类是让我们高于动物Para4.And it is largely with the 3 C's that we accomplish that. The 3 C's are character, courage, and conscience, without which we are merely gigantic ants instinctively filling out our biologica

24、lly determined destiny.很大程度上是我们能实现的3个C。没有本质，勇气，良心，我们就是巨大的蝼蚁，本能的在履行生物规律决定的命运。Para5.While natural selection did shape our minds and feelings, there is something extra special about the human mind that leads us to be able, if not always willing, to take that extra step past some action that makes sense

25、 on only the basis of "survival of the fittest" or "survival of the me"自然选择塑造我们的思维和感情，但是我们身上有种特殊的东西让我们能够采取额外的行动来超越行为，尽管我们并不是经常情愿地这么做，仅仅在"适者生存”“唯我生存”的基础上才有意义。Para6.No doubt about it, self-advancement and self-indulgence are powerful innate drives for personal status and pleas

26、ure. Even the motivation for seemingly altruistic behaviors can be found in the common sense of "I do for you because some reciprocal benefits in the future". Humans are social animals, therefore we all rely on the kindness of kin for survival to some extent. Yes, if all giving is simply m

27、otivated by the expectation of eventually getting. Where does our special"humanness"come in?毫无疑问，为了自己的地位和快乐，是人类身上本身固有的强烈的欲望。甚至在某些人的话中"我帮你是因为将来我可能从中受益”看出表面的利他主义行为。我们是社会人，我们的生存离不开这些裙带关系，但是如果我们的一切付出都是为了最终得到回报，那我们人类特有的人性在哪里呢？Para7 It's profoundly satisfying to forgo immediate pleasure

28、 and benefit another person at some expense of the self, even if no one else knows you've done it, eliminating the investment concept or reciprocal altruism and restoring character to its rightful place in our lives.如果能够放弃眼前的一时之乐，舍己为人，摒弃互利的投资观念，摆正人格在生活中的位置，即使默默无闻，也是极为令人满足的。Para 8Yes indeed, huma

29、n beings derive pleasure from having character, which I once heard defined as" what you are when no one else is looking." for humans, brute strength is not enough. We value reputation, respect, admiration, and the long-lasting happiness that comes from the sacrifice pains, and efforts that

30、 go into forging character. In addition to the specific pleasure human take directly from rising above the pull selfish desire, we gain the acceptance and affection of others.是的，的确，人类从性格中获得了快乐这是我曾听到的定义是“在没人注视你的时候，你是什么样的”就人格而言，光有蛮力是不够的，我们更加珍视从磨练性格做出的牺牲，痛苦，努力中取得的荣誉，尊重，敬仰和长久的幸福。除了特别的快乐直接来源于超越自私的欲望，我们获得

31、了别人的接受与喜爱。Para 10Tina now sees her husband as having little "character". What does this mean? It suggests that in the inner battle between the self and the obligation toward others he will lean toward self. Therefore, she judges she can't count on him to do the right thing or honor his

32、 commitments to others. Tina told me that she was seriously considering a divorce.蒂娜现在发现他的丈夫没有人格，这是什么意思？是指，在自我与对别人的责任和义务的思想斗争中，他更倾向于自我。因此，她认为她不能指望他去做正确的事情或者实现他对别人的承诺。蒂娜告诉我，她正在认真地考虑离婚。Para16:Clearly, to resist the inner drive toward self-indulgence over character requires a value system that judges s

33、ome behaviors as better than othersalong with a specialty known as Courage.显然，抵制住放弃人格，放纵自己的欲望，需要一个辨别善恶的价值体系和我们称之为的勇气。Para17Merely, sustaining life is a vegetable state;people who lead such lives report experiencing unhappiness and boredom. Thoroughly living life requires initiative, risk-taking, sus

34、tained action against odds, sacrificing for ideas and for others, leaps of faith. People who lead such lives report being happy, hopeful and exhilarated.even when they fail.如果仅仅维持生命的话就是植物人的状态，这种人的生活是不幸，无聊的。完全鲜活的生命的生活是要有主动性，冒险精神，与困境不懈斗争，为理想和他人牺牲的精神，以及要有对超越之物的坚定信仰，这样的人的生活是幸福的，有希望的，令人振奋的，即使有时他们会失败。Para

35、 18Courage is to life what broth is to soup. It is the very context that gives experiences, events , and opportunities a special richness, flavor, and meaning.勇气对于生活的重要性就像肉汤对于美羹的重要性是一样的，正是有了勇气，使人生中的各种经历，际遇格外的充实，有趣，充满了意义。Para19Courage is also what gives values vibrancy. So many people espouse values

36、about sex, abortion, honesty, etc.,until the dilemma is theirs. Then, because of their particular circumstances, selfish needs, and uncomfortable feelings, the values become optional.勇气还使价值观充满了生气，在许多人陷入尴尬的境地之前，他们还是很支持的，由于出现了具体的情况，自私的欲望和一些不适感，价值观成为了可随意舍弃的。Para20I believe too many people use "Oka

37、y, I made a mistake" or "But I'm only human"or "I'm not perfect!" as an escape clause out of a guilty conscience. The speakers hope or believe they cannot or should not be condemned, criticized, or judged. With these protective clauses they demand to be excused.我相信很多

38、人使用"好吧，我犯了一个错误”或“我只不过是人”或“我不完美”以这样的托词来逃避良心的愧疚， 他们坚信他们不能也不应该受到批评，谴责，反而他们会凭这些托词来要求别人的谅解。Para20We wish to be excused because guilt( internal pain from the disappointment in self) and shame( public awareness of our transgressions with the threat of condemnation and punishment) are painful emotions,

39、 and so we go through verbal and psychological contortions of blame and rationalizations.我们希望被原谅，因为内疚（由于自我的失望使内心的痛苦）和羞耻（对于我们的罪行带有谴责和惩罚的威胁的公众意识）都是痛苦的，所以无论是在口头上还是在心里我们为其找到合适的理由来歪曲谴责。Para 22.Conscience, however, is not just about avoiding those negatives. Conscience, our capability to judge ourselves i

40、n moral terms and to conform to those standards and values about we make a part of our inner being, is also motivated by good feelings such as pride, compassion, empathy, love and identification.然而，良心，不仅仅是避免那些负面的事物。良心，这种从道德角度和遵从内心标准的价值观的能力，它是由良性的感觉激发出来的，如同情，怜悯， 共鸣，爱情，认可。Para23Human beings, not tight

41、ly programmed by instinct like lower animals, are charged with the seemingly overwhelming responsibility of making judgments and choosing between behaviors. We have responsibility because we have control. 人类不像低级动物一样严格受本能的控制，在作出判断，选择行为两个方面，我们显然有不可推卸的责任。 Para27“Happiness,”as Stan Cohen wrote in the Lo

42、s Angeles Times, is making steady, measurable, and observable progress in achieving the long-term goals that are a part of a good lifetime plan. Happiness is rooted in some combination of the most basic desires for a good life that nearly every individual holds: to love and be love; to successfully

43、raise a family; to share ample quality time with friends and loves ones; to be enjoyably engaged in a gainful pursuit, one that fully employs and continuously expands one's skills, has purpose, earns fair recognition and provides rewards that are economically and / or emotionally satisfying; and

44、 to be a valued and respected member of one's community and society.斯坦.科恩在洛杉矶时报写的“幸福” 是为实现长期的目标而取得的稳定的，显著的进步，而且是毕生计划的一部分。幸福是根源于那些对一个美好的生活的最基本的渴求的某种组合，这种愿望基本上每个人都有： 爱与被爱，成功地养家，与朋友，爱的人共享充裕的美好时光，快乐地投入到能够尽致发挥与不断扩展的能力而且受益无穷的这种追求中，并且在经济上或情感上得到令人满意的回报、成为某个社区，社会的有价值，受尊重的成员。Para 28In this regard, pleasur

45、e is an event; happiness is a progress. Pleasure is an end point;happiness is the journey. Pleasure is material; happiness is spiritual. Pleasure is self-involved; happiness is outer-and other-involved.在这个方面，快乐是一件事，幸福是一个过程；快乐是一个终点，幸福是一次旅行；快乐是物质的，幸福是精神的；快乐是只涉及个人，幸福是和外界，别人息息相关的。Para29When individuals

46、disregard the process of their lives and focus mostly on the seduction of the pleasurable moment, their self-centered action often generate pain for others and destruction to their ultimate potential for self-esteem and personal achievement.忽视生活的过程，过多的沉迷于享乐时光的话， 以自我为中心的这种行为会给别人带来痛苦，也最终会毁灭实现自尊并且取得个人成就的潜能。Para30In ch