英语语法7.不定式

1、 Lecture Six 动词动词不定式不定式本节内容本节内容不定式不定式的时态的时态不定式不定式的用法的用法其他其他 不定式的时态不定式的时态时态时态 语态语态主动态主动态被动态被动态一般式一般式to writeto be written进行式进行式to be writing 完成式完成式to have writtento have been written完成进行式完成进行式to have been writing 一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词语动词之后之后，有时表示，有时表示同时同时发生。如：发生。如： I hope to b

2、ecome a university student this year.（to become发生在发生在hope之后）之后） We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和和hear同时发生）同时发生） 进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时同时发生。常用发生。常用在在appear，happen，pretend，seem，hope，promise之后。如：之后。如： The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in. They

3、 seemed to be discussing something important. She pretended to be listening attentively 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作作之前之前。如：。如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting. This machine is said to have been tested. 据说已经对这台机器进行了实验。据说已经对这台机器进行了实验。 The test was known to have been going on for thre

4、e years. 据悉这项实验已进行了三年。据悉这项实验已进行了三年。 在在plan，hope，expect, mean, intend等动词过等动词过去时的后边用完成式的不定式动词，则表示过去去时的后边用完成式的不定式动词，则表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等,“本希望本希望/计划计划/想想/打算打算”。 We planed to have made this experiment yesterday. 我们本来计划昨天做这个实验。（实际上昨天没我们本来计划昨天做这个实验。（实际上昨天没有做这个实验。）有做这个实验。） I meant to have telep

5、honed, but I forgot. =I had meant to telephone 【即学即练】一、用括号中动词的适当形式填空。一、用括号中动词的适当形式填空。1. Robert is said (study) abroad, but I dont know which country he studies in.2. The workers do nothing but (drink) tea and talk to each other.3. Due to the heavy rain and flooding, ten million people have been forc

6、ed (leave) their homes. Key: 1. to have studied 2. drink 3. to leave 1. 史密斯先生警告他的女儿酒后绝不能驾车。史密斯先生警告他的女儿酒后绝不能驾车。 2. 除了往回走外，我们别无选择。除了往回走外，我们别无选择。3. 据说，这个城市已发展成了一个现代艺术中心。据说，这个城市已发展成了一个现代艺术中心。Mr. Smith warned his daughter never to drive after drinking. We had no choice but to turn back. / We could do not

7、hing but turn back. The city is said to have already developed into a modern art center. 二、使用不定式的适当形式翻译句子。二、使用不定式的适当形式翻译句子。 作主语作主语 作主语补足语作主语补足语 作宾语作宾语 作宾语补足语作宾语补足语 作定语作定语 作状语作状语 独立结构独立结构不定式的用法不定式的用法 不定式作主语不定式作主语 To develop our industry and agriculture rapidly is necessary. 上句也可改用形式主语上句也可改用形式主语it的句子结

8、构表示，即：的句子结构表示，即： It is necessary to develop our industry and agriculture rapidly. 不定式作主语与不定式作主语与V-ing形式作主语的不同：形式作主语的不同： 前者作主语时，常表示某一次具体的动作；而后前者作主语时，常表示某一次具体的动作；而后者常表示习惯性的动作者常表示习惯性的动作,一般的和抽象的概念一般的和抽象的概念 。例如：例如： To teach the three children is my job this afternoon. Walking is a good form of exercise.

9、作主语补语作主语补语比较：比较： They made the boy work all day long. The boy was made to work all day long. 不定式作宾语不定式作宾语 1. 学习不定式作宾语时，要注意掌握四种动词：学习不定式作宾语时，要注意掌握四种动词： 1) 后接不定式作宾语的动词。后接不定式作宾语的动词。2) 后接后接V-ing形式作宾语的动词。常见动词有：形式作宾语的动词。常见动词有： enjoy, mind, suggest, advise, finish, avoid, 等。等。 3) 后接不定式和后接不定式和V-ing形式作宾语均可，且没

10、有大形式作宾语均可，且没有大 的区别的动词。常见动词有：的区别的动词。常见动词有： start, begin, continue等。等。 4)后接不定式和后接不定式和V-ing形式作宾语均可，但意思不同形式作宾语均可，但意思不同的动词。的动词。try, remember, forget, regret, stop, go on等。等。 I regret saying what I said. I shouldnt have said it. I regret to tell you that you failed your driving test. They regretted orderi

11、ng these books from abroad. The minister went on talking for two hours. After discussing the economy, the minister then went on to talk about foreign policy. You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way.try to do 设法尽力做某事设法尽力做某事try doing 试着做某事试着做某事

12、They couldnt help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I cant help to make up the room for you.cant help doing 禁不住禁不住cant help to do不能帮助干不能帮助干 He did not mean to hurt you. 他不是有意要伤害你。他不是有意要伤害你。 This illness will mean going to hospital. 得了这种病就意味着要住院。得了这种病就意味着要住院。mean 后接不定式表示打算做某

13、事，后接动名词后接不定式表示打算做某事，后接动名词表示意味着做某事。表示意味着做某事。2. I find it hard to get along with him. Have you decided when to marry? Last summer I took a course on how to make dresses. 作宾语补语作宾语补语 作宾语补语作宾语补语,即动词的直接宾语和不定式在意义上即动词的直接宾语和不定式在意义上有有“主谓主谓”关系。关系。1、一类动词后跟带、一类动词后跟带to 的不定式：的不定式： Father will not allow us to play

14、on the street. My advisor encouraged me to take a summer course to improve my writing skills. 2、在使役动词、在使役动词make, let, have后，一般用不带后，一般用不带to的不定式作宾补的不定式作宾补 Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. I have my children clean the house before you arrive

15、 Our manager wont have us criticize his work I should like to have you meet Mr. Davis 这个结构中这个结构中have有时也可以用有时也可以用get代替，但这时后代替，但这时后面的动词不定式需带面的动词不定式需带to，例如：，例如： I got him to write a letter to my employer Get him to come early叫他早点来。叫他早点来。 3、感官动词、感官动词feel, listen to, hear, see, look at, watch, notice I s

16、aw the bus stop. Please listen to me sing the song again.Compare I saw him work in the garden yesterday. I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 感官动词感官动词+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；表示动作的完整性，真实性；感官动词感官动词+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性表示动作的连续性，进行性【即学即练】1.They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A.

17、 grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。的句型。2.The missing boy was last seen _ near the river.A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。句型。动词不定式作定语动词不定式

18、作定语不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： 1)表示将来的动作表示将来的动作 The next train to arrive is from Washington. The meeting to be held tomorrow will be of great importance. 2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词则需加介词 Would you please give me some paper to write on? She has only a cold room

19、to live in.3)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句 The next train to arrive is from Washington. to arrive=that will arrive。 动词不定式作状语动词不定式作状语 表目的。例如：表目的。例如： He worked hard to support his large family. 有时为了加强语气，不定式可以提前到句首，有时为了加强语气，不定式可以提前到句首，也可以用也可以用 in order to 或或 so as to 来引导目的状来引导目的状语，但是语，但是 so as t

20、o 不能放在句首。不能放在句首。 b. 表结果。表结果。 例如：例如： He hurried home to find his wife gone. 有时，可以在不定式前用有时，可以在不定式前用 only 来加强语气来加强语气,引出引出意想不到的结果（意想不到的结果（4、6级考试重点）。级考试重点）。 。 We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left. c. 表原因。例如：表原因。例如： We are proud to be Chinese. 不定式用作独立成份不定式用作独立成份 To start

21、 with, we have this correct leadership of the Party. To conclude, I wish you a happy New Year. 最后，祝您新年快乐。最后，祝您新年快乐。 He can speak English, to say nothing of Chinese. 他会说英语，更别提中文了。他会说英语，更别提中文了。 I lost my way in complete darkness and, to make matters worse, it began to rain.不定式用作独立成份不定式用作独立成份常见的短语有常见的短

22、语有 to be exact (确切地说确切地说) to begin with (首先首先) to do him justice (说句对他公道的话说句对他公道的话) to be sure (真的真的) To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment to me. To put it bluntly, （直截了当地说，直说吧）（直截了当地说，直说吧） To make a long story short, （长话短说）（长话短说） To be quite honest, （坦率地说）（坦率地说） To come to the poi

23、nt, （说到正题，说到主要问（说到正题，说到主要问题）题） To call a spade a spade, （实话实说，说老实（实话实说，说老实话）话）其他问题其他问题1 1、不定式的特殊句型、不定式的特殊句型2 2、某些动词不定式的主动形式表、某些动词不定式的主动形式表 被动含义被动含义 不定式的特殊句型不定式的特殊句型1) so as to / so as not to, such as to(达到达到.的的程度程度 ) Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. His manner was such as

24、 to offend everyone who he met. 他的行为已经到了见人就伤的地步。他的行为已经到了见人就伤的地步。 His story is such as to arouse our sympathy. = His story is so sad as to arouse. My English teachers humor was _make every student burst into laughter. A. so as to B. such as to C. such that D. so that 2) tooto太太以至于以至于This box is too h

25、eavy for me to carry.3) 如在如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为不太不太。Its never too late to mend.(谚语谚语) Its never too old to learn.4)too ready / anxious/ eager to do中的中的too是修饰是修饰整个结构，肯定形式，肯定意义整个结构，肯定形式，肯定意义 You are too ready to find fault with other people. I

26、m just too eager to help you.5)当当too 前面有前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常时，意思是：非常 等于等于very。Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。他非常想回家。 某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义 当当nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult， important，impossible，pleasant， intere

27、sting等形容词后跟不定式作状语，而句等形容词后跟不定式作状语，而句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。如：常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。如：Japanese is not difficult to learnThe water is unfit to drink 2) 当动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词当动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动之间有动宾关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如：含义。如： I have a lot of work to do

28、todayHe has three children to look after 注意：如果以上句型用动词不定式的被动形式，注意：如果以上句型用动词不定式的被动形式，其含义有所区别。如：其含义有所区别。如： I have some clothes to be washed我有些要我有些要洗的衣服。（衣服不是自己洗）洗的衣服。（衣服不是自己洗） 3)在在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动或被动式，其含义没有什作定语时，不定式用主动或被动式，其含义没有什么区别。如：么区别。如： There is a lot of homework to

29、do (to be done) There are some clothes to wash (to be washed)注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：1.There is nothing to do.2.There is nothing to be done1.意为无事可做，感到十分乏味意为无事可做，感到十分乏味2.意为某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常意为某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常作主语作主语 不定式表示一次性、未来的且具体的特指动不定式表示一次性、未来的且具体的特指动作。作。 而动名词作主语通常表示习惯性、经常性而动名词作主语通常表示习惯性、经常性和不具体的

30、泛指动作。如和不具体的泛指动作。如: Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 动词不定式和动名词比较动词不定式和动名词比较2.做宾语做宾语1）以下动词后）以下动词后, 一般只用动名词作宾语一般只用动名词作宾语, 如如: admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, save, suggest2) 介词后只能接动名词做宾语介词后只能接动名词做宾语 I should

31、 go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech 3) 少数特殊结构中只用动名词做宾语。它们可以看少数特殊结构中只用动名词做宾语。它们可以看作是省略的介词的形式。例如：作是省略的介词的形式。例如： have difficulty (in) doing sth. have no trouble (in) doing sth. lose no time (in) doing sth. Prevent / stop(from) d

32、oing sth. there is no use (in) doing sth.3.作定语作定语 1)不定式作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。不定式作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。 The next train to arrive is from Washington. Do you have anything to say on the question My wish to visit France has come true at last. 2)动名词作定语时，放在修饰的名词前面。动名词作定语时，放在修饰的名词前面。 listening materials. the reading r

33、oom of our school library 4.在在There/It +be+ no use (good / help /need)之之后常用动名词做主语后常用动名词做主语,而少用不定式而少用不定式,如如: It / There is no use crying over the split milk. It / There is no help taking this medicine. 注意：如果该句型中用了注意：如果该句型中用了for引出不定式的逻辑主引出不定式的逻辑主语语,就只能用不定式就只能用不定式,如如: There is no good for us to do that

34、 exercise. 5.不定式可以和不定式可以和when, where, how, what, whether等连用等连用,在句子中做主语在句子中做主语,宾语和表语宾语和表语, 而动名词则而动名词则不能不能,如如: How to solve the problem is a hot potato. Where to put the box seems hard to decide. Whether to do it hasnt been decided. What to do next is up to you. Exercises 1. Is Bob still performing? I

35、m afraid not. He is said the stage already as he has become an official.A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left2. I missed the last bus. I had no choice but in the village for the night.A. staying B. to stay C. being stayed D. stayed3.I dont know whether you happen _, but Im g

36、oing to study in the U.S.A this September. A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard4.I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone5.The chair looks very old, but in fact it is very comfortab

37、le to _ . A. sit B. sit on C. be sat D. be sat on6.I feel it an honour _ to speak here. A. to be asked B. to ask C. having asked D. asked 7.With the plane _ in ten minutes, all the passengers on board were asked to turn off their mobile phones. A. taken off B. taking off C. to take off D. would take

38、 off8.Do you have any clothes _ today, Sir? asked the maid politely. A. wash B. to be washed C. to wash D. to be washing9.What the scientist said greatly encouraged us _the experiment again, but his secretarys words discouraged us _the experiment any more. A. to try; to do B. to try; from doing C. f

39、or trying; from doing D. trying; to do10.If you were much younger, I would arrange _as the general manager, for all your colleagues speak highly of your work. A. for you to work B. of you to work C. for you work D. you work11.She felt it a great shame _so severely in the presence of her boy friend.

40、A. to criticize B. to have criticized C. to be criticized D. to have been criticized12.Tim cannot but _ his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has in doing his project.A. to ask B. ask C. asking D. asked 13.The project _by the end of 2012, will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished1