【创新设计】(四川·教师专用)2015届英语高考总复习教师文档：第二部分语法专题突破专题三非谓语动词

1、 从近三年高考来看，在对非谓语动词的考查中非谓语动词作状语依然为考查的重点，并已从作状语的一枝独秀向作定语或其他成分发展。测试点呈现出“情景化”和“设问角度多样化”的趋势。一、作状语(1)不定式作状语，常表示目的、结果或原因： He hurried home only to find his money stolen.(结果状语)To make himself heard, he raised his voice.(目的状语) All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. (原因状语) The room is comfortable to

2、 live in. These children are too naughty to look after. 注意：only to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。in order to引出的目的状语可以在句首或句末，so as to只能置于句末。不定式置于形容词之后作状语时，如果不定式可以和逻辑主语构成一种动宾关系，那么不定式用主动表示被动。 (2)现在分词和过去分词作状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式、结果： Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.(条件状语) Coming into the room, h

3、e found his father angry.(时间状语) Being tired, they went on working.(让步状语) Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry.(原因状语) He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased.(伴随状语) The rich man died, leaving his wife a lot of money. (结果状语) (3) 现在分

4、词表示自然而然的结果；不定式表示意想不到的结果，其前常加only。试比较：More highways have been built in China，making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.中国又建了更多公路，这使得人们出行变得更加容易了。I arrived at the station in a hurry，only to find the train had left.我匆忙到达车站，结果却发现火车已经开走了。(4) 在形容词后作方式状语时用不定式，常用主动形式表示被动含义Tom asked

5、 the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier to break into small pieces.(2011安徽卷)汤姆问糖果制造商是否可以把巧克力制作得更容易弄碎些。注意： 非谓语作独立成分的固定搭配： To tell you the truth/to be honest/to be frank, I dont like the way he talked.Judging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. Generally speaking, girls ar

6、e more careful. be过去分词介词，位于句首作状语或者作定语时，把be动词删去，过去分词充当形容词表状态。 Absorbed in his own work, he neglected food and sleep. The woman dressed in red is my English teacher. 常见的搭配有：be based on, be dressed in, be concerned about, be filled with, be faced with, be satisfied with, be accustomed to (习惯)，be addict

7、ed to(沉溺于)，be devoted to，be known as, be determined to do，be absorbed in(全神贯注)，be lost in(陷入)，be situated/located in/at(位于)等。 非谓语前可以加上逻辑主语构成独立主格： I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. Time permitting, well do another two e

8、xercises. 非谓语与连词构成状语从句的省略 Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. When talking on the phone, she gave me a smile. 注意非谓语放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： In order to protect our planet, all kinds of pollution should be reduced.() In order to protect our planet, we should reduce all kind

9、s of pollution.()Cleaning the window, my finger was hurt.()Cleaning the window, I hurt my finger.()高考体验1(2013湖南卷)_warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.AStaying BStayedCTo stay DStay答案C考查非谓语动词。句意：为了晚上保暖，我往火炉中添了木柴，又设置了午夜的闹钟以便再次添加。此处“保暖”是“

10、添加木柴”的目的，所以用动词不定式作目的状语。2(2013四川卷)_which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.ANot knowing BKnowing notCNot known DKnown not答案A考查非谓语动词。句意：由于不知道要上哪所大学，女孩向她的老师征求意见。非谓语动词的否定形式要在非谓语动词前面加not，故排除B项和D项；根据句意可知主语the girl和非谓语动词之间为逻辑主谓关系，故选择v.ing形式。C项表示和主语之间为被动关系。3(2013湖南卷)The sun began t

11、o rise in the sky, _the mountain in golden light.Abathed BbathingCto have bathed Dhave bathed答案B考查非谓语动词。句意：天空中太阳开始升起，使山脉沐浴在金色的阳光中。the sun与bathe构成逻辑上的主谓关系，故应用v.ing形式作状语。bathe沐浴，使沐浴。二、作定语(1)动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰词有动宾关系，不定式用主动表示被动意义： I have a meeting to attend. 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式用被动式： Have you

12、 got anything to be sent? 注意：在表示次序的词：first, last, best等和表示时间的词time, week等以及在一些抽象名词如chance, warning, ability, ambition, attempt, offer, decision, anxiety, way等词后作定语时常用不定式的一般式Its time to go. He is always the first one to come, the last one to go! 不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词。 He found a good hou

13、se to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. What did you open it with? 如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. (2)动名词与现在分词作定语的区别：动名词作定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词作定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。 a walking stick 拐杖(动名词作定语，意为a stick for walking) a sleeping

14、 car 卧铺车厢(动名词作定语，意为a car for sleeping) the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 (现在分词作定语，意为the sun which was rising) the changing world 变化中的世界 (现在分词作定语，意为the world which is changing) (3)现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别：表示被动、完成用过去分词；表示被动、进行用being done；表示被动的动作尚未进行用to be done。试比较：The bridge built in 2012 was designed by a local company.

15、The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.The bridge to be built next year was designed by a local company. 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶) the risen sun(升起的太阳) the changed world(变了的世界) 高考体验1(2013山东卷)The room is empty except for a bookshelf_in the corn

16、er.Astanding Bto standCstands Dstood答案A考查非谓语动词。句意：除了有一个立在角落里的书架，这个房间是空的。整个句子是主系表结构，except for a bookshelf _in the corner属于介词短语作状语，所以空格处应是非谓语动词作定语，并且bookshelf与stand之间是主谓关系，所以选A。2(2013四川卷)The airport_next year will help promote tourism in this area.Abeing completed Bto be completedCcompleted Dhaving b

17、een completed答案B考查非谓语动词。句意：明年将要完工的机场会有助于促进这一地区的旅游业发展。A项表示正在进行的被动；B项表示将来的被动；C项和D项表示完成的被动。根据时间状语next year可知表示将要被完成，故选B项。3(2013陕西卷)The witnesses_by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.Aquestioned Bbeing questionedCto be questioned Dhaving questioned答案A考查非谓语动词。句意：警察刚刚询问的那些目

18、击者们对于打斗的描述非常不同。分析句子成分可知主语是“the witnesses”，谓语动词是“gave”，而question“询问，质疑”与“the witnesses”是被动关系，且表完成，故选A。三、作主语(1)动名词作主语往往表示一种经常性、习惯性的行为，不定式作主语常表示某一次具体的行为。如：Collecting information about childrens health is his job.To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.当动名词短语或者不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its no use quarrell

19、ing. Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.(2)常用不定式作主语的句型有：Its difficult (important，necessary) for sb to doIts kind(good，friendly，polite，careless，rude，cruel，clever，foolish，brave) of sb to do.(3)常用动名词作主语的句型有Its no good (use，fun) doing.Its (a) waste of time ones doing.Its wo

20、rth while doing.(4)疑问词不定式可以在句中充当主语，宾语或表语。Where to build the factory hasnt been decided.He told us what to do.高考体验1(2013福建卷)_basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.AKnown BHaving knownCKnowing DBeing known答案C考查非谓语动词。句意：知道基本的急救技术将会帮助你对紧急情况快速作出反应。由句式分析可知本句缺少主语，且不强调动作的时间对

21、比及被动，故用动名词的一般形式作主语。2(2012浙江卷)No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better _silent.Aremain Bbe remainingChaving remained Dto remain答案D考查非谓语动词。句意：不管你多么能言善辩，但有时候还是保持沉默更好。该题考查“it is形容词to do sth”这一句型，句中to remain silent“保持沉默”是真正的主语，it是形式主语。3(2011上海卷)Its no use_without taking any

22、action.Acomplain BcomplainingCbeing complained Dto be complained答案B句意：只抱怨而不采取行动是没用的。在“its no use doing”结构中，v.ing形式作真正主语。一、作宾语(1)下列动词跟不定式作宾语want，wish，hope，expect，ask，pretend，care，decide，happen，long，offer，refuse，fail，plan，prepare，order，cause，afford，beg，manage，agree，promise等。注意：如果作宾语的动词不定式后面有宾语补足语时，要用i

23、t作形式宾语，置于谓语动词的后面，而将动词不定式放到宾语补足语后面。They found it hard to learn English.Dont you think it better to translate it this way?(2)在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay，imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond

24、 of, prevent.(from), keep.from, stop.(from), protect.from, set about, be engaged in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。 在以下句型中in可以省略，其后接动名词作宾语。 Have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing sth There is no point/good/use (in) doing sthSpend time/money (in) doing sth(3

25、)在forget，remember，stop，regret，try，mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。I regret to tell you that I cant go to your birthday party.They regretted agreeing to the plan.He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend.She tried reading a novel，but that couldnt make her for

26、get her sorrow.I didnt mean to hurt you.A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return.(4)动名词作need，want，require，be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。The washingmachine needs repairing.(或用：needs to be repaired)这台洗衣机需要修理。This English novel is worth reading.这本英文小说值得一读。高考体验1(2012北京卷)One learns a language

27、by making mistakes and_them.Acorrects BcorrectCto correct Dcorrecting答案D考查非谓语动词。句意：人通过犯错误并改正错误来学习语言。题线处与句中的making并列，故D项正确。2Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried_alone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.A.living Bto liveCto be living Dhaving lived答案Atry doing sth意为“试着作某事”；t

28、ry to do sth 意为“尽力去作某事”。句意：苏姗不想依赖父母。她试着一个人生活，但不喜欢这样，又搬回家去了。3There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_road conditions need _.Athat，to be improvedBwhich，to be improvedCwhere，improvingDwhen，improving答案A因为“公路状况需要改善”，“need”后接“improving”或“to be improved”都可以。后面的从句应是“problem”的同位语，应用

29、“that”引导。二、作宾语补足语(1)以下动词后跟不定式作宾语补足语：ask，tell，beg，allow，want，like，hate，force，invite，persuade，advise，order，cause，encourage，wait for，call on，permit，forbidThe doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days.We wish him to remain and accept the post.(注意hope后不跟不定式作宾补。)(2)有些动词后的复合宾语用不带“to“的不定式，这些动词有

30、感官动词see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel, observe，和使役动词make, let, have等。 We noticed him enter the house. The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to。 I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.这些感官动词和使役动词除了可以用省略了to的不定式作宾补还可以用现在分词、过去分词作宾补，要看与宾语的关系。We heard h

31、im sing the whole song.我们听到他唱了整首歌。We heard him singing the song when we came in.当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌。We have heard the song sung twice. 我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。 注意：have/get sth done结构中，done的动作不是句子的主语及宾语去作的，而是另外的人去作的 I have had my hair cut. makeoneself过去分词(作宾补)表示让某事由别人去作，这些过去分词有 heard, known, understood, noticed,

32、believed等 Youd better make yourself understood. There was such a noise that he couldnt make himself heard. 高考体验1(2013陕西卷)Let those in need_that we will go all out to help them.Ato understand BunderstandCunderstanding Dunderstood答案B考查非谓语动词。句意：让那些需要帮助的人们明白，我们会竭尽全力去帮助他们。let意思是“使，让”，用法是“let sb do sth”，i

33、n need是those的后置定语，故选B。2(2013北京卷)When we saw the road_with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.Ablock Bto blockCblocking Dblocked答案D考查非谓语动词。句意：当我们看到道路被雪阻断了时，我们决定在家度假。road和block之间是被动关系，故用block的过去分词作宾语补足语。三、作表语(1)不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。

34、Our plan is to keep the affair secret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。The music they are playing sounds exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world.这个美丽的村庄仍未被外界所知。(2)现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样

35、”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。(说明狗的特征)This dog is frightened.这条狗有些害怕。(说明狗的心理状态)Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a days climbing.爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们全都累坏了。(tiring说明climbing的特征，tired说明我们的状态)高考体验1(2013重庆卷)The engine just wont start. Something seems _wrong wit

36、h it.Ato go Bto have goneCgoing Dhaving gone答案B考查非谓语动词。句意：发动机启动不了了，它好像出问题了。动词seem后常接动词不定式，因此C、D两项不正确。由句意可知，go这一动作在start之前发生，故选B。2(2011上海卷)Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing. but we seem _the art of communicating facetoface.Alosing Bto be losingCto be lost Dhaving lost答案B考查非谓语动词作表语。句意

37、：现在我们有聊天室，能传递文本信息，还可以发电子邮件但是我们似乎正在失去面对面交流的技能。seem后通常用动词不定式，排除A和D两项；此处非谓语动词后有名词短语the art of communicating facetoface作其宾语，所以排除C项(被动形式)，故选B。一、非谓语动词的时态非谓语动词形式意义不定式一般式：to do与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语动词后进行式：to be doing谓语发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行完成式：to have done发生在谓语动词之前动词ing形式一般式：doing与谓语动词表示的动词同时发生完成式：having done发生在谓语动词之前过去

38、分词done表示被动、完成Dina, having struggled for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.(2010湖南卷)迪娜努力了好几个月，想找一份侍者的工作，终于在当地的一家广告公司找到了一个职位。高考体验1(2013山东卷)_at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again.AHaving eaten BTo eatCEat DEating答案A考查非谓语动词。句意

39、：在那个餐厅吃过饭，蒂娜不想再在那里吃了。分析句子结构和句意可知，Tina与eat之间是主动关系，并且eat这一动作发生在谓语动词“didnt want”所表示的动作之前，所以用动词v.ing形式的完成式。2(2007辽宁卷)The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported _ the world record in the 110meter hurdle race.Abreaking Bhaving brokenCto have broken Dto break答案C由句意看break the world

40、 record这一动作发生在谓语动词was reported这一动作之前，且由sb/sth be reported to do这一结构可知应选C项。二、非谓语动词的语态非谓语动词形式意义不定式to be done被动、将来to have been done被动、发生在谓语动词之前动词ing形式being done被动、进行having been done被动、发生在谓语动词之前过去分词done表示被动、完成【点津】(1)having been done与done作状语时没有明显区别，可以互换，但having been done不能作定语。(2)不及物动词的过去分词，只表示完成，不表示被动，如，

41、fallen leaves落叶。(3)有时过去分词只表示被动而不强调时间性。The boy was running along the street，followed by a dog.小男孩沿着街道跑，后面跟着一条狗。His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.(2010陕西卷)下月即将出版的他的第一本书是基于一个真实的故事写的。Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.虽然被告诉过好多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。

42、高考体验1(2012福建卷)China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from _in the South China Sea.Aattacking Bhaving attackedCbeing attacked Dhaving been attacked答案C考查非谓语动词。句意：最近中国加强对黄岩岛附近水域的控制以阻止中国渔船受到攻击。prevent .from .“阻止作某事”。因渔船是被攻击，故用动名词的被动语态。动名词的一

43、般式表示动名词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；动名词的完成式表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，故C项正确。2(2012重庆卷)_to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.AHaving been asked BTo askCHaving asked DTo be asked答案A考查非谓语动词。分析题干并根据“I missed a wonderful film”可知，此处应用现在分词作原因状语；ask和I之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态；ask这一动作发生在missed这一动作之前，故应用分词的完成式。故答案为

44、A项。三、含有非谓语动词的独立主格结构名词或代词【点津】 独立主格结构从语法上来讲不是句子，在句中通常作状语。具有以下特点：(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，不指同一个人或同一事物。(2)独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时也置于句中或句尾。The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it.吉姆专心致志地听

45、着讲座，所有注意力都用在上面了。高考体验1(2012新课标卷)The party will be held in the garden, weather_.Apermitting Bto permitCpermitted Dpermit答案A考查独立主格结构。句意：如果天气允许的话，聚会将在花园里举行。weather permitting( if weather permits)为独立主格结构，因为weather是permit这个动作的发出者，故用现在分词形式。2(2011浙江卷)Bats are surprisingly longlived creatures, some_a life sp

46、an of around 20 years.Ahaving BhadChave Dto have答案A考查非谓语动词。句意：真想不到，蝙蝠竟是长寿生物，有些蝙蝠的寿命长达近20年。结合语意和句子结构可知，此处为独立主格结构，having的逻辑主语是前面的some。四、非谓语动词的主动表被动在下列结构中非谓语动词常用主动形式表示被动含义。(1)形容词后不定式作方式状语，用主动形式表示被动含义。This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。(2)不定式作定语时，若不定式表示的动作是主语发出的，用主动形式表示被动含义。I cant go with you，

47、I have a meeting to attend.我不能和你去，我有个会议要参加。(3)worth后跟doing时主动形式表示被动含义；need, want, require后跟doing表示被动，相当于跟to be done。The young trees require watering/to be watered.这些小树需要浇水了。高考体验(2011福建卷)The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable_.Aheld BholdingC

48、be held Dto hold答案D考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：厚度和重量与先前版本的不同使得iPad 2拿着更舒服。hold 与the iPad 2 之间是动宾关系，且有性质形容词comfortable，所以用动词不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。 1Do you wake up every morning _energetic and ready to start a new day?Afeel Bto feelCfeeling Dfell答案C考查非谓语动词。句意：你每天早晨起来感到精力充沛并准备好了开始新的一天吗？现在分词feeling energetic作伴随状语。2The fresh air in the morning is pleasant_. Youd better get up early to do some exercise.Ato be breathed Bto breatheCbreathing Dbeing breathed答案B考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：早上的新鲜空气呼吸起来很舒服，你最好早起活动活动。在形容词pleasant后用不定式作方式状语，且主动形式表示被动含义。3What on earth made Susan weep?_ of cheating in the exam.ABe accused BShe was acc